陆面模式中氮循环过程的引入Ⅰ:模式介绍及站点验证（英文）
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摘要
陆地生态系统氮循环对碳循环过程及其对气候变化的反馈具有重要的影响,但当前陆面模式多数都没有考虑氮循环过程对碳循环过程的限制。本研究基于氮在土壤-植被-大气中的传输交换过程,将氮循环过程引入到陆面模式AVIM(Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model)中,发展形成包含碳氮耦合过程的新版模式AVIM-CN。与2004-05年当雄生态系统定位站通量观测数据相对比,模式中引入氮循环过程后,高寒草甸的总初级生产力模拟值从1.1403 gC m~(-2)d~(-1)降到了0.7073 gC m~(-2)d~(-1),前者更接近通量站的观测值0.5407 gC m~(-2)d~(-1)。生态系统呼吸的模拟值也从1.7695 gC m~(-2)d~(-1)降到了1.0572 gC m~(-2)d~(-1),更接近对应的通量观测值0.8034 gC m~(-2)d~(-1)。整体而言,在模式中考虑氮的限制作用后,当雄站的热量通量和碳通量的模拟值更接近实测值。不考虑氮过程对碳过程的限制,模式高估了约40%的陆地生态系统碳通量。
Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes. However, nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models for climate change. In this study, a nitrogen model, based on nitrogen transformation processes and nitrogen fluxes exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem, was incorporated into the Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM) to simulate the carbon cycle under nitrogen limitation. This new model, AVIM-CN, was evaluated against site-scale eddy covariance–based measurements of an alpine meadow located at Damxung station from the FLUXNET 2015 dataset. Results showed that the annual mean gross primary production simulated by AVIM-CN(0.7073 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) was in better agreement with the corresponding flux data(0.5407 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) than the original AVIM(1.1403 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) at Damxung station. Similarly, ecosystem respiration was also down-regulated, from 1.7695 gC m~(-2) d~(-1) to 1.0572 gC m~(-2) d~(-1), after the nitrogen processes were introduced, and the latter was closer to the observed vales(0.8034 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)). Overall, the new results were more consistent with the daily time series of carbon and energy fluxes of observations compared to the former version without nitrogen dynamics. A model that does not incorporate the limitation effects of nitrogen nutrient availability will probably overestimate carbon fluxes by about 40%.
Nitrogen cycling has profound effects on carbon uptake in the terrestrial ecosystem and the response of the biosphere to climate changes. However, nutrient cycling is not taken into account in most land surface models for climate change. In this study, a nitrogen model, based on nitrogen transformation processes and nitrogen fluxes exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem, was incorporated into the Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(AVIM) to simulate the carbon cycle under nitrogen limitation. This new model, AVIM-CN, was evaluated against site-scale eddy covariance–based measurements of an alpine meadow located at Damxung station from the FLUXNET 2015 dataset. Results showed that the annual mean gross primary production simulated by AVIM-CN(0.7073 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) was in better agreement with the corresponding flux data(0.5407 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) than the original AVIM(1.1403 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)) at Damxung station. Similarly, ecosystem respiration was also down-regulated, from 1.7695 gC m~(-2) d~(-1) to 1.0572 gC m~(-2) d~(-1), after the nitrogen processes were introduced, and the latter was closer to the observed vales(0.8034 gC m~(-2) d~(-1)). Overall, the new results were more consistent with the daily time series of carbon and energy fluxes of observations compared to the former version without nitrogen dynamics. A model that does not incorporate the limitation effects of nitrogen nutrient availability will probably overestimate carbon fluxes by about 40%.
引文
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Dan,L.,F.Q.Cao,and R.Gao.2015.“The Improvement of A Regional Climate Model by Coupling A Land Surface Model with Eco-Physiological Processes:A Case Study in1998,Climatic Change.”Climatic Change 129(3-4)457-470.doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0997-8.
Dan,L.,and J.J.Ji.2007.“The Surface Energy,Water,Carbon Flux and Their Intercorrelated Seasonality in a Globa Climate-Vegetation Coupled Model.”Tellus B:Chemica and Physical Meteorology 59(3):425-438.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00274.x.
Dan,L.,J.J.Ji,and Y.He.2007.“Use of ISLSCP II Data to Intercompare and Validate the Terrestrial Net Primary Production in a Land Surface Model Coupled to a Genera Circulation Model.”Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres 112(D2):D02S90.doi:10.1029/2006JD007721.
Dan,L.,J.J.Ji,and Y.P.Li.2002.“Climate Simulations Based on a Different-Grid Nested and Coupled Model.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 19(3):487-499.doi:10.1007/s00376-002-0081-1.
Dickinson,R.E.,J.A.Berry,G.B.Bonan,G.J.Collatz,C.B.Field I.Y.Fung,M.Goulden,et al.2002.“Nitrogen Controls on Climate Model Evapotranspiration.”Journal of Climate 15(3):278-295.doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0278NCOCME>2.0.CO;2.
