微生物修复混凝土裂缝的试验观测
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摘要
微生物修复技术所需的菌液流动性好,修复过程中微生物代谢物与水泥基材料有着良好的相容性和界面强度,因此,具备能耗低、绿色环保、施工简便的潜力.针对微生物修复混凝土裂缝问题,通过试验研究了环境碱度对细菌生长和微生物矿化的影响,探讨了胶结溶液的最优浓度配比和胶结时间,并将这些参数运用于后续微生物修复混凝土裂缝的试验中.试验中考虑了裂缝表观形状(裂缝深度、宽度及延伸角度)的差异,观察了碳酸钙沉淀的沉积方式,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)手段监测其沿裂缝界面的晶体组成和形貌.结果表明:菌体自身对环境碱性突变具有自适应能力,当环境碱性并非过高时(pH≤12),菌体在生长代谢过程中能够驱使环境pH值向着最适宜菌体自身生长的pH值(约为8.7)发展;快速诱导碳酸钙沉积修复混凝土裂缝的最佳胶结液有效浓度为0.83 mol/L,最优微生物矿化间隔时间为5 h;裂缝表观形状的差异导致细菌在裂纹表面上的吸附不均匀性,其中裂缝的宽度不直接影响微生物修复的机理,而裂缝深度和裂缝倾角会影响碳酸钙沉淀的均匀性;使用注射和漫灌胶结液的方式修复具有不同表观形状的裂缝的混凝土最好的修复效果能将混凝土的渗透性降低4个数量级(从10~(-4)m/s到10~(-8)m/s).
The bacteria suspensions utilized for microbially induced carbonate precipitation method exhibit high fluidity. Moreover,mineralized metabolites are highly compatible with cement-based materials,which ultimately leads to great interfacial strength during concrete crack repair process. Therefore,microbial remediation is characterized by low energy consumption,environmental safety,and simplicity. Considering the microbial remediation of concrete cracks,an experimental research was conducted on the effects of environmental alkalinity on bacterial growth and microbial mineralization,and the optimum concentration ratios of cemented solution and cementation time were determined. Then these parameters were applied to subsequent experiments of microbial remediation of concrete cracks.Considering the difference in the apparent shape of the crack(depth,width,and elongation angle),the deposition mode of calcium carbonate precipitation in the process of experiment was observed and its crystal composition and morphology along the fracture interface were observed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results show that the utilized bacteria possess the ability to adapt to environmental mutations.When the environment was not highly alkaline(pH ≤ 12),the bacteria could reduce the pH of the surroundings to the optimum value(around 8.7)during the growth and metabolism stages. An operative concentration of cementing solution of 0.83 mol/L and microbial mineralization time of 5 h were recommended as the optimum parameters for the microbial-remediated crack in concrete. The difference in the apparent shapes of cracks led to the inhomogeneity of bacterial adsorption on the crack surface. The crack width did not directly affect the mechanism of microbial remediation;however,the crack depth and the inclination angle of crack affected the bacterial distribution along the crack surface. The use of the injective and immersing cementation to repair concrete with different shapes of cracks can reduce the permeability of concrete by four orders of magnitude(from 10~(-4) m/s to 10~(-8) m/s)under optimum conditions.
The bacteria suspensions utilized for microbially induced carbonate precipitation method exhibit high fluidity. Moreover,mineralized metabolites are highly compatible with cement-based materials,which ultimately leads to great interfacial strength during concrete crack repair process. Therefore,microbial remediation is characterized by low energy consumption,environmental safety,and simplicity. Considering the microbial remediation of concrete cracks,an experimental research was conducted on the effects of environmental alkalinity on bacterial growth and microbial mineralization,and the optimum concentration ratios of cemented solution and cementation time were determined. Then these parameters were applied to subsequent experiments of microbial remediation of concrete cracks.Considering the difference in the apparent shape of the crack(depth,width,and elongation angle),the deposition mode of calcium carbonate precipitation in the process of experiment was observed and its crystal composition and morphology along the fracture interface were observed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results show that the utilized bacteria possess the ability to adapt to environmental mutations.When the environment was not highly alkaline(pH ≤ 12),the bacteria could reduce the pH of the surroundings to the optimum value(around 8.7)during the growth and metabolism stages. An operative concentration of cementing solution of 0.83 mol/L and microbial mineralization time of 5 h were recommended as the optimum parameters for the microbial-remediated crack in concrete. The difference in the apparent shapes of cracks led to the inhomogeneity of bacterial adsorption on the crack surface. The crack width did not directly affect the mechanism of microbial remediation;however,the crack depth and the inclination angle of crack affected the bacterial distribution along the crack surface. The use of the injective and immersing cementation to repair concrete with different shapes of cracks can reduce the permeability of concrete by four orders of magnitude(from 10~(-4) m/s to 10~(-8) m/s)under optimum conditions.
