积云对流参数化方案对东亚夏季环流和降水模拟的影响
|
摘要
利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式对东亚夏季区域气候模拟中最常选用的两种积云对流参数化方案进行对比分析,研究积云对流参数化方案选用对大尺度环流模拟的影响。结果表明:Kain-Fritsch(KF)方案对西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)及环流的模拟效果较好,虽然KF方案模拟降水偏多,但是时空分布与TRMM降水分布接近;Grell-Freitas(GF)方案对流加热率过大,从而模拟的南海—菲律宾区域对流异常增强,在南海—菲律宾洋面上的垂直输送异常增大,非绝热加热的范围偏大,导致副高南侧下沉区辐散减弱,抑制了副高北抬西伸,进而影响到水汽输送和季风环流,最终对东亚夏季降水的模拟产生不利影响。修改GF方案对流加热率和干燥率的敏感性试验表明,减小对流加热率和干燥率参数能有效抑制南海—菲律宾区域过强的对流,东亚大尺度环流的模拟得到明显改进。
Two experiments have been conducted using WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model with different cumulus convective parameterization schemes in this paper. It is found that the model with the Kain-Fritsch(KF) scheme performs well for the simulation of summertime large scale circulation over East Asia, and the evolution/withdrawal of the rain belt and the spatial pattern are close to that retrieved from TRMM, although precipitation is overestimated in the simulation. With the Grell-Freitas(GF) scheme, however, there exist obvious biases in the simulation of precipitation and circulation. The possible reason for these biases is that the convective heating rate is overestimated with the GF scheme, which results in abnormally strong convection in the South China Sea–Philippine area and the diabatic heating is overestimated. As a result, the divergence on the southern side of the western Pacific subtropical high is weakened, which may inhibit the northward and westward extension of the subtropical high and influence water vapor transport and monsoon circulation as well as the summer climate in East Asia. It is also found that the simulation of large scale circulation can be improved in the sensitivity experiment by decreasing the convective heating rate and drying rate in the GF scheme.
Two experiments have been conducted using WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model with different cumulus convective parameterization schemes in this paper. It is found that the model with the Kain-Fritsch(KF) scheme performs well for the simulation of summertime large scale circulation over East Asia, and the evolution/withdrawal of the rain belt and the spatial pattern are close to that retrieved from TRMM, although precipitation is overestimated in the simulation. With the Grell-Freitas(GF) scheme, however, there exist obvious biases in the simulation of precipitation and circulation. The possible reason for these biases is that the convective heating rate is overestimated with the GF scheme, which results in abnormally strong convection in the South China Sea–Philippine area and the diabatic heating is overestimated. As a result, the divergence on the southern side of the western Pacific subtropical high is weakened, which may inhibit the northward and westward extension of the subtropical high and influence water vapor transport and monsoon circulation as well as the summer climate in East Asia. It is also found that the simulation of large scale circulation can be improved in the sensitivity experiment by decreasing the convective heating rate and drying rate in the GF scheme.
引文
Ali S,Dan L,Fu C B,et al.2015.Performance of convective parameterization schemes in Asia using RegCM:Simulations in three typical regions for the period 1998-2002[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,32(5):715-730,doi:10.1007/s00376-014-4158-4.
Arakawa A.2004.The cumulus parameterization problem:Past,present,and future[J].J.Climate,17(13):2493-2525,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2493%3ARATCPP>2.0.CO%3B2.
Chang C P,Zhang Y S,Li T.2000.Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs.Part I:Roles of the subtropical ridge[J].J.Climate,13(24):4310-4325,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4310:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2.
成安宁,陈文,黄荣辉.1998.积云对流参数化方案对气候数值模拟的影响[J].大气科学,22(6):814-824.Cheng Anning,Chen Wen,Huang Ronghui.1998.Influence of convective parameterization schemes on climate numerical simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),22(6):814-824,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1998.06.02.
Gao Y H,Xue Y K,Peng W,et al.2011.Assessment of dynamic downscaling of the extreme rainfall over East Asia using a regional climate model[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(5):1077-1098,doi:10.1007/s00376-010-0039-7.
Grell G A.1993.Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,121(3):764-787,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2.
Grell G A,Dévényi D.2002.A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,29(14):38-1-38-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL015311.
Grell G A,Freitas S R.2014.A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,14(10):5233-5250,doi:10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014.
