无家可归的男性假释者的强敌意预测
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摘要
强敌意是无家可归的前罪犯面临的严峻挑战。这项横断面研究的数据来自于一项专注于预防非法药物使用和再犯的随机试验,这项实验的基础数据由最近释放的男性假释犯(人数=412,年龄=18～60岁)构成,以评估形成强敌意的相关因素。强敌意的预测因素主要包括:更强的抑郁症状、更低的自尊、有一个接受酒精/毒品治疗的母亲、帮派成员、更有形的支持、使用甲基苯丙胺和有认知困难的历史。这些研究结果强调了理解最近释放的无家可归者的敌意预测因素的必要性,以及这些预测因素如何与再犯行为连接起来。讨论这些研究结果的意义在于,它将会影响未来以护理为主导的危害降低措施和以社区为基础的干预措施。
High levels of hostility present a formidable challenge among homeless ex-offenders. This crosssectional study assessed correlates of high levels of hostility using baseline data collected on recently-released male parolees( N = 472; age 18-60) participating in a randomized trial focused on prevention of illicit drug use and recidivism. Predictors of high levels of hostility included greater depressive symptomatology,lower self-esteem,having a mother who was treated for alcohol/drugs,belonging to a gang,more tangible support,having used methamphetamine and having a history of cognitive difficulties. These findings highlight the need to understand predictors of hostility among recently released homeless men and how these predictors may relate to recidivism. Research implications are discussed as these findings will shape future nurse-led harm reduction and community-based interventions.
High levels of hostility present a formidable challenge among homeless ex-offenders. This crosssectional study assessed correlates of high levels of hostility using baseline data collected on recently-released male parolees( N = 472; age 18-60) participating in a randomized trial focused on prevention of illicit drug use and recidivism. Predictors of high levels of hostility included greater depressive symptomatology,lower self-esteem,having a mother who was treated for alcohol/drugs,belonging to a gang,more tangible support,having used methamphetamine and having a history of cognitive difficulties. These findings highlight the need to understand predictors of hostility among recently released homeless men and how these predictors may relate to recidivism. Research implications are discussed as these findings will shape future nurse-led harm reduction and community-based interventions.
引文
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(1)California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 2011 A-dult Institutions Outcome Evaluation Report.2011.Office of Research,Research and Evaluation Branch Retrieved from http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_Research_Branch/Research_Documents/ARB_FY_0607_Recidivism_Report_(11-23-11).pdf.
(2)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
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(8)Valdez A,Sifaneck SJ.“Getting High and Getting by”:Dimensions of Drug Selling Behaviors among American Mexican Gang Members in South Texas.Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency.2004;41(1):82-105.doi:10.1177/0022427803256231.[PubMed:21218191]
(9)Valdez A,Sifaneck SJ.“Getting High and Getting by”:Dimensions of Drug Selling Behaviors among American Mexican Gang Members in South Texas.Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency.2004;41(1):82-105.doi:10.1177/0022427803256231.[PubMed:21218191]
(10)Zamble,E.;Quinsey,VL.The Criminal Recidivism Process.Cambridge University Press;New York,NY:1997.
(1)Nyamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(2)Galaif ER,Nyamathi AM,Stein JA.Psychosocial predictors of current drug use,drug problems,and physical drug dependence in homeless women.Addictive Behaviors.1999;24(6):801-814.[PubMed:10628514]
(3)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
(4)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
(5)Carver CS.You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long:consider the brief COPE.International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.1997;4(1):92-100.doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.[PubMed:16250744]
(1)TCU Institute of Behavioral Research.Adult Family and Friends Form.2011.from http://www.ibr.tcu.edu/pubs/datacoll/Forms/ShortForms/v11/A-FMFRForm-sg%28v11%29.pdf.
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(3)Radloff L.The CES-D scale:A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurements.1977;1:385-401.
(4)Andresen EM,Malmgren JA,Carter WB,Patrick DL.Screening for depression in well older adults:evaluation of a short form of the CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).American Journal of Preventive Medicine.1994;10
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(5)Stewart AL,Hays RD,Ware JE Jr.The MOS short-form general health survey.Reliability and validity in a patient population.Medical Care.1988;26(7):724-735.[PubMed:3393032]
(6)Coopersmith,S.The antecedents of self-esteem.W.H.Freeman;San Francisco,CA:1967.
(7)Ewing JA.Detecting alcoholism.The CAGE questionnaire.Journal of the American Medical Association.1984;252
(14):1905-1907.[PubMed:6471323]
(8)Simpson,D.;Chatham,L.TCU/DATAR forms manual.Fort Worth,Texas Institute of Behavioral Research;Texas Christian University:1995.
