Distributed Control of Multiple-Bus Microgrid With Paralleled Distributed Generators
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摘要
A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level, communication-economic control scheme is presented for multiple-bus microgrids with each bus having multiple distributed generators(DGs) connected in parallel. The control objective of the upper level is to calculate the voltage references for one-bus subsystems. The objectives of the lower control level are to make the subsystems' bus voltages track the voltage references and to enhance load current sharing accuracy among the local DGs. Firstly, a distributed consensusbased power sharing algorithm is introduced to determine the power generations of the subsystems. Secondly, a discrete-time droop equation is used to adjust subsystem frequencies for voltage reference calculations. Finally, a Lyapunov-based decentralized control algorithm is designed for bus voltage regulation and proportional load current sharing. Extensive simulation studies with microgrid models of different levels of detail are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control scheme.
A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level, communication-economic control scheme is presented for multiple-bus microgrids with each bus having multiple distributed generators(DGs) connected in parallel. The control objective of the upper level is to calculate the voltage references for one-bus subsystems. The objectives of the lower control level are to make the subsystems' bus voltages track the voltage references and to enhance load current sharing accuracy among the local DGs. Firstly, a distributed consensusbased power sharing algorithm is introduced to determine the power generations of the subsystems. Secondly, a discrete-time droop equation is used to adjust subsystem frequencies for voltage reference calculations. Finally, a Lyapunov-based decentralized control algorithm is designed for bus voltage regulation and proportional load current sharing. Extensive simulation studies with microgrid models of different levels of detail are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control scheme.
A microgrid is hard to control due to its reduced inertia and increased uncertainties. To overcome the challenges of microgrid control, advanced controllers need to be developed.In this paper, a distributed, two-level, communication-economic control scheme is presented for multiple-bus microgrids with each bus having multiple distributed generators(DGs) connected in parallel. The control objective of the upper level is to calculate the voltage references for one-bus subsystems. The objectives of the lower control level are to make the subsystems' bus voltages track the voltage references and to enhance load current sharing accuracy among the local DGs. Firstly, a distributed consensusbased power sharing algorithm is introduced to determine the power generations of the subsystems. Secondly, a discrete-time droop equation is used to adjust subsystem frequencies for voltage reference calculations. Finally, a Lyapunov-based decentralized control algorithm is designed for bus voltage regulation and proportional load current sharing. Extensive simulation studies with microgrid models of different levels of detail are performed to demonstrate the merits of the proposed control scheme.
引文
[1] Y. Luo, S. Srivastava, M. Andrus, and D. Cartes,"Application of disturbance metrics for reducing impacts of energy storage charging in an MVDC based IPS,"in Proc. IEEE Electric Ship Tech. Symposium(ESTS). IEEE, 2013, pp. 287-291.
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[5] Y. Fu, L. Huang, H. Zhang, Y. Mi, J. Zhao, and F. Li,"DFIG virtual inertia control in micro-grid based on setting trigger condition and ZN method for parameters optimization,"IET Generation, Transmission&Distribution, vol. 11, no. 15, pp. 3765-3775, 2017.
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[11] Z. Wang, W. Wu, and B. Zhang,"A fully distributed power dispatch method for fast frequency recovery and minimal generation cost in autonomous microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.19-31, 2016.
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[14] H. Xin, Y. Liu, Z. Qu, and D. Gan,"Distributed control and generation estimation method for integrating high-density photovoltaic systems,"IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 988-996, 2014.
[15] L.-L. Fan, V. Nasirian, H. Modares, F. L. Lewis, Y.-D. Song, and A.Davoudi,"Game-theoretic control of active loads in DC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 882-895, 2016.
[16] M. Hamzeh, H. Karimi, and H. Mokhtari,"Harmonic and negativesequence current control in an islanded multi-bus MV microgrid,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 167-176, 2014.
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[18] J. Chavarria, D. Biel, F. Guinjoan, C. Meza, and J. J. Negroni,"Energybalance control of PV cascaded multilevel grid-connected inverters under level-shifted and phase-shifted PWMs,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 98-111, 2013.
[19] X. Tang, Q. Yang, K. Wang, B. Stoevesandt, and Y. Sun,"Optimisation of wind farm layout in complex terrain via mixed-installation of different types of turbines,"IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 9, pp.1065-1073, 2018.
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[21] K.-S. Low and R. Cao,"Model predictive control of parallel-connected inverters for uninterruptible power supplies,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2884-2893, 2008.
[22] K. Tan, X. Peng, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Chen,"Centralized control for parallel operation of distributed generation inverters in microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1977-1987, 2012.
[23] Y. J. Cheng and E. K. K. Sng,"A novel communication strategy for decentralized control of paralleled multi-inverter systems,"IEEE Trans.Power Electronics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 148-156, 2006.