胡轶佳,钟中,闵锦忠.2008.两种积云对流参数化方案对1998年区域气候季节变化模拟的影响研究[J].大气科学,32(1):90-100.Hu Yijia,Zhong Zhong,Min Jinzhong.2008.Impacts of cumulus parameterization scheme on the seasonal variation simulation of regional climate in 1998[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(1):90-100,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.01.08.
黄安宁,张耀存,朱坚.2009.中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性研究[J].大气科学,33(6):1212-1224.Huang Anning,Zhang Yaocun,Zhu Jian.2009.Sensitivity of simulation of different intensity of summer precipitation over China to different cumulus convection parameterization schemes[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(6):1212-1224,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.06.08.
Huffman G J,Bolvin D T,Nelkin E J,et al.2007.The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA):Quasi-global,multiyear,combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scales[J].J.Hydrometeorol.,8(1):38-z55,doi:10.1175/JHM560.1.
Jin Q,Wei J,Yang Z L,et al.2015.Consistent response of Indian summer monsoon to Middle East dust in observations and simulations[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,15(17):9897-9915,doi:10.5194/acp-15-9897-2015.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,43(1):170-181,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2.
Kang H S,Hong S Y.2008.Sensitivity of the simulated East Asian summer monsoon climatology to four convective parameterization schemes[J].J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,113(D15),doi:10.1029/2007JD009692.
Klein C,Heinzeller D,Bliefernicht J,et al.2015.Variability of West African monsoon patterns generated by a WRF multi-physics ensemble[J].Climate Dyn.,45(9-10):2733-2755,doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2505-5.
Kubota H,Kosaka Y,Xie S P.2016.A 117-year long index of the PacificJapan pattern with application to interdecadal variability[J].Int.J.Climatol.,36(4):1575-1589,doi:10.1002/joc.4441.
Liang X Z,Li L,Dai A G,et al.2004.Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(24),doi:10.1029/2004GL021054.
刘屹岷,吴国雄,刘辉,等.1999.空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响--III:凝结潜热加热与南亚高压及西太平洋副高[J].气象学报,57(5):525-538.Liu Yimin,Wu Guoxiong,Liu Hui,et al.1999.The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high.Part III:Condensation heating and South Asia high and western Pacific subtropical high[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.(in Chinese),57(5):525-538,doi:10.11676/qxxb1999.051.
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Liu H,et al.2001.Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere[J].Climate Dyn.,17(4):327-338,doi:10.1007/s003820000117.
Lu R Y.2002.Indices of the summertime western North Pacific subtropical high[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,19(6):1004-1028,doi:10.1007/s00376-002-0061-5.
Lu R Y,Lin Z D.2009.Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific and East Asia[J].J.Climate,22(8):2058-2072,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2444.1.
Qiao F X,Liang X Z.2016.Effects of cumulus parameterization closures on simulations of summer precipitation over the United States coastal oceans[J].J.Adv.Modeling Earth Sy.,8(2):764-785,doi:10.1002/2015MS000621.
Sato T,Xue Y K.2013.Validating a regional climate model’s downscaling ability for East Asian summer monsoonal interannual variability[J].Climate Dyn.,41(9-10):2411-2426,doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1616-5.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010)[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,142(3):1240-1249,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00232.1.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western North Pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janji?scheme[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,143(9):3478-3494,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00340.1.
Wang B,Xiang B Q,Lee J Y.2013.Subtropical high predictability establishes a promising way for monsoon and tropical storm predictions[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,110(8):2718-2722,doi:10.1073/pnas.1214626110.
Wang B,Wu Z W,Li J P,et al.2008.How to measure the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon[J].J.Climate,21(17):4449-4463,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2183.1.
温敏,施晓晖.2006.1998年夏季西太副高活动与凝结潜热加热的关系[J].高原气象,25(4):616-623.Wen Min,Shi Xiaohui.2006.Relationship between activity of West Pacific subtropical high and condensation latent heating in summer of 1998[J].Plateau Meteor.(in Chinese),25(4):616-623,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.04.008.
Xue Y K,Janjic Z,Dudhia J,et al.2014.A review on regional dynamical downscaling in intraseasonal to seasonal simulation/prediction and major factors that affect downscaling ability[J].Atmos.Res.,147-148:68-85,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.001.
Yanai M,Tomita T.1998.Seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks as determined from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis[J].J.Climate,11(3):463-482,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0463:SAIVOA>2.0.CO;2.