(1)Derogatis LR,Melisaratos N.The Brief Symptom Inventory:an introductory report.Psychological Medicine.1983;13
(3):595-605.[PubMed:6622612]
(1)Binswanger IA,Stern MF,Deyo RA,Heagerty PJ,Cheadle A,Elmore JG,Koepsell TD.Release from prison--a high risk of death for former inmates.N Engl J Med.2007;356(2):157-165.doi:10.1056/NEJMsa064115.[PubMed:17215533]
(2)Phillips LA,Lindsay M.Prison to society:a mixed methods analysis of coping with reentry.International Journal of Offender Therapy&Comparative Criminology.2011;55(1):136-154.doi:10.1177/0306624X09350212.[PubMed:19841048]
(3)yamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(4)Nyamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(1)Phillips LA,Lindsay M.Prison to society:a mixed methods analysis of coping with reentry.International Journal of Offender Therapy&Comparative Criminology.2011;55(1):136-154.doi:10.1177/0306624X09350212.[PubMed:19841048]
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(3)Roy A.Childhood trauma and hostility as an adult:relevance to suicidal behavior.Psychiatry Research Journal.2001;102(1):97-101.
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(1)California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 2011 A-dult Institutions Outcome Evaluation Report.2011.Office of Research,Research and Evaluation Branch Retrieved from http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Adult_Research_Branch/Research_Documents/ARB_FY_0607_Recidivism_Report_(11-23-11).pdf.
(2)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
(3)Spielberger,CD.;Jacobs,G.;Russell,S.;Crane,RS.;Department of Defense.Advanced Research Projects,A..Reynolds,I.,RJ.Assessment of anger the State-Trait Anger Scale.Lawrence Elbaum Associates,Publishers;Hillsdale,NJ:1983.]事实上,敌意可能包括公开的身体和言语行为。[Keltikangas-Jarvinen L,Heinonen K.Childhood roots of adulthood hostility:family factors as predictors of cognitive and affective hostility.Childhood Development.2003;74(6):1751-1768.
(4)Nyamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]Phillips LA Lindsay M.Prison to society:a mixed methods analysis of coping with reentry.International Journal of Offender Therapy&Comparative Criminology.2011;55(1):136-154.doi:10.1177/0306624X09350212.[PubMed:19841048]
(5)Eckhardt C,Norlander B,Deffenbacher J.The assessment of anger and hostility:A critical review.Aggression&Violent Behavior.2004;9(1):17-43.
(6)Berkowitz,L.Aggression:Its causes,consequences,and control.Temple University Press;Philadelphia:1993.
(7)Spielberger,CD.;Jacobs,G.;Russell,S.;Crane,RS.;Department of Defense.Advanced Research Projects,A..Reynolds,I.,RJ.Assessment of anger the State-Trait Anger Scale.Lawrence Elbaum Associates,Publishers;Hillsdale,NJ:1983.
(8)Miller TQ,Smith TW,Turner CW,Guijarro ML,Hallet AJ.A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health.Psychological Bulletin.1996;119(2):322-348.[PubMed:8851276]
(9)Spielberger,CD.;Jacobs,G.;Russell,S.;Crane,RS.;Department of Defense.Advanced Research Projects,A..Reynolds,I.,RJ.Assessment of anger the State-Trait Anger Scale.Lawrence Elbaum Associates,Publishers;Hillsdale,NJ:1983.
(10)Kassinove H,Sukhodolsky DG.Anger disorders:basic science and practice issues.Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing.1995;18(3):173-205.[PubMed:8707651]
(11)Moses A.Exposure to violence,depression,and hostility in a sample of inner city high school youth.Journal of Adolescence.1999;22(1):21-32.doi:10.1006/jado.1998.0198.[PubMed:10066329]
(1)Spence SA,Lee KH,Brown E,David R,Girgis S,Parks RW.Childhood abuse and adult violence in homeless people.Psychiatry&Clinical Neurosciences.2006;60(2):259.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01496.x.[PubMed:16594954]
(2)Spence SA,Lee KH,Brown E,David R,Girgis S,Parks RW.Childhood abuse and adult violence in homeless people.Psychiatry&Clinical Neurosciences.2006;60(2):259.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01496.x.[PubMed:16594954]
(3)Maeve MK.Speaking unavoidable truths:understanding early childhood sexual and physical violence among women in prison.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2000;21(5):473-498.[PubMed:11261073]
(4)Glaze,LE.;Maruschak,LM.Parents in prison and their minor children.2009.from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS77767.
(5)Butler T,Kariminia A.Prison violence:perspectives and epidemiology.N S W Public Health Bulletin.2006;17(1-2):17-20.
