Sandy desertification: Borne on the wind
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摘要
Sandy desertification is both an inherently interesting bioscience and geoscience topic and an important topic from the perspectives of the ecological environment and food security. It has therefore increasingly attracted the attention of the public, in addition to researchers, government officials, and international organizations. This paper reviews the development of knowledge on sandy desertification, research progress in understanding the physical and biological processes involved in sandy desertification, and the significance of wind activity in determining the increases and decreases in sandy desertification. Based on this review of current research on the mechanisms and processes of sandy desertification, combining geological and biological sciences appears likely to improve our understanding of this complex system, thereby providing a more holistic understanding of sandy desertification at a range of temporal and spatial scales.
Sandy desertification is both an inherently interesting bioscience and geoscience topic and an important topic from the perspectives of the ecological environment and food security. It has therefore increasingly attracted the attention of the public, in addition to researchers, government officials, and international organizations. This paper reviews the development of knowledge on sandy desertification, research progress in understanding the physical and biological processes involved in sandy desertification, and the significance of wind activity in determining the increases and decreases in sandy desertification. Based on this review of current research on the mechanisms and processes of sandy desertification, combining geological and biological sciences appears likely to improve our understanding of this complex system, thereby providing a more holistic understanding of sandy desertification at a range of temporal and spatial scales.
Sandy desertification is both an inherently interesting bioscience and geoscience topic and an important topic from the perspectives of the ecological environment and food security. It has therefore increasingly attracted the attention of the public, in addition to researchers, government officials, and international organizations. This paper reviews the development of knowledge on sandy desertification, research progress in understanding the physical and biological processes involved in sandy desertification, and the significance of wind activity in determining the increases and decreases in sandy desertification. Based on this review of current research on the mechanisms and processes of sandy desertification, combining geological and biological sciences appears likely to improve our understanding of this complex system, thereby providing a more holistic understanding of sandy desertification at a range of temporal and spatial scales.
引文
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7 Haynes J C V.Great sand sea and Selima sand sheet,eastern Sahara:Geochronology of desertification.Science,1982,217: 629-633
8 Jackson R D,Idso S B,Otterman J.Surface albedo and desertifica-tion.Science,1975,189: 1012-1015
9 Kedar E Y.No desertification mechanism.Science,1976,194: 747-748
10 Otterman J.No desertification mechanism.Science,1976,194: 748-749
11 Lavauden L.Les forêts du Sahara.Revue des Eaux et Forêts,1927,65: 265-277,329-341
12 Dong Y X.Desertification and sandy desertification (in Chinese).Chin Sci Technol Terms J,2000,2: 18-21
13 Stebbing E P.The encroaching Sahara: the threat to the West Africancolonies.Geogr J,1935,85: 506-519
14 Rodd F,Falconer J D,Stebbing E P.The Sahara.Geogr J,1938,91:354-359
15 Dregne H E.Land degradation in the drylands.Arid Land Res Man-age,2002,16: 99-132
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17 United Nations.Results of the World Conference on Environmentand Development: Agenda 21.UNCED,United Nations Conferenceon Environment and Development,Rio de Janeiro.United Nations,New York,1992
18 Wessels K J,Prince S D,Reshef I.Mapping land degradation bycomparison of vegetation production to spatially derived estimates ofpotential production.J Arid Environ,2008,72: 1940-1949
19 Mabbutt J A,Floret C.Case Studies on Desertification.United Na-tion: UNESCO,1980
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21 Zhu Z D,Chen G T.Sandy Desertification in China (in Chinese).Beijing: Science Press,1994.7-15
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25 Dong G R,Shen J Y,Jin J,et al.Conceptions of desertification anddesertization (in Chinese).Arid Land Geogr,1988,11: 58-61
26 Wu Z.Superficial review about the desertification in the North zoneof China (in Chinese).Acta Geogr Sin,1991,46: 266-276
27 Wu Z.Aeolian Geomorphology and Sand Controlling Engineering(in Chinese).Beijing: Science Press,2003
28 Wu Z.Chinese Deserts and Its Combating (in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2009
29 Zhu Z D.Concept,cause and control of desertification in China (inChinese).Quat Sci,1998,18: 145-155
