“后真理”、对称性与反科学
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摘要
"后真理"是一种"个人信念比科学事实更具说服力"的怪象,"后真理"与SSK的对称性原则联手,就会在"认知平等与民主化科学"的幌子下,让伪科学与政治派别或利益集团之间形成强大的反科学同盟,从内容与体制上诋毁科学。这种诋毁不可能产生真正的认知平等,因为科学的本质是以事实为依据,这是认知平等的先决条件。"后真理"现象反映出在哲学上重审划界问题的重要性与迫切性。
"Post-truth"is a strange phenomenon that"personal beliefs are more convincing than scientific facts"."Post-truth"joins with the symmetry principle of SSK to form a strong anti-scientific alliance between pseudoscience and political factions or interest groups,which is under the cover of"Cognitive Equality and democratized Science". And they denigrate science in content and system. This denigration cannot lead to real cognitive equality,since the nature of science is based on facts,which is a prerequisite for cognitive equality. The " Post-truth" phenomenon reflects the importance and urgency of the philosophical reexamination of the demarcation problem.
"Post-truth"is a strange phenomenon that"personal beliefs are more convincing than scientific facts"."Post-truth"joins with the symmetry principle of SSK to form a strong anti-scientific alliance between pseudoscience and political factions or interest groups,which is under the cover of"Cognitive Equality and democratized Science". And they denigrate science in content and system. This denigration cannot lead to real cognitive equality,since the nature of science is based on facts,which is a prerequisite for cognitive equality. The " Post-truth" phenomenon reflects the importance and urgency of the philosophical reexamination of the demarcation problem.
引文
[1]Science News Staff. Marchers around the world tell us why they're taking to the streets for science[EB/OL].(2017-04-13/2018-05-18). http://www. sciencemag. org/news/2017/04/marchersaround-world-tell-us-why-theyre-taking-streets-science.
[2]Chris Mooney. Historians say the March for Science is'pretty unprecedented'[N]. Washington Post,2017-04-22.
[3]Emil Karlsson. Trump’s 10 Worst Anti-Science Actions[EB/OL].(2017-09-11/2018-05-18). https://debunkingdenialism. com/2017/09/11/trumps-10-worst-anti-science-actions/
[4]Fuller S. Embrace the inner fox:Post-truth as the STS symmetry principle universalized[EB/OL].(2016-12-25/2018-05-18). https://social-epistemology. com/2016/12/25/embracethe-inner-fox-post-truth-as-the-sts-symmetry-principle-universalized-steve-fuller/
[5]史安斌.“后真理”冲击西方新闻舆论生态[J].理论导报,2017(11):63-64.
[6]Sismondo S. Casting a wider net:A reply to Collins,Evans and Weinel[J]. Social Studies of Science,2017,47(4):587-592.
[7]Rabin N. Interview with Stephen Colbert[EB/OL].(2006-01-25/2018-05-18). http://www. avclub. com/article/stephencolbert-13970.
[8]Raymond Aron. Main Currents in Sociological Thought:Durkheim,Pareto,Weber–Vol. 2[M]. New York:Basic Books,1967.
[9]Collins HM,Evans R,Weinel M. STS as Science or Politics[J].Social Studies of Science,2017,47(4):580-586.
[10]Lynch M. STS,symmetry and post-truth[J]. SSS,2017,47(4):593-599.
[11][英]大卫·布鲁尔.知识和社会意象[M].艾彦,译.北京:东方出版社,2001.
[12]Collins HM. Stages in the Empirical Program of Relativism[J]. Social Studies of Science,1981,11(1):3-10.
[13]Fuller S. Science has always been a bit’post-truth’[N]. The Guardian,2016-12-15.
[14]Fuller S. Is STS all Talk and no Walk?[J/OL]. EASST Review,2017,36(1).
[15]Hansson Sven Ove. Science and Pseudo-science[EB/OL].(2008-09-03/2018-05-18). http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/pseudo-science.
[16][美]内奥米·奥利斯克斯,埃里克·康韦.贩卖怀疑的商人[M].于海生,译.北京:华夏出版社,2013.
