Aerosol Data Assimilation Using Data from Fengyun-3A and MODIS:Application to a Dust Storm over East Asia in 2011
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摘要
Aerosol optical depth(AOD) is the most basic parameter that describes the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols,and it can be used to indicate aerosol content. In this study, we assimilated AOD data from the Fengyun-3 A(FY-3 A) and MODIS meteorological satellite using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. Experiments were conducted for a dust storm over East Asia in April 2011. Each 0600 UTC analysis initialized a24-h Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model forecast. The results generally showed that the assimilation of satellite AOD observational data can significantly improve model aerosol mass prediction skills. The AOD distribution of the analysis field was closer to the observations of the satellite after assimilation of satellite AOD data. In addition, the analysis resulting from the experiment assimilating both FY-3 A/MERSI(Medium-resolution Spectral Imager) AOD data and MODIS AOD data had closer agreement with the ground-based values than the individual assimilation of the two datasets for the dust storm over East Asia. These results suggest that the Chinese FY-3 A satellite aerosol products can be effectively applied to numerical models and dust weather analysis.
Aerosol optical depth(AOD) is the most basic parameter that describes the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols,and it can be used to indicate aerosol content. In this study, we assimilated AOD data from the Fengyun-3 A(FY-3 A) and MODIS meteorological satellite using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. Experiments were conducted for a dust storm over East Asia in April 2011. Each 0600 UTC analysis initialized a24-h Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model forecast. The results generally showed that the assimilation of satellite AOD observational data can significantly improve model aerosol mass prediction skills. The AOD distribution of the analysis field was closer to the observations of the satellite after assimilation of satellite AOD data. In addition, the analysis resulting from the experiment assimilating both FY-3 A/MERSI(Medium-resolution Spectral Imager) AOD data and MODIS AOD data had closer agreement with the ground-based values than the individual assimilation of the two datasets for the dust storm over East Asia. These results suggest that the Chinese FY-3 A satellite aerosol products can be effectively applied to numerical models and dust weather analysis.
Aerosol optical depth(AOD) is the most basic parameter that describes the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols,and it can be used to indicate aerosol content. In this study, we assimilated AOD data from the Fengyun-3 A(FY-3 A) and MODIS meteorological satellite using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. Experiments were conducted for a dust storm over East Asia in April 2011. Each 0600 UTC analysis initialized a24-h Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model forecast. The results generally showed that the assimilation of satellite AOD observational data can significantly improve model aerosol mass prediction skills. The AOD distribution of the analysis field was closer to the observations of the satellite after assimilation of satellite AOD data. In addition, the analysis resulting from the experiment assimilating both FY-3 A/MERSI(Medium-resolution Spectral Imager) AOD data and MODIS AOD data had closer agreement with the ground-based values than the individual assimilation of the two datasets for the dust storm over East Asia. These results suggest that the Chinese FY-3 A satellite aerosol products can be effectively applied to numerical models and dust weather analysis.
引文
Adhikary,B.,and Coauthors,2008:A regional scale chemical transport modeling of Asian aerosols with data assimilation of AOD observations using optimal interpolation technique.Atmos.Environ.,42,8600-8615,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.031.
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Barker,D.,and Coauthors,2012:The weather research and forecasting model’s community variational/ensemble data assimilation system:WRFDA.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,93,831-843,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00167.1.
Benedetti,A.,and M.Fisher,2007:Background error statistics for aerosols.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,133,391-405,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.37.
Che,H.,and Coauthors,2014:Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on groundbased sunphotometer measurements.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14,2125-2138,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2125-2014.
Che,H.,and Coauthors,2015:Ground-based aerosol climatology of China:Aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network(CARSNET)2002-2013.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15,7619-7652,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015.
Che,H.Z.,and Coauthors,2009:Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network.J.Geophys.Res.,114,D03206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011030.
Chin,M.,R.B.Rood,S.J.Lin,J.F.Mu¨ller,and A.M.Thompson,2000:Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART:Model description and global properties.J.Geophys.Res.,105,24 671-24 687,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900384.