30 Shen Y,Zhang K,Wang X.Desertification (in Chinese).Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001
31 Wu Z.Aeolian Geomorphology (in Chinese).Beijing: Science Press,1987
32 Pye K,Tsoar H.Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes.Boston: Unwin Hy-man,1990
33 Livingstone I,Warren A.Aeolian Geomorphology: An introduction.Essex: Longman,1996
34 Chepil W S,Woodruff N P.The physics of wind erosion and its con-trol.Adv Agronomy,1963,15: 211-302
35 Buckley R.The effect of sparse vegetation on the transport of dunesand by wind.Nature,1987,325: 426-428
36 Lancaster N,Baas A.Influence of vegetation cover on sand transportby wind: field studies at Owens Lake,California.Earth Surf ProcLand,1998,23: 69-82
37 Nishimori H,Tanaka H.A simple model for the formation of vege-tated dunes.Earth Surf Proc Land,2001,26: 1143-1150
38 El-Bana M I,Nijs I,Khedr A-H A.The importance of phytogenicmounds (nebkhas) for restoration of arid degraded rangelands innorthern Sinai.Restor Ecol,2003,11: 317-324
39 Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A.Recent stabilization of active sanddunes on the Canadian prairies and relation to recent climate varia-tions.Geomorphology,2005,68: 131-147
40 Kuriyama Y,Mochizuki N,Nakashima T.Influence of vegetation onaeolian sand transport rate from a backshore to a foredune at Hasaki,Japan.Sedimentology,2005,52: 1123-1132
41 Tsoar H.Sand dunes mobility and stability in relation to climate.Phys A,2005,357: 50-56
42 Durán O,Herrmann H J.Vegetation against dune mobility.Phys RevLett,2006,97: 188001
43 Okin G S,Gillette D A,Herrick J E.Multi-scale controls on andconsequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid andsemiarid environments.J Arid Environ,2006,65: 253-275
44 Leenders J K,van Boxel J H,Sterk G.The effect of single vegetationelements on wind speed and sediment transport in the Sahelian zoneof Burkina Faso.Earth Surf Proc Land,2007,32: 1454-1474
45 Herrmann H J,Durán O,Parteli E J R,et al.Vegetation and indura-tion as sand dunes stabilizators.J Coastal Res,2010,24: 1357-1368
46 Tengberg A.Nebkha dunes as indicators of wind erosion and landdegradation in the Sahel zone of Burkina Faso.J Arid Environ,1995,30: 265-282
47 Wang X,Chen F H,Dong Z,et al.Evolution of the southern Mu UsDesert in north China over the past 50 years: an analysis using prox-ies of human activity and climate parameters.Land Degrad Dev,2005,16: 351-366
48 Maestre F,Escudero A.Is the patch size distribution of vegetation asuitable indicator of desertification processes?Ecology,2009,90:1729-1735
49 Saiko T A,Zonn I S.Irrigation expansion and dynamics of desertifi-cation in the Circum-Aral region of Central Asia.Appl Geogr,2000,20: 349-367
50 Brown G.Factors maintaining plant diversity in degraded areas ofnorthern Kuwait.J Arid Environ,2003,54: 183-194
51 Wang X,Dong Z,Yan P,et al.Wind energy environments anddunefield activity in the Chinese deserts.Geomorphology,2005,65:33-48
52 Wang X,Chen F,Hasi E,et al.Desertification in China: An assess-ment.Earth-Sci Rev,2008,88: 188-206
53 Shen J,Wang Y,Yang X,et al.Paleosandstorm characteristics andlake evolution history deduces from investigation on lacustrine sedi-ments—The case of Hongjiannao Lake,Shanxi Province.Chin SciBull,2005,50: 2355-2361
54 Wang X,Hasi E,Zhou Z,et al.Significance of variations in the windenergy environment over the past 50 years with respect to dune activ-ity and desertification in arid and semiarid northern China.Geomor-phology,2007,86: 252-266
55 Wang X,Chen F,Dong Z.The relative role of climatic and humanfactors in desertification in semiarid China.Glob Environ Change,2006,16: 48-57
56 Wang X,Li J,Dong G,et al.Responses of desertification to varia-tions in wind activity over the past five decades in arid and semiaridareas in China.Chin Sci Bull,2008,53: 426-433
57 Wang X,Dong Z,Liu L,et al.Sand sea activity and interactions withclimatic parameters in the Taklimakan Sand Sea,China.J Arid Envi-ron,2004,57: 85-98
58 Zhao H.Bioprocesses of Desertification and the Mechanisms of De-graded Vegetation Rehabilitation (in Chinese).Beijing: Science Press,2007
59 Anthonsen K L,Clemmensen L B,Jensen J H.Evolution of a dunefrom crescentic to parabolic form in response to short-term climaticchanges: R bjerg Mile,Skagen Odde,Denmark.Geomorphology,1996,17: 63-77
60 Liu G J,Zhang X M,Li X R,et al.Adaptive growth of Tamarix tak-lamakanensis root systems in response to wind action.Chin Sci Bull(Suppl 2),2008,53: 164-168
61 Wang X,Wang T,Dong Z,et al.Nebkha development and its signif-icance to wind erosion and land degradation in semiarid northernChina.J Arid Environ,2006,65: 129-141
62 Wei W.Respondence and feedback of modern sand deserts to climatechange.Chin Sci Bull,2000,52: 1137-1142
63 Cooke R,Warren A,Goudie A.Desert Geomorphology.London:UCL Press,1993
64 Marín L,Forman S L,Valdez A,et al.Twentieth century dune mi-gration at the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve,Colora-do,relation to drought variability.Geomorphology,2005,70: 163-183
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