[24] K. Wang, X. Huang, B. Fan, Q. Yang, G. Li, and M. L. Crow,"Decentralized power sharing control for parallel-connected inverters in islanded single-phase micro-grids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9,no. 6, pp. 6721-6730, 2018.
[25] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. De Vicu na, and M. Castilla,"Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids-a general approach toward standardization,"IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158-172, 2011.
[26] L.-Y. Lu and C.-C. Chu,"Consensus-based droop control synthesis for multiple DICs in isolated micro-grids,"IEEE Trans. Power Systems,vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2243-2256, 2015.
[27] I. U. Nutkani, P. C. Loh, P. Wang, and F. Blaabjerg,"Cost-prioritized droop schemes for autonomous AC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1109-1119, 2015.
[28] J. Gurrero, L. G. De Vicu na,and J. Uceda,"Uninterruptible power supply systems provide protection,"IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine,vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 28-38, 2007.
[29] J. Duan, C. Wang, H. Xu, W. Liu, J.-C. Peng, and H. Jiang,"Distributed control of inverter-interfaced microgrids with bounded transient line currents,"IEEE Trans.Industrial Informatics,vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 2052-2061, 2018.
[30] W. Zhang, Y. Xu, W. Liu, F. Ferrese, and L. Liu,"Fully distributed coordination of multiple DFIGs in a microgrid for load sharing,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 806-815, 2013.
[31] J. A. Juarez-Abad, J. Linares-Flores, E. Guzman-Ramrez, and H. SiraRamirez,"Generalized proportional integral tracking controller for a single-phase multilevel cascade inverter:An FPGA implementation,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 256-266, 2014.
[32] B. Fan, Q. Yang, S. Jagannathan, and Y. Sun,"Asymptotic tracking controller design for nonlinear systems with guaranteed performance,"IEEE Trans. Cybernetics, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 2001-2011, 2018.
[33] Q. Yang, S. S. Ge, and Y. Sun,"Adaptive actuator fault tolerant control for uncertain nonlinear systems with multiple actuators,"Automatica,vol. 60, pp. 92-99, 2015.
[34] J.-J. E. Slotine, W. Li, et al., Applied Nonlinear Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. USA:Prentice-Hall, 1991.
[35] S. S. Ge and C. Wang,"Adaptive neural control of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems,"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.674-692, 2004.
[36] B. Li, B. Fan, Q. Yang, C. Wang, and W. Liu,"Adaptive performanceguaranteed control of UPS systems,"in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Information and Automation(ICIA). IEEE, 2016, pp. 258-263.
[2] Y. Luo, C. Wang, L. Tan, G. Liao, M. Zhou, D. Cartes, and W.Liu,"Application of generalized predictive control for charging super capacitors in microgrid power systems under input constraints,"in Proc.IEEE Int. Conf. Cyber Tech. Autom. Control, and Intelligent Systems(CYBER). IEEE, 2015, pp. 1708-1713.
[3] D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-Sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. Ca nizares,R. Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, M.Saeedifard, R. Palma-Behnke et al.,"Trends in microgrid control,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905-1919, 2014.
[4] J. Zhao, X. Lyu, Y. Fu, X. Hu, and F. Li,"Coordinated microgrid frequency regulation based on DFIG variable coefficient using virtual inertia and primary frequency control,"IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 833-845, 2016.
[5] Y. Fu, L. Huang, H. Zhang, Y. Mi, J. Zhao, and F. Li,"DFIG virtual inertia control in micro-grid based on setting trigger condition and ZN method for parameters optimization,"IET Generation, Transmission&Distribution, vol. 11, no. 15, pp. 3765-3775, 2017.
[6] A. J. Wood and B. F. Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation, and Control. New York, NY, USA:Wiley, 1996.
[7] J. Liu, Y. Miura, and T. Ise,"Comparison of dynamic characteristics between virtual synchronous generator and droop control in inverterbased distributed generators,"IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 31,no. 5, pp. 3600-3611, 2016.
[8] A. Bidram, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi,"Distributed control systems for small-scale power networks:using multiagent cooperative control theory,"IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 56-77,2014.
[9] Y. Xu, W. Zhang, W. Liu, X. Wang, F. Ferrese, C. Zang, and H.Yu,"Distributed subgradient-based coordination of multiple renewable generators in a microgrid,"IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 1,pp. 23-33, 2014.
[10] W. Meng, X. Wang, and S. Liu,"Distributed load sharing of an inverterbased microgrid with reduced communication,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1354-1364, 2018.
[11] Z. Wang, W. Wu, and B. Zhang,"A fully distributed power dispatch method for fast frequency recovery and minimal generation cost in autonomous microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.19-31, 2016.
[12] A. Maknouninejad, Z. Qu, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi,"Optimal,nonlinear, and distributed designs of droop controls for DC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 2508-2516, 2014.
