“二战”后西方首个民粹主义政府何以再次出现于意大利
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摘要
2018年6月,意大利组建完全由民粹主义政党执政的新政府,这是当代西方大国中出现的第一个纯粹的民粹主义政府,该政府出现的国际意义将远大于其国内意义,这是因为,意大利民粹主义政府的出现意味着更多的西方国家将存在诞生民粹主义政府的可能性。做出上述判断的原因在于,意大利民粹主义政府的出现不仅是意大利一国的个别现象,而是当代西方世界正在普遍经历的总体转变的一部分,即西方国家的国内局势正由繁荣、稳定、和谐转向社会动荡、矛盾频现,只不过由于当前意大利在所有西方大国中面临的经济难题最为严峻、社会矛盾最为突出,因此民粹主义政党首先在该国实现了政治突破。
引文
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(1)《英国公投决定脱离欧盟》,新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016tfsj5/index.htm,2018年1月2日。
(2)夏庆宇:《英国、德国和瑞典极右翼政党》,《国际研究参考》,2016年12期。
(1)United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Trends in international migration, 2015,https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf,2018-1-3.
(1)OECD,Quarterly National Accounts,http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350,2018-6-12.
(2)《20年近乎“零增长”,10年内3次衰退,意大利经济怎么了?》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1624853722573636158&wfr=spider&for=pc,2019年2月14日。
(3)Encyclop?dia Britannica Online,Italy since 1945: Demographic and social change,https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy,2018-1-2.
(4)International Monetary Fund,Italy: General government gross debt (Percent of GDP),http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=19&sy=1988&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=136&s=GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=,2018-6-12.
(5)Italian National Institute of Statistics,Convergence between Eu countries and a gap at the territorial level betweenItalian regions,https://web.archive.org/web/20150209035045/http://noi-italia2012en.istat.it/index.php?id=7&user_100ind_pi1%5Bid_pagina%5D=92&cHash=766f35eaf317db8ac3e51e5119ffb1b6,2018-1-2.
(6)Eurostat,Unemployment by sex and age-monthly average,http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do,2018-6-12.
(1)National Institute of Statistics,Poverty in Italy,https://www.istat.it/en/files/2015/07/Poverty-in-Italy_2014.pdf?title=Poverty+in+Italy+-+15+Jul+2015+-+Full+text.pdf,2018-6-12.
(2)ISTAT,Statistics for 2017,http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html,2018-6-3.
(3)Amnesty International,Italy:‘Historic’European Court judgment upholds migrants' rights,https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/02/italy-historic-european-court-judgment-upholds-migrants-rights/, 2018-6-13.
(1)BBC,European migrant crisis: Italy navy rescues 50 from dinghy,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33882177,2018-6-13.
(2)Frontex,Number of migrants arriving in Greece dropped 90% in April,https://frontex.europa.eu/news/number-of-migrants-arriving-in-greece-dropped-90-in-april-6e7oBw,2018-1-3.
(3)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ,UNHCR Refugees/Migrants Response - Mediterranean,http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?id=105,2018-1-5.
(4)BBC,Why is Italy seeing a record number of migrants? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38148110,2018-6-13.
(1)David Parenzo and Davide Romano, Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega, Milan: Sperling & Kupfer2009. pp. 263–266.
(1)《英国公投决定脱离欧盟》,新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016tfsj5/index.htm,2018年1月2日。
(2)夏庆宇:《英国、德国和瑞典极右翼政党》,《国际研究参考》,2016年12期。
(1)United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Trends in international migration, 2015,https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/populationfacts/docs/MigrationPopFacts20154.pdf,2018-1-3.
(1)OECD,Quarterly National Accounts,http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350,2018-6-12.
(2)《20年近乎“零增长”,10年内3次衰退,意大利经济怎么了?》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1624853722573636158&wfr=spider&for=pc,2019年2月14日。
(3)Encyclop?dia Britannica Online,Italy since 1945: Demographic and social change,https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy,2018-1-2.
(4)International Monetary Fund,Italy: General government gross debt (Percent of GDP),http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=19&sy=1988&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=136&s=GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=,2018-6-12.
(5)Italian National Institute of Statistics,Convergence between Eu countries and a gap at the territorial level betweenItalian regions,https://web.archive.org/web/20150209035045/http://noi-italia2012en.istat.it/index.php?id=7&user_100ind_pi1%5Bid_pagina%5D=92&cHash=766f35eaf317db8ac3e51e5119ffb1b6,2018-1-2.
(6)Eurostat,Unemployment by sex and age-monthly average,http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do,2018-6-12.
(1)National Institute of Statistics,Poverty in Italy,https://www.istat.it/en/files/2015/07/Poverty-in-Italy_2014.pdf?title=Poverty+in+Italy+-+15+Jul+2015+-+Full+text.pdf,2018-6-12.
(2)ISTAT,Statistics for 2017,http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html,2018-6-3.
(3)Amnesty International,Italy:‘Historic’European Court judgment upholds migrants' rights,https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/02/italy-historic-european-court-judgment-upholds-migrants-rights/, 2018-6-13.
(1)BBC,European migrant crisis: Italy navy rescues 50 from dinghy,https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33882177,2018-6-13.
(2)Frontex,Number of migrants arriving in Greece dropped 90% in April,https://frontex.europa.eu/news/number-of-migrants-arriving-in-greece-dropped-90-in-april-6e7oBw,2018-1-3.
(3)United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ,UNHCR Refugees/Migrants Response - Mediterranean,http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?id=105,2018-1-5.
(4)BBC,Why is Italy seeing a record number of migrants? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38148110,2018-6-13.
(1)David Parenzo and Davide Romano, Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega, Milan: Sperling & Kupfer2009. pp. 263–266.