Yang B,Zhang Y C,Qian Y,et al.2015.Calibration of a convective parameterization scheme in the WRF model and its impact on the simulation of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation[J].Climate Dyn.,44(5-6):1661-1684,doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2118-4.
Yu E T,Wang H J,Gao Y Q,et al.2011.Impacts of cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.,25(15):581-592,doi:10.1007/s13351-011-0504-y.
赵煊,徐海明,徐蜜蜜,等.2015.春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源异常对中国东部降水的影响[J].气象学报,73(2):263-275.Zhao Xuan,Xu Haiming,Xu Mimi,et al.2015.The spring atmospheric heat source over the East China Sea Kuroshio area and its impact on precipitation in eastern China[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.(in Chinese),73(2):263-275,doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.013.
Zhong Z,Wang X T,Min J Z.2010.Testing the influence of western Pacific subtropical high.[J].Theor.Appl.Climatol.,100(1-2):67-78,doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0166-1.
Zhou T J,Yu R C.2005.Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China[J].J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,110(D8),doi:10.1029/2004JD005413.
Zhou T J,Yu R C,Zhang J,et al.2009.Why the western Pacific subtropical high has extended westward since the late 1970s[J].J.Climate,22(8):2199-2215,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2527.1.
Arakawa A.2004.The cumulus parameterization problem:Past,present,and future[J].J.Climate,17(13):2493-2525,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2493%3ARATCPP>2.0.CO%3B2.
Chang C P,Zhang Y S,Li T.2000.Interannual and interdecadal variations of the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical Pacific SSTs.Part I:Roles of the subtropical ridge[J].J.Climate,13(24):4310-4325,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4310:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2.
成安宁,陈文,黄荣辉.1998.积云对流参数化方案对气候数值模拟的影响[J].大气科学,22(6):814-824.Cheng Anning,Chen Wen,Huang Ronghui.1998.Influence of convective parameterization schemes on climate numerical simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),22(6):814-824,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1998.06.02.
Gao Y H,Xue Y K,Peng W,et al.2011.Assessment of dynamic downscaling of the extreme rainfall over East Asia using a regional climate model[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(5):1077-1098,doi:10.1007/s00376-010-0039-7.
Grell G A.1993.Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,121(3):764-787,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<0764:PEOAUB>2.0.CO;2.
Grell G A,Dévényi D.2002.A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,29(14):38-1-38-4,doi:10.1029/2002GL015311.
Grell G A,Freitas S R.2014.A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,14(10):5233-5250,doi:10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014.
胡轶佳,钟中,闵锦忠.2008.两种积云对流参数化方案对1998年区域气候季节变化模拟的影响研究[J].大气科学,32(1):90-100.Hu Yijia,Zhong Zhong,Min Jinzhong.2008.Impacts of cumulus parameterization scheme on the seasonal variation simulation of regional climate in 1998[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),32(1):90-100,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.01.08.
黄安宁,张耀存,朱坚.2009.中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性研究[J].大气科学,33(6):1212-1224.Huang Anning,Zhang Yaocun,Zhu Jian.2009.Sensitivity of simulation of different intensity of summer precipitation over China to different cumulus convection parameterization schemes[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(6):1212-1224,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.06.08.
Huffman G J,Bolvin D T,Nelkin E J,et al.2007.The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA):Quasi-global,multiyear,combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scales[J].J.Hydrometeorol.,8(1):38-z55,doi:10.1175/JHM560.1.
Jin Q,Wei J,Yang Z L,et al.2015.Consistent response of Indian summer monsoon to Middle East dust in observations and simulations[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,15(17):9897-9915,doi:10.5194/acp-15-9897-2015.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:An update[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,43(1):170-181,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2.
Kang H S,Hong S Y.2008.Sensitivity of the simulated East Asian summer monsoon climatology to four convective parameterization schemes[J].J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,113(D15),doi:10.1029/2007JD009692.
Klein C,Heinzeller D,Bliefernicht J,et al.2015.Variability of West African monsoon patterns generated by a WRF multi-physics ensemble[J].Climate Dyn.,45(9-10):2733-2755,doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2505-5.
Kubota H,Kosaka Y,Xie S P.2016.A 117-year long index of the PacificJapan pattern with application to interdecadal variability[J].Int.J.Climatol.,36(4):1575-1589,doi:10.1002/joc.4441.