引文
[1]苏慧敏.水利工程中混凝土结构裂缝治理技术研究[J].中国水能及电气化,2015(9):16-19.Su Huimin.Study on control technology of concrete structure crack in hydraulic engineering[J].China Waterpower and Electrification,2015(9):16-19(in Chinese).
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[7]Chu J,Stabnikov V,Ivanov V.Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation on surface or in the bulk of soil[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2012,29(6):544-549.
[8]Boquet E,Boronat A,Ramos-Cormenzana A.Production of calcite(calcium carbonate)crystals by soil bacteria is a general phenomenon[J].Nature,1973,246(5434):527-529.
[9]Okwadha G D,Li J.Optimum conditions for microbial carbonate precipitation[J].Chemosphere,2010,81(9):1143-1148.
[10]杨钻.高强微生物砂浆机理与工作性能研究[D].北京:清华大学,2013.Yang Zuan.Research on Mechanism and Performance of High-Strength Microbial Mortar[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2013(in Chinese).
[11]Morsdorf G,Kaltwasser H.Ammonium assimilation in Proteus vulgaris,Bacillus pasteurii,and Sporosarcina ureae[J].Archives of Microbiology,1989,152(2):125-131.
[12]Maleki M,Ebrahimi S,Asadzadeh F,et al.Performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on wind erosion control of sandy soil[J].International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology,2016,13(3):1-8.
[13]Stocks-Fischer S,Galinat J K,Bang S S.Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(11):1563-1571.
[14]Dejong J T,Fritzges M B,Nusslein K.Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2006,132(11):1381-1392.
[15]Ramachandran S K,Ramakrishnan V,Bang S S.Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms[J].ACIMaterials Journal,2001,98(1):3-9.
[16]Van Paassen L A.Biogrout,Ground Improvement by Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2009.
[17]李沛豪,屈文俊.细菌诱导矿化保护历史建筑遗产的机理及效果[J].硅酸盐学报,2009,37(4):497-505.Li Peihao,Qu Wenjun.Mechanism and perfor mance of remediation for history buildings by bacterially induced mineralization[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2009,37(4):497-505(in Chinese).
[18]Qian C X,Wang J Y,Wang R X,et al.Corrosion protection of cement-based building materials by surface deposition of CaCO3 Bacillus pasteurii[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C,2009,9(4):1273-1280.
[19]王瑞兴,钱春香.微生物沉积碳酸钙修复水泥基材料表面缺陷[J].硅酸盐学报,2008,36(4):457-465.Wang Ruixing,Qian Chunxiang.Restoration of defects on the surface of cement-based materials by microbiologically precipitation CaCO3[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2008,36(4):457-465(in Chinese).
[20]Whiffin V S.Microbial CaCO3 Precipitation for the Production of Biocement[D].Western Australia:Murdoch University,2004.
[21]Wang K,Jansen D C,Shah S P,et al.Permeability study of cracked concrete[J].Cement&Concrete Research,1997,27(3):381-393.
[22]Park S S,Kwon S J,Jung S H.Analysis technique for chloride penetration in cracked concrete using equivalent diffusion and permeation[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,29:183-192.
[23]Siddique R,Chahal N K.Effect of ureolytic bacteria on concrete properties[J].Construction and Building Materials,2011,25(10):3791-3801.
[24]钱春香,罗勉,潘庆峰,等.自修复混凝土中微生物矿化方解石的形成机理[J].硅酸盐学报,2013,41(5):620-626.Qian Chunxiang,Luo Mian,Pan Qingfeng,et al.Mechanism of microbially induced calcite precipitation in self-healing concrete[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2013,41(5):620-626(in Chinese).
[25]Dejong J T,Mortensen B M,Martinez B C,et al.Biomediated soil improvement[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(2):197-210.
[26]Li W,Chen W S,Zhou P P,et al.Influence of initial pH on the precipatation and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate induced by microbial carbonic anhydrase[J].Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces,2013,102(1):281-287.
[27]Rong H,Qian C X,Li L Z.Study on microstructure and properties of sandstone cemented by microbe cement[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,36:687-694.
[2]方琳,汤永福,刘宪亮.浅谈混凝土大坝裂缝成因及其预防措施[J].科技信息,2011(17):721-722.Fang Lin,Tang Yongfu,Liu Xianliang.Briefly discussing preventing measures and analyzing reasons[J].Science and Technology Information,2011(17):721-722(in Chinese).
[3]谢建强.混凝土裂缝在水利工程中产生的原因及防治[J].中国新技术新产品,2015(15):129.Xie Jianqiang.Causes and prevention of concrete cracks in hydraulic engineering[J].China New Technologies and Products,2015(15):129(in Chinese).