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Deng,Y.J.,M.Hu,C.Y.Lin,and J.Cao,2016:Analysis of aerosol optical depth in Guangdong based on FY3A/MERSI data.Meteorological Monthly,42,61-66,https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.01.007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guan,Y.H.,G.Q.Zhou,and W.S.Lu,2011:The effect of the initial conditions after data assimilation on short-term climate prediction.Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology:Natural Science Edition,3,331-340,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7070.2011.04.004.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Holben,B.N.,and Coauthors,1998:AERONET-A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization.Remote Sensing of Environment,66,1-16,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5.
Hsu,N.C.,S.C.Tsay,M.D.King,and J.R.Herman,2004:Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,42,557-569,https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.824067.
Hsu,N.C.,S.C.Tsay,M.D.King,and J.R.Herman,2006:Deep blue retrievals of Asian aerosol properties during ACE-Asia.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,44,3180-3195,https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.879540.
Huebert,B.J.,T.Bates,P.B.Russell,G.Y.Shi,Y.J.Kim,K.Kawamura,G.Carmichael,and T.Nakajima,2003:An overview of ACE-Asia:Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts.J.Geophys.Res.,108,8633,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003550.
Jacobson,M.Z.,2001:GATOR-GCMM:A global-through urbanscale air pollution and weather forecast model:1.Model design and treatment of subgrid soil,vegetation,roads,rooftops,water,sea ice,and snow.J.Geophys.Res.,106,5385-5401,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900560.
Kahnert,M.,2008:Variational data analysis of aerosol species in a regional CTM:Background error covariance constraint and aerosol optical observation operators.Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,60,753-770,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00377.x.
Kaufman,Y.J.,D.Tanre′,and O.Boucher,2002:A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system.Nature,419,215-223,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01091.
Kukkonen,J.,and Coauthors,2011:A review of operational,regional-scale,chemical weather forecasting models in Europe.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,12,1-87,https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-5985-2011.
Lai,X.,F.M.Yang,and K.B.He,2016:The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on weather and climate.Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges,1,2-8,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2096-2347.2016.01.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,X.J.,P.Zhang,H.Qiu,and C.L.Fu,2008:Introduction of MERSI/FY-3A land aerosol products.China Meteorological Society,Beijing.(in Chinese),1.
Lin,J.T.,A.Van Donkelaar,J.Y.Xin,H.Z.Che,and Y.S.Wang,2014:Clear-sky aerosol optical depth over East China estimated from visibility measurements and chemical transport modeling.Atmos.Environ.,95,258-267,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.044.
Liu,Z.Q.,Q.L.Liu,H.C.Lin,C.S.Schwartz,Y.H.Lee,and T.J.Wang,2011:Three-dimensional variational assimilation of MODIS aerosol optical depth:Implementation and application to a dust storm over East Asia.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D23206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016159.
Lorenc,A.C.,1986:Analysis method for numerical weather prediction,Q.Meteorol.Soc.,112,1177-1194,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247414.
Nieradzik,L.P.,and H.Elbern,2006:Variational assimilation of combined satellite retrieved and in situ aerosol data in an advanced chemistry transport model.Proceedings of the ESAAtmospheric Science Conference,ESA,Frascati.
Niu,T.,S.L.Gong,G.F.Zhu,H.L.Liu,X.Q.Hu,C.H.Zhou,and Y.Q.Wang,2008:Data assimilation of dust aerosol observations for the CUACE/dust forecasting system.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,8,3473-3482,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3473-2008.
Otte,T.L.,and Coauthors,2005:Linking the Eta Model with the Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)modeling system to build a national air quality forecasting system.Wea.Forecasting,20,367-384,https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF855.1.
Pang,Y.,2012:Distribution and evolution of atmospheric pollutants over Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei region.M.S.thesis,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology.1-51.
Parrish,D.F.,and J.C.Derber,1992:The national meteorological center’s spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system.Mon.Wea.Rev.,120,1747-1763,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2.