(6)Gossop M,Roy A.Hostility,crime and drug dependence.British Journal of Psychiatry.1977;130:272-278.[PubMed:843776];Gossop MR,Roy A.Hostility in drug dependent individuals:its relation to specific drugs,and oral or intravenous use.British Journal of Psychiatry.1976;128:188-193.[PubMed:943194]
(7)Gossop MR,Roy A.Hostility in drug dependent individuals:its relation to specific drugs,and oral or intravenous use.British Journal of Psychiatry.1976;128:188-193.[PubMed:943194]
(8)Valdez A,Sifaneck SJ.“Getting High and Getting by”:Dimensions of Drug Selling Behaviors among American Mexican Gang Members in South Texas.Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency.2004;41(1):82-105.doi:10.1177/0022427803256231.[PubMed:21218191]
(9)Valdez A,Sifaneck SJ.“Getting High and Getting by”:Dimensions of Drug Selling Behaviors among American Mexican Gang Members in South Texas.Journal of Research in Crime&Delinquency.2004;41(1):82-105.doi:10.1177/0022427803256231.[PubMed:21218191]
(10)Zamble,E.;Quinsey,VL.The Criminal Recidivism Process.Cambridge University Press;New York,NY:1997.
(1)Nyamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(2)Galaif ER,Nyamathi AM,Stein JA.Psychosocial predictors of current drug use,drug problems,and physical drug dependence in homeless women.Addictive Behaviors.1999;24(6):801-814.[PubMed:10628514]
(3)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
(4)Mumola,CJ.;Karberg,JC.Drug use and dependence,state and federal prisoners,2004.U.S.Department of Justice;Washington,D.C.:2006.Retrieved from http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS85621.
(5)Carver CS.You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long:consider the brief COPE.International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.1997;4(1):92-100.doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.[PubMed:16250744]
(1)TCU Institute of Behavioral Research.Adult Family and Friends Form.2011.from http://www.ibr.tcu.edu/pubs/datacoll/Forms/ShortForms/v11/A-FMFRForm-sg%28v11%29.pdf.
(2)Sherbourne CD,Stewart AL.The MOS social support survey.Social Science Medicine.1991;32(6):705-714.[PubMed:2035047]
(3)Radloff L.The CES-D scale:A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurements.1977;1:385-401.
(4)Andresen EM,Malmgren JA,Carter WB,Patrick DL.Screening for depression in well older adults:evaluation of a short form of the CES-D(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).American Journal of Preventive Medicine.1994;10
(2):77-84.[PubMed:8037935]
(5)Stewart AL,Hays RD,Ware JE Jr.The MOS short-form general health survey.Reliability and validity in a patient population.Medical Care.1988;26(7):724-735.[PubMed:3393032]
(6)Coopersmith,S.The antecedents of self-esteem.W.H.Freeman;San Francisco,CA:1967.
(7)Ewing JA.Detecting alcoholism.The CAGE questionnaire.Journal of the American Medical Association.1984;252
(14):1905-1907.[PubMed:6471323]
(8)Simpson,D.;Chatham,L.TCU/DATAR forms manual.Fort Worth,Texas Institute of Behavioral Research;Texas Christian University:1995.
(1)Derogatis LR,Melisaratos N.The Brief Symptom Inventory:an introductory report.Psychological Medicine.1983;13
(3):595-605.[PubMed:6622612]
(1)Binswanger IA,Stern MF,Deyo RA,Heagerty PJ,Cheadle A,Elmore JG,Koepsell TD.Release from prison--a high risk of death for former inmates.N Engl J Med.2007;356(2):157-165.doi:10.1056/NEJMsa064115.[PubMed:17215533]
(2)Phillips LA,Lindsay M.Prison to society:a mixed methods analysis of coping with reentry.International Journal of Offender Therapy&Comparative Criminology.2011;55(1):136-154.doi:10.1177/0306624X09350212.[PubMed:19841048]
(3)yamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(4)Nyamathi A,Leake B,Albarran C,Zhang S,Hall E,Farabee D,Faucette M.Correlates of depressive symptoms among homeless men on parole.Issues in Mental Health Nursing.2011;32(8):501-511.doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.569111.[PubMed:21767252]
(1)Phillips LA,Lindsay M.Prison to society:a mixed methods analysis of coping with reentry.International Journal of Offender Therapy&Comparative Criminology.2011;55(1):136-154.doi:10.1177/0306624X09350212.[PubMed:19841048]
(2)Cuomo C,Sarchiapone M,Giannantonio MD,Mancini M,Roy A.Aggression,impulsivity,personality traits,and childhood trauma of prisoners with substance abuse and addiction.American Journal of Drug&Alcohol Abuse.2008;34(3):339-345.doi:10.1080/00952990802010884.[PubMed:18428076]
(3)Roy A.Childhood trauma and hostility as an adult:relevance to suicidal behavior.Psychiatry Research Journal.2001;102(1):97-101.
(4)Roy A.Childhood trauma and hostility as an adult:relevance to suicidal behavior.Psychiatry Research Journal.2001;102(1):97-101.
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