[4]傅自义,赵葳,王剑.三峡工程大体积混凝土裂缝处理施工技术[J].水利水电科技进展,2003,23(3):40-43.Fu Ziyi,Zhao Wei,Wang Jian.Treatment technology of mass concrete crack in three gorges project[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2003,23(3):40-43(in Chinese).
[5]肖田元,王宝常,姜恩兆.混凝土裂缝处理技术及应用[J].水利水电技术,1991(1):53-57.Xiao Tianyuan,Wang Baochang,Jiang Enzhao.Treatment technology and application of concrete crack[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,1991(1):53-57(in Chinese).
[6]张声.混凝土裂缝的防治与处理技术[J].山西建筑,2005,31(5):87-88.Zhang Sheng.Prevention and treatment technology of toncrete crack[J].Shanxi Architecture,2005,31(5):87-88(in Chinese).
[7]Chu J,Stabnikov V,Ivanov V.Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation on surface or in the bulk of soil[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,2012,29(6):544-549.
[8]Boquet E,Boronat A,Ramos-Cormenzana A.Production of calcite(calcium carbonate)crystals by soil bacteria is a general phenomenon[J].Nature,1973,246(5434):527-529.
[9]Okwadha G D,Li J.Optimum conditions for microbial carbonate precipitation[J].Chemosphere,2010,81(9):1143-1148.
[10]杨钻.高强微生物砂浆机理与工作性能研究[D].北京:清华大学,2013.Yang Zuan.Research on Mechanism and Performance of High-Strength Microbial Mortar[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2013(in Chinese).
[11]Morsdorf G,Kaltwasser H.Ammonium assimilation in Proteus vulgaris,Bacillus pasteurii,and Sporosarcina ureae[J].Archives of Microbiology,1989,152(2):125-131.
[12]Maleki M,Ebrahimi S,Asadzadeh F,et al.Performance of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on wind erosion control of sandy soil[J].International Journal of Environmental Science&Technology,2016,13(3):1-8.
[13]Stocks-Fischer S,Galinat J K,Bang S S.Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(11):1563-1571.
[14]Dejong J T,Fritzges M B,Nusslein K.Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2006,132(11):1381-1392.
[15]Ramachandran S K,Ramakrishnan V,Bang S S.Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms[J].ACIMaterials Journal,2001,98(1):3-9.
[16]Van Paassen L A.Biogrout,Ground Improvement by Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation[D].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2009.
[17]李沛豪,屈文俊.细菌诱导矿化保护历史建筑遗产的机理及效果[J].硅酸盐学报,2009,37(4):497-505.Li Peihao,Qu Wenjun.Mechanism and perfor mance of remediation for history buildings by bacterially induced mineralization[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2009,37(4):497-505(in Chinese).
[18]Qian C X,Wang J Y,Wang R X,et al.Corrosion protection of cement-based building materials by surface deposition of CaCO3 Bacillus pasteurii[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C,2009,9(4):1273-1280.
[19]王瑞兴,钱春香.微生物沉积碳酸钙修复水泥基材料表面缺陷[J].硅酸盐学报,2008,36(4):457-465.Wang Ruixing,Qian Chunxiang.Restoration of defects on the surface of cement-based materials by microbiologically precipitation CaCO3[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2008,36(4):457-465(in Chinese).
[20]Whiffin V S.Microbial CaCO3 Precipitation for the Production of Biocement[D].Western Australia:Murdoch University,2004.
[21]Wang K,Jansen D C,Shah S P,et al.Permeability study of cracked concrete[J].Cement&Concrete Research,1997,27(3):381-393.
[22]Park S S,Kwon S J,Jung S H.Analysis technique for chloride penetration in cracked concrete using equivalent diffusion and permeation[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,29:183-192.
[23]Siddique R,Chahal N K.Effect of ureolytic bacteria on concrete properties[J].Construction and Building Materials,2011,25(10):3791-3801.
[24]钱春香,罗勉,潘庆峰,等.自修复混凝土中微生物矿化方解石的形成机理[J].硅酸盐学报,2013,41(5):620-626.Qian Chunxiang,Luo Mian,Pan Qingfeng,et al.Mechanism of microbially induced calcite precipitation in self-healing concrete[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,2013,41(5):620-626(in Chinese).
[25]Dejong J T,Mortensen B M,Martinez B C,et al.Biomediated soil improvement[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(2):197-210.
[26]Li W,Chen W S,Zhou P P,et al.Influence of initial pH on the precipatation and crystal morphology of calcium carbonate induced by microbial carbonic anhydrase[J].Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces,2013,102(1):281-287.
[27]Rong H,Qian C X,Li L Z.Study on microstructure and properties of sandstone cemented by microbe cement[J].Construction and Building Materials,2012,36:687-694.
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