Diel methane flux from a subtropical eutrophic pond in November based on continuous monitoring
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摘要
A field campaign was carried out to investigate continuous diel methane(CH_4) flux from a subtropical eutrophic pond in November 2016. The diffusive methane flux of a single measurement had a range from2.68 9 10-5 to 0.028 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of0.011 ± 0.005 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). The diffusive methane flux of measurements from 9:00 to 10:30 and from 21:00 to22:30 were very close to the average diffusive flux of all measurements. The bubble methane flux at different time measurements had much more variability than the diffusive methane flux. The bubble methane flux of a single measurement had a range from 0 to 0.312 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of 0.024 ± 0.054 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). For the eutrophic pond, the average bubble and diffusive CH_4 flux were 0.56 ± 0.18 and 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol·m~(-2)·day~(-1),respectively, and the CH_4 ebullition flux accounted for68.23% of the total flux. The maximum of the bubble CH_4 flux was about 4.6 times of the minimum CH_4 ebullition.The maximum of diffusive CH_4 flux was * 1.7 times of the corresponding minimum. The diffusive methane fluxes in daytime and nighttime were almost equal. However, the bubble methane flux in daytime was 0.029 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),which was 1.6 times of that at night. Wind speed, thesurface water temperature, and DO dominate methane effluxes from the pond, and the latter is in nature subjected to the metabolism of algae in the pond. However, key environmental factors which dominate gas flux processes vary with different weather conditions. Wind speed is unimportant when it is extremely low.
A field campaign was carried out to investigate continuous diel methane(CH_4) flux from a subtropical eutrophic pond in November 2016. The diffusive methane flux of a single measurement had a range from2.68 9 10-5 to 0.028 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of0.011 ± 0.005 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). The diffusive methane flux of measurements from 9:00 to 10:30 and from 21:00 to22:30 were very close to the average diffusive flux of all measurements. The bubble methane flux at different time measurements had much more variability than the diffusive methane flux. The bubble methane flux of a single measurement had a range from 0 to 0.312 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of 0.024 ± 0.054 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). For the eutrophic pond, the average bubble and diffusive CH_4 flux were 0.56 ± 0.18 and 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol·m~(-2)·day~(-1),respectively, and the CH_4 ebullition flux accounted for68.23% of the total flux. The maximum of the bubble CH_4 flux was about 4.6 times of the minimum CH_4 ebullition.The maximum of diffusive CH_4 flux was * 1.7 times of the corresponding minimum. The diffusive methane fluxes in daytime and nighttime were almost equal. However, the bubble methane flux in daytime was 0.029 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),which was 1.6 times of that at night. Wind speed, thesurface water temperature, and DO dominate methane effluxes from the pond, and the latter is in nature subjected to the metabolism of algae in the pond. However, key environmental factors which dominate gas flux processes vary with different weather conditions. Wind speed is unimportant when it is extremely low.
A field campaign was carried out to investigate continuous diel methane(CH_4) flux from a subtropical eutrophic pond in November 2016. The diffusive methane flux of a single measurement had a range from2.68 9 10-5 to 0.028 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of0.011 ± 0.005 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). The diffusive methane flux of measurements from 9:00 to 10:30 and from 21:00 to22:30 were very close to the average diffusive flux of all measurements. The bubble methane flux at different time measurements had much more variability than the diffusive methane flux. The bubble methane flux of a single measurement had a range from 0 to 0.312 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with an average of 0.024 ± 0.054 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1). For the eutrophic pond, the average bubble and diffusive CH_4 flux were 0.56 ± 0.18 and 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol·m~(-2)·day~(-1),respectively, and the CH_4 ebullition flux accounted for68.23% of the total flux. The maximum of the bubble CH_4 flux was about 4.6 times of the minimum CH_4 ebullition.The maximum of diffusive CH_4 flux was * 1.7 times of the corresponding minimum. The diffusive methane fluxes in daytime and nighttime were almost equal. However, the bubble methane flux in daytime was 0.029 mmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),which was 1.6 times of that at night. Wind speed, thesurface water temperature, and DO dominate methane effluxes from the pond, and the latter is in nature subjected to the metabolism of algae in the pond. However, key environmental factors which dominate gas flux processes vary with different weather conditions. Wind speed is unimportant when it is extremely low.