[13] H. Cai, G. Hu, F. L. Lewis, and A. Davoudi,"A distributed feedforward approach to cooperative control of AC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 4057-4067, 2016.
[14] H. Xin, Y. Liu, Z. Qu, and D. Gan,"Distributed control and generation estimation method for integrating high-density photovoltaic systems,"IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 988-996, 2014.
[15] L.-L. Fan, V. Nasirian, H. Modares, F. L. Lewis, Y.-D. Song, and A.Davoudi,"Game-theoretic control of active loads in DC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 882-895, 2016.
[16] M. Hamzeh, H. Karimi, and H. Mokhtari,"Harmonic and negativesequence current control in an islanded multi-bus MV microgrid,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 167-176, 2014.
[17] M. Hamzeh, H. Karimi, and H. Mokhtari,"A new control strategy for a multi-bus MV microgrid under unbalanced conditions,"IEEE Trans.Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2225-2232, 2012.
[18] J. Chavarria, D. Biel, F. Guinjoan, C. Meza, and J. J. Negroni,"Energybalance control of PV cascaded multilevel grid-connected inverters under level-shifted and phase-shifted PWMs,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 98-111, 2013.
[19] X. Tang, Q. Yang, K. Wang, B. Stoevesandt, and Y. Sun,"Optimisation of wind farm layout in complex terrain via mixed-installation of different types of turbines,"IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 9, pp.1065-1073, 2018.
[20] T.-F. Wu, Y.-K. Chen, and Y.-H. Huang,"3C strategy for inverters in parallel operation achieving an equal current distribution,"IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 273-281, 2000.
[21] K.-S. Low and R. Cao,"Model predictive control of parallel-connected inverters for uninterruptible power supplies,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 2884-2893, 2008.
[22] K. Tan, X. Peng, P. L. So, Y. C. Chu, and M. Chen,"Centralized control for parallel operation of distributed generation inverters in microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1977-1987, 2012.
[23] Y. J. Cheng and E. K. K. Sng,"A novel communication strategy for decentralized control of paralleled multi-inverter systems,"IEEE Trans.Power Electronics, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 148-156, 2006.
[24] K. Wang, X. Huang, B. Fan, Q. Yang, G. Li, and M. L. Crow,"Decentralized power sharing control for parallel-connected inverters in islanded single-phase micro-grids,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9,no. 6, pp. 6721-6730, 2018.
[25] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. De Vicu na, and M. Castilla,"Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids-a general approach toward standardization,"IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158-172, 2011.
[26] L.-Y. Lu and C.-C. Chu,"Consensus-based droop control synthesis for multiple DICs in isolated micro-grids,"IEEE Trans. Power Systems,vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2243-2256, 2015.
[27] I. U. Nutkani, P. C. Loh, P. Wang, and F. Blaabjerg,"Cost-prioritized droop schemes for autonomous AC microgrids,"IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1109-1119, 2015.
[28] J. Gurrero, L. G. De Vicu na,and J. Uceda,"Uninterruptible power supply systems provide protection,"IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine,vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 28-38, 2007.
[29] J. Duan, C. Wang, H. Xu, W. Liu, J.-C. Peng, and H. Jiang,"Distributed control of inverter-interfaced microgrids with bounded transient line currents,"IEEE Trans.Industrial Informatics,vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 2052-2061, 2018.
[30] W. Zhang, Y. Xu, W. Liu, F. Ferrese, and L. Liu,"Fully distributed coordination of multiple DFIGs in a microgrid for load sharing,"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 806-815, 2013.
[31] J. A. Juarez-Abad, J. Linares-Flores, E. Guzman-Ramrez, and H. SiraRamirez,"Generalized proportional integral tracking controller for a single-phase multilevel cascade inverter:An FPGA implementation,"IEEE Trans. Industrial Informatics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 256-266, 2014.
[32] B. Fan, Q. Yang, S. Jagannathan, and Y. Sun,"Asymptotic tracking controller design for nonlinear systems with guaranteed performance,"IEEE Trans. Cybernetics, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 2001-2011, 2018.
[33] Q. Yang, S. S. Ge, and Y. Sun,"Adaptive actuator fault tolerant control for uncertain nonlinear systems with multiple actuators,"Automatica,vol. 60, pp. 92-99, 2015.
[34] J.-J. E. Slotine, W. Li, et al., Applied Nonlinear Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. USA:Prentice-Hall, 1991.
[35] S. S. Ge and C. Wang,"Adaptive neural control of uncertain MIMO nonlinear systems,"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.674-692, 2004.
[36] B. Li, B. Fan, Q. Yang, C. Wang, and W. Liu,"Adaptive performanceguaranteed control of UPS systems,"in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Information and Automation(ICIA). IEEE, 2016, pp. 258-263.