Remer,L.A.,and Coauthors,2005:The MODIS aerosol algorithm,products,and validation.J.Atmos.Sci.,62,947-973,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3385.1.
Saide,P.E.,J.Kim,C.H.Song,M.Choi,Y.Cheng,and G.R.Carmichael,2014:Assimilation of next generation geostationary aerosol optical depth retrievals to improve air quality simulations,Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,9188-9196,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062089.
Schroedter-Homscheidt,M.,H.Elbern,and T.Holzer-Popp,2010:Observation operator for the assimilation of aerosol type resolving satellite measurements into a chemical transport model.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10,10 435-10452,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10435-2010.
Seinfeld,J.H.,and Coauthors,2004:ACE-ASIA:Regional climatic and atmospheric chemical effects of Asian dust and pollution.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,85,367-380,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-3-367.
Shinozuka,Y.,and Coauthors,2011:Airborne observation of aerosol optical depth during ARCTAS:Vertical profiles,intercomparison and fine-mode fraction.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physic,11,3673-3688,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3673-2011.
Stockwell,W.R.,F.Kirchner,M.Kuhn,and S.Seefeld,1997:A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling.J.Geophys.Res.,102,25 847-25 879,https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00849.
Xie,Y.,Y.Zhang,X.X.Xiong,J.J.Qu,and H.Z.Che,2011:Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth product over China using CARSNET measurements.Atmos.Environ.,45,5970-5978,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.002.
Yang,J.,C.H.Dong,N.M.Lu,Z.D.Yang,J.M.Shi,P.Zhang,Y.J.Liu,and B.Cai,2009:FY-3A:The new generation polar-orbiting meteorological satellite of China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,67,501-509,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2009.050.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yumimoto,K.,and Coauthors,2016:Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari-8,a next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite.Geophys.Res.Lett.,43,5886-5894,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069298.
Zhang,J.,H.Y.Liu,J.Y.Xin,W.Y.Zhang,G.J.Xiao,X.Y.Feng,and L.L.Wang,2016:The comparison of MODISand MERSI aerosol products in Shenyang.Journal of Remote Sensing,20,549-560,https://doi.org/10.11834/jrs.20165250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang J,J.S.Reid,2006:MODIS aerosol product analysis for data assimilation:Assessment of over-ocean level 2 aerosol optical thickness retrievals.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111,D22207,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006898.
Zhang,J.L.,J.S.Reid,D.L.Westphal,N.L.Baker,and E.J.Hyer,2008:A system for operational aerosol optical depth data assimilation over global oceans.J.Geophys.Res.,113,D10208,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009065.
Zhang,Q,D.G.Streets,G.R.Carmichael,K.He.H.Huo,A.Kannari,Z.Klimont,I.Park,S.Reddy,J.S.Fu,D.Chen,L.Duan,Y.Lei,L.Wang,and Z.Yao,2009:Asian emissions in 2006for the NASA INTEX-B mission.Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,9,5131-5153.
Zhao,H.J.,H.Z.Che,X.Y.Zhang,Y.J.Ma,Y.F.Wang,H.Wang,and Y.Q.Wang,2013:Characteristics of visibility and particulate matter(PM)in an urban area of Northeast China.Atmospheric Pollution Research,4,427-434,https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.049.
Bai,X.P.,H.Li,D.Fang,F.Hu,F.Costabile,and F.J.Wang,2007:Applications of data assimilation in air quality prediction.Advances in Earth Science,22,66-73,https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2007.01.009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Barker,D.,and Coauthors,2012:The weather research and forecasting model’s community variational/ensemble data assimilation system:WRFDA.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,93,831-843,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00167.1.
Benedetti,A.,and M.Fisher,2007:Background error statistics for aerosols.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,133,391-405,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.37.
Che,H.,and Coauthors,2014:Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on groundbased sunphotometer measurements.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14,2125-2138,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2125-2014.
Che,H.,and Coauthors,2015:Ground-based aerosol climatology of China:Aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network(CARSNET)2002-2013.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,15,7619-7652,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7619-2015.