Exbrayat,J.-F.,A.Pitman,Q.Zhang,G.Abramowitz,and Y.-P.Wang.2013.“Examining Soil Carbon Uncertainty in a Global Model:Response of Microbial Decomposition to Temperature,Moisture and Nutrient Limitation.”Biogeosciences 10(11):7095-7108.doi:10.5194/bg-10-7095-2013.
Fang,Y.,M.Yoh,K.Koba,W.Zhu,Y.U.Takebayashi,Y.Xiao C.Lei,J.Mo,W.Zhang,and X.Lu.2011.“Nitrogen Deposition and Forest Nitrogen Cycling along an UrbanRural Transect in Southern China.”Global Change Biology 17(2):872-885.doi:10.1111/gcb.2010.17.issue-2.
Galloway,J.N.,F.J.Dentener,D.G.Capone,E.W.Boyer R.W.Howarth,S.P.Seitzinger,G.P.Asner,et al.2004“Nitrogen Cycles:Past,Present,and Future.”Biogeochemistry70(2):153-226.doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0.
Huang,M.,J.J.Ji,K.R.Li,Y.F.Liu,F.Yang,and B.Tao.2007“The Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation after Conversion of Grasslands to Pine Plantations in Subtropical Red Soil of South China.”Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology59(3):439-448.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00280.x.
Ji,J.J.1995.“A Climate-Vegetation Interaction Model Simulating Physical and Biological Processes at the Surface.”Journal of Biogeography 22(2/3):445-451doi:10.2307/2845941.
Ji,J.J.,and Y.C.Hu.1989.“A Simple Land Surface Process Model for Use in Climate Studies.”Journal of Meteorologica Research 3(3):342-351.
Ji,J.J.,M.Huang,and K.R.Li.2008.“Prediction of Carbon Exchanges between China Terrestrial Ecosystem and Atmosphere in 21st Century.”Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences 51(6):885-898.doi:10.1007/s11430-008-0039-y.
Ji,J.J.,M.Huang,and Q.Liu.2005.“Modeling Studies of Response Mechanism of Steppe Productivity to Climate Change in Middle Latitude Semiarid Regions in China.”Acta Meteorologica Sinica63(3):257-266.doi:10.11676/qxxb2005.026.
Jia,B.,Y.Wang,and Z.Xie.2018.“Responses of the Terrestria Carbon Cycle to Drought over China:Modeling Sensitivities of the Interactive Nitrogen and Dynamic Vegetation.”Ecologica Modelling 368:52-68.doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.11.009.
Kirschbaum,M.U.F.1999.“CenW,a Forest Growth Mode with Linked Carbon,Energy,Nutrient and Water Cycles.”Ecological Modelling 118(1):17-59.doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00020-4.
Kirschbaum,M.U.F.,and K.I.Paul.2002.“‘Modelling C and N Dynamics in Forest Soils with a Modified Version of the CENTURY Model.”.”Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34(3)341-354.doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00189-4.
Le Quéré,C.,R.J.Andres,T.A.Boden,T.Conway R.A.Houghton,J.I.House,G.Marland,et al.2013.“The Global Carbon Budget 1959-2011.”Earth System Science Data 5(1):165-185.doi:10.5194/essd-5-165-2013.
Li,Q.,X.Z.Zhang,P.L.Shi,Y.T.He,L.L.Xu,and W.Sun.2008“Study on the Energy Balance Closure of Alpine Meadow on Tibetan Plateau.”Journal of Natural Resources 23(3)391-399.doi:10.11849/zrzyxb.2008.03.005.
Lin,B.L.,A.Sakoda,R.Shibasaki,N.Goto,and M.Suzuki.2000“Modelling a Global Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycle in Terrestrial Ecosystems.”Ecological Modelling 135(1)89-110.doi:10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00372-0.
Liu,S.,S.G.Li,G.R.Yu,X.M.Sun,L.M.Zhang,M.Sugita,Y.NLi,X.Z.Zhang,and Y.F.Wang.2010.“Surface Energy Exchanges in Grassland Ecosystems along a Precipitation Gradient.”ActaEcologicaSinica 30(3):557-567.
Lu,C.Q.,and H.Q.Tian.2014.“Half-Century Nitrogen Deposition Increase across China:A Gridded Time-Series Data Set for Regional Environmental Assessments.”Atmospheric Environment 97:68-74.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.061.
Lu,C.Q.,H.Q.Tian,M.L.Liu,W.Ren,X.F.Xu,G.S.Chen,and CZhang.2012.“Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on China’s Terrestrial Carbon Uptake in the Context of Multifactor Environmental Changes.”Ecological Applications 22(1)53-75.doi:10.1890/10-1685.1.
Lu,X.,P.M.Vitousek,Q.Mao,F.S.Gilliam,Y.Luo,G.Zhou X.Zou,et al.2018.“Plant Acclimation to Long-Term High Nitrogen Deposition in an N-Rich Tropical Forest.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(20)5187-5192.doi:10.1073/pnas.1720777115.
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