基于HASM的中国植被NPP时空变化特征及其与气候的关系
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摘要
植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,直接反映植被的生产力和地表质量状况,对于研究全球气候变化具有重要意义。为更好地了解近年来中国陆地植被NPP时空分布格局,探讨其对气候因子响应的空间分异规律,利用高精度曲面建模方法(HASM),结合LPJ-GUESS动态植被过程模型和MOD17A3NPP遥感数据产品估算2001-2015年中国陆地生态系统植被NPP的时空分布特征,并根据气候要素和土壤质地特点分区探讨其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,(1)近15年全国植被平均NPP空间分布地域性明显,总体上沿水热梯度由西北向东南呈逐渐增加的趋势。其中西北沙漠和青藏高原腹地的植被NPP值最小,在100 g·m~(-2)(以C计,下同)以下,西北内陆向东南沿海过渡带植被NPP值在300-600 g·m~(-2)之间,四川盆地大部分地区以及海南省和东北平原局部植被NPP值在700g·m~(-2)以上。(2)近15年全国植被NPP均值为376 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),变化范围为1.9~(-1) 131 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。青藏区面积和植被NPP总量占全国的比例最大,均为23%,甘新区面积占全国的23%,年均NPP总量只占全国的10%;西南区、东北区和长江中下游区植被丰富,年均NPP总量占比大于面积占比。其他地区面积和年均NPP总量占全国的比例相当。(3)近15年全国有65.29%的区域植被NPP呈增加趋势,最大增速为72.64 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),平均增速为2.29 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),以青藏部分地区、黄土高原区、海南大部和台湾北部地区增幅最大。(4)近15年来全国有79.26%的地区年平均NPP与年平均降水之间呈显著正相关,而年平均NPP与年平均温度这一比例仅为8.71%,分布在青藏高原部分地区。
As an important part of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, net primary productivity(NPP) of vegetation reflects the productivity of vegetation and land surface condition directly, and it is also of great significance for the research of global climate change. In order to understand better the spatio-temporal pattern of NPP of terrestrial vegetation and explore the spatial heterogeneity of its response to climatic factors in China over recent years, we simulated the national vegetation NPP from 2001 to 2015 by integrating LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model, MOD17A3 NPP data and HASM method. We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of NPP and its correlations with climatic factors in nine subregions according to the climate soil texture characteristics. The results indicated that:(1) The average NPP of vegetation in China showed obvious spatially heterogeneous distribution. Overall, along hydrothermal gradient, the average NPP gradually increased from northwest to southeast over the past 15 years, and the minimum NPP of vegetation appeared in the desert which located in the northwest of China and the central of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the values less than 100 g·m~(-2). The NPP of vegetation in the transition zone from the northwest to the southeast coast was 300-600 g·m~(-2),whereas the NPP values of vegetation in most parts of Sichuan Basin, the parts of Hainan Province and northeast plain were above 700 g·m~(-2).(2) The average NPP of vegetation in China ranged from 1.9 to 1 131 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1) in 2001~(-2)015, and the annual national average of NPP was 376 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The Qinghai-Tibet area took up the largest proportion(both 23%) of both area and the amounts of NPP of vegetation in China. The Gansu-Xinjiang region accounted for 23% of the country's land area, but only 10% of the country's annual average NPP. The southwest and northeast China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River were rich in vegetation, and the annual NPP proportion was greater than the corresponding area proportion of the country. Other areas and the annual total NPP accounted for a similar proportion of the country.(3) Over the past 15 years, 65.29% of China had an increasing trend of NPP with the maximum value of 72.64 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1) and the average value of 2.29 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The parts of Qinghai-Tibet, Loess Plateau, most of Hainan Province and the northern part of Taiwan Province had the maximum growth rate. And(4) there was a significant positive relationship between annual average NPP and annual total precipitation, taking 79.26% of the whole China, while only 8.71% of China showed a significant positive correlation between the annual average NPP and the annual average temperature, which was distributed in some regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
As an important part of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, net primary productivity(NPP) of vegetation reflects the productivity of vegetation and land surface condition directly, and it is also of great significance for the research of global climate change. In order to understand better the spatio-temporal pattern of NPP of terrestrial vegetation and explore the spatial heterogeneity of its response to climatic factors in China over recent years, we simulated the national vegetation NPP from 2001 to 2015 by integrating LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model, MOD17A3 NPP data and HASM method. We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of NPP and its correlations with climatic factors in nine subregions according to the climate soil texture characteristics. The results indicated that:(1) The average NPP of vegetation in China showed obvious spatially heterogeneous distribution. Overall, along hydrothermal gradient, the average NPP gradually increased from northwest to southeast over the past 15 years, and the minimum NPP of vegetation appeared in the desert which located in the northwest of China and the central of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the values less than 100 g·m~(-2). The NPP of vegetation in the transition zone from the northwest to the southeast coast was 300-600 g·m~(-2),whereas the NPP values of vegetation in most parts of Sichuan Basin, the parts of Hainan Province and northeast plain were above 700 g·m~(-2).