引文
Abril G,Gue′rin F,Richard S et al(2005)Carbon dioxide and methane emissions and the carbon budget of a 10-years old tropical reservoir(Petit-Saut,French Guiana).Glob Biogeochem Cycles,19:GB4007
Bianchi TS,Thornton DCO,Yvon-Lewis SA et al(2015)Positive priming of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter in a freshwater microcosm system.Geophys Res Lett42(13):5460-5467
Boto K,Bunt J(1981)Dissolved oxygen and pH relationships in Northern Australia mangrove waterways.Limnol Oceanogr26:1176-1178
Cole JJ,Caraco NF(1998)Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6.Limnol Oceanogr 43(4):647-656
DelSontro T,Boutet L,St-Pierre A et al(2016)Methane ebullition and diffusion from northern ponds and lakes regulated by the interaction between temperature and system productivity.Limnol Oceanogr 61(S1):S62-S77
Duchemin E′,Lucotte M,Canuel R et al(2006)First assessment of methane and carbon dioxide emissions from shallow and deep zones of boreal reservoirs upon ice break-up.Lakes Reserv Res Manag 11(1):9-19
Gue′rin F,Abril G,Serc?a D et al(2007)Gas transfer velocities of CO2and CH4in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream.J Mar Syst 66(1-4):161-172
Holgerson MA,Raymond PA(2016)Large contribution to inland water CO2and CH4emissions from very small ponds.Nat Geosci 9(3):222-226
Huttunen JT,Lappalainen KM,Saarija¨rvi E et al(2001)A novel sediment gas sampler and a subsurface gas collector used for measurement of the ebullition of methane and carbon dioxide from a eutrophied lake.Sci Total Environ 266(1-3):153-158
Huttunen JT,Alm J,Saarija¨rvi Erkki et al(2003)Contribution of winter to the annual CH4emission from a eutrophied boreal lake.Chemosphere 50(2):247-250
Lambert M,Fre′chette J(2005)Analytical techniques for measuring fluxes of CO2and CH4from hydroelectric reservoirs and natural water bodies.In:Tremblay A,Varfalvy L,Roehm C,Garneau M(eds)Greenhouse gas emissions-fluxes and processes:hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments.Springer,Berlin,pp 37-60
Liss P,Merlivat L(1986)Air-sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis.In:Buat-Me′nard P(ed)The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling.Springer,Netherlands,pp 113-127
Macintyre S,Eugster W,Kling GW(2001)The critical importance of buoyancy flux for gas flux across the air-water interface.In:Donelan M,Drennan W,Saltzman E,Wanninkhof R(eds)Gas transfer at water surfaces.American Geophysical Union,Washington,pp 135-139
Maeck A,DelSontro T,McGinnis DF et al(2013)Sediment trapping by dams creates methane emission hot spots.Environ Sci Technol 47(15):8130-8137
Martinez D,Anderson MA(2013)Methane production and ebullition in a shallow,artificially aerated,eutrophic temperate lake(Lake Elsinore,CA).Sci Total Environ 454-455:457-465
Nimick DA,Gammons CH,Parker SR(2011)Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams:a review.Chem Geol 283(1-2):3-17
Upstill-Goddard RC,Watson AJ,Lissi PS et al(1990)Gas transfer velocities in lakes measured with SF6.Tellus 42B:364-377
Walter KM,Zimov SA,Chanton JP et al(2006)Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming.Nature 443(7107):71-75
Wanninkhof R(1992)Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean.J Geophys Res 97(C5):7373-7382
Wanninkhof R,Ledwell J,Broecker W(1985)Gas exchange-wind speed relation measured with sulfur hexafluoride on a lake.Science 227:1224
Wanninkhof R,Asher WE,Ho DT et al(2009)Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing.Annu Rev Mar Sci 1(1):213-244
Westermann P,Ahring BK,Mah RA(1989)Temperature compensation in methanosarcina barkeri by modulation of hydrogen and acetate affinity.Appl Environ Microbiol 55(5):1262-1266
Weyhenmeyer CE(1999)Methane emissions from beaver ponds:rates,patterns,and transport mechanisms.Global Biogeochem Cycles 13(4):1079-1090
Xiao S,Liu D,Wang Y et al(2013)Temporal variation of methane flux from Xiangxi bay of the three gorges reservoir.Scientific Rep 3:2500.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02500
Xiao S,Yang H,Liu D et al(2014)Gas transfer velocities of methane and carbon dioxide in a subtropical shallow pond.Tellus BChem Phys Meteorol 66(1):23795
Xing Y,Xie P,Yang H et al(2005)Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from a shallow hypereutrophic subtropical lake in China.Atmos Environ 39(30):5532-5540
Yvon-Durocher G(2014)Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales.Nature507:488-495
Zhang Y,Ding W(2011)Diel methane emissions in stands of Spartina alterniflora and Suaeda salsa from a coastal salt marsh.Aquat Bot 95(4):262-267