Che,H.Z.,and Coauthors,2009:Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network.J.Geophys.Res.,114,D03206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011030.
Chin,M.,R.B.Rood,S.J.Lin,J.F.Mu¨ller,and A.M.Thompson,2000:Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART:Model description and global properties.J.Geophys.Res.,105,24 671-24 687,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900384.
Collins,W.D.,P.J.Rasch,B.E.Eaton,B.V.Khattatov,J.F.Lamarque,and C.S.Zender,2001:Simulating aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimilation of satellite aerosol retrievals:Methodology for INDOEX.J.Geophys.Res.,106,7313-7336,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900507.
Deng,Y.J.,M.Hu,C.Y.Lin,and J.Cao,2016:Analysis of aerosol optical depth in Guangdong based on FY3A/MERSI data.Meteorological Monthly,42,61-66,https://doi.org/10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2016.01.007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guan,Y.H.,G.Q.Zhou,and W.S.Lu,2011:The effect of the initial conditions after data assimilation on short-term climate prediction.Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology:Natural Science Edition,3,331-340,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7070.2011.04.004.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Holben,B.N.,and Coauthors,1998:AERONET-A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization.Remote Sensing of Environment,66,1-16,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5.
Hsu,N.C.,S.C.Tsay,M.D.King,and J.R.Herman,2004:Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,42,557-569,https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.824067.
Hsu,N.C.,S.C.Tsay,M.D.King,and J.R.Herman,2006:Deep blue retrievals of Asian aerosol properties during ACE-Asia.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.,44,3180-3195,https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.879540.
Huebert,B.J.,T.Bates,P.B.Russell,G.Y.Shi,Y.J.Kim,K.Kawamura,G.Carmichael,and T.Nakajima,2003:An overview of ACE-Asia:Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts.J.Geophys.Res.,108,8633,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003550.
Jacobson,M.Z.,2001:GATOR-GCMM:A global-through urbanscale air pollution and weather forecast model:1.Model design and treatment of subgrid soil,vegetation,roads,rooftops,water,sea ice,and snow.J.Geophys.Res.,106,5385-5401,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900560.
Kahnert,M.,2008:Variational data analysis of aerosol species in a regional CTM:Background error covariance constraint and aerosol optical observation operators.Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,60,753-770,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00377.x.
Kaufman,Y.J.,D.Tanre′,and O.Boucher,2002:A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system.Nature,419,215-223,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01091.
Kukkonen,J.,and Coauthors,2011:A review of operational,regional-scale,chemical weather forecasting models in Europe.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,12,1-87,https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-5985-2011.
Lai,X.,F.M.Yang,and K.B.He,2016:The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on weather and climate.Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges,1,2-8,https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2096-2347.2016.01.002.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,X.J.,P.Zhang,H.Qiu,and C.L.Fu,2008:Introduction of MERSI/FY-3A land aerosol products.China Meteorological Society,Beijing.(in Chinese),1.
Lin,J.T.,A.Van Donkelaar,J.Y.Xin,H.Z.Che,and Y.S.Wang,2014:Clear-sky aerosol optical depth over East China estimated from visibility measurements and chemical transport modeling.Atmos.Environ.,95,258-267,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.044.
Liu,Z.Q.,Q.L.Liu,H.C.Lin,C.S.Schwartz,Y.H.Lee,and T.J.Wang,2011:Three-dimensional variational assimilation of MODIS aerosol optical depth:Implementation and application to a dust storm over East Asia.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D23206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016159.
Lorenc,A.C.,1986:Analysis method for numerical weather prediction,Q.Meteorol.Soc.,112,1177-1194,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247414.
Nieradzik,L.P.,and H.Elbern,2006:Variational assimilation of combined satellite retrieved and in situ aerosol data in an advanced chemistry transport model.Proceedings of the ESAAtmospheric Science Conference,ESA,Frascati.