Liang X Z,Li L,Dai A G,et al.2004.Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,31(24),doi:10.1029/2004GL021054.
刘屹岷,吴国雄,刘辉,等.1999.空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响--III:凝结潜热加热与南亚高压及西太平洋副高[J].气象学报,57(5):525-538.Liu Yimin,Wu Guoxiong,Liu Hui,et al.1999.The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high.Part III:Condensation heating and South Asia high and western Pacific subtropical high[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.(in Chinese),57(5):525-538,doi:10.11676/qxxb1999.051.
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Liu H,et al.2001.Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere[J].Climate Dyn.,17(4):327-338,doi:10.1007/s003820000117.
Lu R Y.2002.Indices of the summertime western North Pacific subtropical high[J].Adv.Atmos.Sci.,19(6):1004-1028,doi:10.1007/s00376-002-0061-5.
Lu R Y,Lin Z D.2009.Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific and East Asia[J].J.Climate,22(8):2058-2072,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2444.1.
Qiao F X,Liang X Z.2016.Effects of cumulus parameterization closures on simulations of summer precipitation over the United States coastal oceans[J].J.Adv.Modeling Earth Sy.,8(2):764-785,doi:10.1002/2015MS000621.
Sato T,Xue Y K.2013.Validating a regional climate model’s downscaling ability for East Asian summer monsoonal interannual variability[J].Climate Dyn.,41(9-10):2411-2426,doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1616-5.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Lu W,et al.2014.Why are tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific sensitive to the cumulus parameterization scheme in regional climate modeling?A case study for Megi(2010)[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,142(3):1240-1249,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00232.1.
Sun Y,Zhong Z,Dong H,et al.2015.Sensitivity of tropical cyclone track simulation over the western North Pacific to different heating/drying rates in the Betts-Miller-Janji?scheme[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,143(9):3478-3494,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00340.1.
Wang B,Xiang B Q,Lee J Y.2013.Subtropical high predictability establishes a promising way for monsoon and tropical storm predictions[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.,110(8):2718-2722,doi:10.1073/pnas.1214626110.
Wang B,Wu Z W,Li J P,et al.2008.How to measure the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon[J].J.Climate,21(17):4449-4463,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2183.1.
温敏,施晓晖.2006.1998年夏季西太副高活动与凝结潜热加热的关系[J].高原气象,25(4):616-623.Wen Min,Shi Xiaohui.2006.Relationship between activity of West Pacific subtropical high and condensation latent heating in summer of 1998[J].Plateau Meteor.(in Chinese),25(4):616-623,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.04.008.
Xue Y K,Janjic Z,Dudhia J,et al.2014.A review on regional dynamical downscaling in intraseasonal to seasonal simulation/prediction and major factors that affect downscaling ability[J].Atmos.Res.,147-148:68-85,doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.001.
Yanai M,Tomita T.1998.Seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks as determined from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis[J].J.Climate,11(3):463-482,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0463:SAIVOA>2.0.CO;2.
Yang B,Zhang Y C,Qian Y,et al.2015.Calibration of a convective parameterization scheme in the WRF model and its impact on the simulation of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation[J].Climate Dyn.,44(5-6):1661-1684,doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2118-4.
Yu E T,Wang H J,Gao Y Q,et al.2011.Impacts of cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.,25(15):581-592,doi:10.1007/s13351-011-0504-y.
赵煊,徐海明,徐蜜蜜,等.2015.春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源异常对中国东部降水的影响[J].气象学报,73(2):263-275.Zhao Xuan,Xu Haiming,Xu Mimi,et al.2015.The spring atmospheric heat source over the East China Sea Kuroshio area and its impact on precipitation in eastern China[J].Acta Meteor.Sin.(in Chinese),73(2):263-275,doi:10.11676/qxxb2015.013.
Zhong Z,Wang X T,Min J Z.2010.Testing the influence of western Pacific subtropical high.[J].Theor.Appl.Climatol.,100(1-2):67-78,doi:10.1007/s00704-009-0166-1.
Zhou T J,Yu R C.2005.Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with typical anomalous summer rainfall patterns in China[J].J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,110(D8),doi:10.1029/2004JD005413.
Zhou T J,Yu R C,Zhang J,et al.2009.Why the western Pacific subtropical high has extended westward since the late 1970s[J].J.Climate,22(8):2199-2215,doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2527.1.