Zimov SA,Voropaev YV,Semiletov IP et al(1997)North Siberian lakes:a methane source fueled by Pleistocene carbon.Science227(5327):800-802
Bianchi TS,Thornton DCO,Yvon-Lewis SA et al(2015)Positive priming of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter in a freshwater microcosm system.Geophys Res Lett42(13):5460-5467
Boto K,Bunt J(1981)Dissolved oxygen and pH relationships in Northern Australia mangrove waterways.Limnol Oceanogr26:1176-1178
Cole JJ,Caraco NF(1998)Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6.Limnol Oceanogr 43(4):647-656
DelSontro T,Boutet L,St-Pierre A et al(2016)Methane ebullition and diffusion from northern ponds and lakes regulated by the interaction between temperature and system productivity.Limnol Oceanogr 61(S1):S62-S77
Duchemin E′,Lucotte M,Canuel R et al(2006)First assessment of methane and carbon dioxide emissions from shallow and deep zones of boreal reservoirs upon ice break-up.Lakes Reserv Res Manag 11(1):9-19
Gue′rin F,Abril G,Serc?a D et al(2007)Gas transfer velocities of CO2and CH4in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream.J Mar Syst 66(1-4):161-172
Holgerson MA,Raymond PA(2016)Large contribution to inland water CO2and CH4emissions from very small ponds.Nat Geosci 9(3):222-226
Huttunen JT,Lappalainen KM,Saarija¨rvi E et al(2001)A novel sediment gas sampler and a subsurface gas collector used for measurement of the ebullition of methane and carbon dioxide from a eutrophied lake.Sci Total Environ 266(1-3):153-158
Huttunen JT,Alm J,Saarija¨rvi Erkki et al(2003)Contribution of winter to the annual CH4emission from a eutrophied boreal lake.Chemosphere 50(2):247-250
Lambert M,Fre′chette J(2005)Analytical techniques for measuring fluxes of CO2and CH4from hydroelectric reservoirs and natural water bodies.In:Tremblay A,Varfalvy L,Roehm C,Garneau M(eds)Greenhouse gas emissions-fluxes and processes:hydroelectric reservoirs and natural environments.Springer,Berlin,pp 37-60
Liss P,Merlivat L(1986)Air-sea gas exchange rates:introduction and synthesis.In:Buat-Me′nard P(ed)The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling.Springer,Netherlands,pp 113-127
Macintyre S,Eugster W,Kling GW(2001)The critical importance of buoyancy flux for gas flux across the air-water interface.In:Donelan M,Drennan W,Saltzman E,Wanninkhof R(eds)Gas transfer at water surfaces.American Geophysical Union,Washington,pp 135-139
Maeck A,DelSontro T,McGinnis DF et al(2013)Sediment trapping by dams creates methane emission hot spots.Environ Sci Technol 47(15):8130-8137
Martinez D,Anderson MA(2013)Methane production and ebullition in a shallow,artificially aerated,eutrophic temperate lake(Lake Elsinore,CA).Sci Total Environ 454-455:457-465
Nimick DA,Gammons CH,Parker SR(2011)Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams:a review.Chem Geol 283(1-2):3-17
Upstill-Goddard RC,Watson AJ,Lissi PS et al(1990)Gas transfer velocities in lakes measured with SF6.Tellus 42B:364-377
Walter KM,Zimov SA,Chanton JP et al(2006)Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming.Nature 443(7107):71-75
Wanninkhof R(1992)Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean.J Geophys Res 97(C5):7373-7382
Wanninkhof R,Ledwell J,Broecker W(1985)Gas exchange-wind speed relation measured with sulfur hexafluoride on a lake.Science 227:1224
Wanninkhof R,Asher WE,Ho DT et al(2009)Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing.Annu Rev Mar Sci 1(1):213-244
Westermann P,Ahring BK,Mah RA(1989)Temperature compensation in methanosarcina barkeri by modulation of hydrogen and acetate affinity.Appl Environ Microbiol 55(5):1262-1266
Weyhenmeyer CE(1999)Methane emissions from beaver ponds:rates,patterns,and transport mechanisms.Global Biogeochem Cycles 13(4):1079-1090
Xiao S,Liu D,Wang Y et al(2013)Temporal variation of methane flux from Xiangxi bay of the three gorges reservoir.Scientific Rep 3:2500.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02500
Xiao S,Yang H,Liu D et al(2014)Gas transfer velocities of methane and carbon dioxide in a subtropical shallow pond.Tellus BChem Phys Meteorol 66(1):23795
Xing Y,Xie P,Yang H et al(2005)Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from a shallow hypereutrophic subtropical lake in China.Atmos Environ 39(30):5532-5540
Yvon-Durocher G(2014)Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales.Nature507:488-495
Zhang Y,Ding W(2011)Diel methane emissions in stands of Spartina alterniflora and Suaeda salsa from a coastal salt marsh.Aquat Bot 95(4):262-267
Zimov SA,Voropaev YV,Semiletov IP et al(1997)North Siberian lakes:a methane source fueled by Pleistocene carbon.Science227(5327):800-802