Niu,T.,S.L.Gong,G.F.Zhu,H.L.Liu,X.Q.Hu,C.H.Zhou,and Y.Q.Wang,2008:Data assimilation of dust aerosol observations for the CUACE/dust forecasting system.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,8,3473-3482,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3473-2008.
Otte,T.L.,and Coauthors,2005:Linking the Eta Model with the Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)modeling system to build a national air quality forecasting system.Wea.Forecasting,20,367-384,https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF855.1.
Pang,Y.,2012:Distribution and evolution of atmospheric pollutants over Beijing-Tianjing-Hebei region.M.S.thesis,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology.1-51.
Parrish,D.F.,and J.C.Derber,1992:The national meteorological center’s spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system.Mon.Wea.Rev.,120,1747-1763,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2.
Remer,L.A.,and Coauthors,2005:The MODIS aerosol algorithm,products,and validation.J.Atmos.Sci.,62,947-973,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3385.1.
Saide,P.E.,J.Kim,C.H.Song,M.Choi,Y.Cheng,and G.R.Carmichael,2014:Assimilation of next generation geostationary aerosol optical depth retrievals to improve air quality simulations,Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,9188-9196,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062089.
Schroedter-Homscheidt,M.,H.Elbern,and T.Holzer-Popp,2010:Observation operator for the assimilation of aerosol type resolving satellite measurements into a chemical transport model.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,10,10 435-10452,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10435-2010.
Seinfeld,J.H.,and Coauthors,2004:ACE-ASIA:Regional climatic and atmospheric chemical effects of Asian dust and pollution.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,85,367-380,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-3-367.
Shinozuka,Y.,and Coauthors,2011:Airborne observation of aerosol optical depth during ARCTAS:Vertical profiles,intercomparison and fine-mode fraction.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physic,11,3673-3688,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3673-2011.
Stockwell,W.R.,F.Kirchner,M.Kuhn,and S.Seefeld,1997:A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling.J.Geophys.Res.,102,25 847-25 879,https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00849.
Xie,Y.,Y.Zhang,X.X.Xiong,J.J.Qu,and H.Z.Che,2011:Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth product over China using CARSNET measurements.Atmos.Environ.,45,5970-5978,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.002.
Yang,J.,C.H.Dong,N.M.Lu,Z.D.Yang,J.M.Shi,P.Zhang,Y.J.Liu,and B.Cai,2009:FY-3A:The new generation polar-orbiting meteorological satellite of China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,67,501-509,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2009.050.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yumimoto,K.,and Coauthors,2016:Aerosol data assimilation using data from Himawari-8,a next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite.Geophys.Res.Lett.,43,5886-5894,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069298.
Zhang,J.,H.Y.Liu,J.Y.Xin,W.Y.Zhang,G.J.Xiao,X.Y.Feng,and L.L.Wang,2016:The comparison of MODISand MERSI aerosol products in Shenyang.Journal of Remote Sensing,20,549-560,https://doi.org/10.11834/jrs.20165250.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang J,J.S.Reid,2006:MODIS aerosol product analysis for data assimilation:Assessment of over-ocean level 2 aerosol optical thickness retrievals.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111,D22207,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006898.
Zhang,J.L.,J.S.Reid,D.L.Westphal,N.L.Baker,and E.J.Hyer,2008:A system for operational aerosol optical depth data assimilation over global oceans.J.Geophys.Res.,113,D10208,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009065.
Zhang,Q,D.G.Streets,G.R.Carmichael,K.He.H.Huo,A.Kannari,Z.Klimont,I.Park,S.Reddy,J.S.Fu,D.Chen,L.Duan,Y.Lei,L.Wang,and Z.Yao,2009:Asian emissions in 2006for the NASA INTEX-B mission.Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,9,5131-5153.
Zhao,H.J.,H.Z.Che,X.Y.Zhang,Y.J.Ma,Y.F.Wang,H.Wang,and Y.Q.Wang,2013:Characteristics of visibility and particulate matter(PM)in an urban area of Northeast China.Atmospheric Pollution Research,4,427-434,https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.049.