[17][法]皮埃尔·布尔迪厄.科学之科学与反观性:法兰西学院专题讲座(2000-2001学年)[M].陈圣生,涂释文,等译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2006.
[18]Chris C. Mooney. The Republican War on Science[M]. New York:Basic Book,2007.
[19]Harry G. Frankfurt. On Bullshit[M]. Princeton University Press,2006.
[20][美]杰拉尔德·霍尔顿.科学与反科学[M].范岱年,陈养惠,译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1999.
[21]Sismondo S. Post-truth?[J]. Social Studies of Science,2017,47(1):3-6.
(1)2005年,美国记者莫林(Chris Mooney)出版了一本书名为《美国共和党绞杀科学的战争》(The Republican War on Science,Basic Book),本书详细报道了美国共和党全面绞杀科学的运动。这本书当年就被《纽约时报》评为年度畅销书。
[2]Chris Mooney. Historians say the March for Science is'pretty unprecedented'[N]. Washington Post,2017-04-22.
[3]Emil Karlsson. Trump’s 10 Worst Anti-Science Actions[EB/OL].(2017-09-11/2018-05-18). https://debunkingdenialism. com/2017/09/11/trumps-10-worst-anti-science-actions/
[4]Fuller S. Embrace the inner fox:Post-truth as the STS symmetry principle universalized[EB/OL].(2016-12-25/2018-05-18). https://social-epistemology. com/2016/12/25/embracethe-inner-fox-post-truth-as-the-sts-symmetry-principle-universalized-steve-fuller/
[5]史安斌.“后真理”冲击西方新闻舆论生态[J].理论导报,2017(11):63-64.
[6]Sismondo S. Casting a wider net:A reply to Collins,Evans and Weinel[J]. Social Studies of Science,2017,47(4):587-592.
[7]Rabin N. Interview with Stephen Colbert[EB/OL].(2006-01-25/2018-05-18). http://www. avclub. com/article/stephencolbert-13970.
[8]Raymond Aron. Main Currents in Sociological Thought:Durkheim,Pareto,Weber–Vol. 2[M]. New York:Basic Books,1967.
[9]Collins HM,Evans R,Weinel M. STS as Science or Politics[J].Social Studies of Science,2017,47(4):580-586.
[10]Lynch M. STS,symmetry and post-truth[J]. SSS,2017,47(4):593-599.
[11][英]大卫·布鲁尔.知识和社会意象[M].艾彦,译.北京:东方出版社,2001.
[12]Collins HM. Stages in the Empirical Program of Relativism[J]. Social Studies of Science,1981,11(1):3-10.
[13]Fuller S. Science has always been a bit’post-truth’[N]. The Guardian,2016-12-15.
[14]Fuller S. Is STS all Talk and no Walk?[J/OL]. EASST Review,2017,36(1).
[15]Hansson Sven Ove. Science and Pseudo-science[EB/OL].(2008-09-03/2018-05-18). http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/pseudo-science.
[16][美]内奥米·奥利斯克斯,埃里克·康韦.贩卖怀疑的商人[M].于海生,译.北京:华夏出版社,2013.
[17][法]皮埃尔·布尔迪厄.科学之科学与反观性:法兰西学院专题讲座(2000-2001学年)[M].陈圣生,涂释文,等译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2006.
[18]Chris C. Mooney. The Republican War on Science[M]. New York:Basic Book,2007.
[19]Harry G. Frankfurt. On Bullshit[M]. Princeton University Press,2006.
[20][美]杰拉尔德·霍尔顿.科学与反科学[M].范岱年,陈养惠,译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1999.
[21]Sismondo S. Post-truth?[J]. Social Studies of Science,2017,47(1):3-6.
(1)2005年,美国记者莫林(Chris Mooney)出版了一本书名为《美国共和党绞杀科学的战争》(The Republican War on Science,Basic Book),本书详细报道了美国共和党全面绞杀科学的运动。这本书当年就被《纽约时报》评为年度畅销书。