(2) The average NPP of vegetation in China ranged from 1.9 to 1 131 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1) in 2001~(-2)015, and the annual national average of NPP was 376 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The Qinghai-Tibet area took up the largest proportion(both 23%) of both area and the amounts of NPP of vegetation in China. The Gansu-Xinjiang region accounted for 23% of the country's land area, but only 10% of the country's annual average NPP. The southwest and northeast China and the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River were rich in vegetation, and the annual NPP proportion was greater than the corresponding area proportion of the country. Other areas and the annual total NPP accounted for a similar proportion of the country.(3) Over the past 15 years, 65.29% of China had an increasing trend of NPP with the maximum value of 72.64 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1) and the average value of 2.29 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The parts of Qinghai-Tibet, Loess Plateau, most of Hainan Province and the northern part of Taiwan Province had the maximum growth rate. And(4) there was a significant positive relationship between annual average NPP and annual total precipitation, taking 79.26% of the whole China, while only 8.71% of China showed a significant positive correlation between the annual average NPP and the annual average temperature, which was distributed in some regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
引文
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GAO Q Z,LI Y,WAN Y F,et al.,2009.Dynamics of alpine grassland NPPand its response to climate change in Northern Tibet[J].Climatic Change,97(3-4):515.
HENDERSON D W,1998.Differential Geometry[M].London:PrenticeHall.
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IPCC.2013.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.KNAPP A K,SMITH M D,2001.Variation among biomes in temporal dynamics of aboveground primary production[J].Science,291(5503):481.
LIANG W,YANG Y T,FAN D M,et al.,2015.Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of net primary production and their climate controls in China from 1982 to 2010[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,204:22-36.
LISEIKIN V D,2004.A Computational Differential Geometry Approach to Grid Generation[M].Berlin:Springer.
LIU R G,LI N,SU H X,et al.,2009.Simulation and analysis on future carbon balance of three deciduous forests in Beijing mountain area,warm temperate zone of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,33(3):516-534.
LU L X,2000.Implementation of a two-way interactive atmospheric and ecological model and its application to the central United States[J].Journal of Climate,14(5):900-919.
MATSUSHITA B,XU M,CHEN J,et al.,2004.Estimation of regional net primary productivity(NPP)using a process-based ecosystem model:How important is the accuracy of climate data[J].Ecological Modelling,178(3-4):371-388.
MELILLO J M,MCGUIRE A D,KICKLIGHTER D W,et al.,1993.Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production[J].Nature,363(6426):234-240.
MOHAMED M A,BABIKER I S,CHEN Z M,et al.,2004.The role of climate variability in the inter-annual variation of terrestrial net primary production(NPP)[J].Science of the Total Environment,332(1-3):123-137.
NEMANI R R,KEELING C D,HASHIMOTO H,et al.,2003.ClimateDriven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from1982 to 1999[J].Science,300(5625):1560-1563.
PIAO S L,FANG J Y,CIAIS P,et al.,2010.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China[J].China Basic Science,458(7241):1009-1013.
PIAO S L,SITCH S,CIAIS P,et al.,2013.Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends[J].Global Change Biology,19(7):2117-2132.
POTTER C S,RANDERSON J T,FIELD C B,et al.,1993.Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,7(4):811-841.
SHI W J,LIU J Y,DU Z P,et al.,2009.Surface modelling of soil pH[J].Geoderma,150(1):113-119.
SMITH B,PRENTICE I C,SYKES M T,2001.Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems:comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,10(6):621-637.
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