跨境流动背景下的女性空间实践与城市品牌构建研究:“红头巾”案例
|
摘要
"红头巾"作为中国近代女性跨境流动的典型案例,其影响不囿于"全球/地方"、"公共/私密"的空间尺度,还作用于城市尺度的实践,体现在"红头巾"符号被运用于城市品牌的宣传之中。本文主要采用深度访谈的方法,对比"红头巾"作为城市品牌构建在新加坡和三水两地的空间实践过程,研究发现:新加坡赋予"红头巾"建国英雄的身份,融入城市建设史并与现代城市空间共同打造城市名片;三水则以坚韧的三水女性华侨符号构建当地文化品牌,但效果无法等同新加坡。女性在城市尺度的空间实践值得关注,女性的流动将重构地方文化并塑造区别于男性主导的城市气质,最终作为实践空间的地方文化符号,成为城市迈向全球城市的文化资本。
By the early twentieth century, the cross-border movement has gradually demonstrated the trend of feminization with huge numbers of women from Sanshui moving to Singapore and participating in the urban construction. "Samsui Women" is the title for these migrators for their gender and distinctive clothing. In recent years, city brand has increasingly attracted the higher attention and working focus from cities and governments for its critical role in improving regional and international reputation as well as competitive power.The "Samsui Women" is a typical case of women's cross-border movement in modern China, with its impact not limited to the "global/local" and "public/private" spatial scales. It also has effect on the practice of urban scales, one aspect of which is be embodied in the circumstance that the "Samsui Women" symbol is used in the promotion of urban brands. This paper mainly compares the spatial practice process of "Samsui Women" as a city brand in Singapore and Sanshui through in-depth interviews. "Samsui Women" has made tremendous contributions to the urban construction of Singapore and gained wide praise. The courage and diligence of Samsui women became well-known through cross-border movement. People both in Sanshui and Singapore could get to know the precious spiritual legacy inherited from Samsui women. In Sanshui, the local cultural brand is constructed with the overseas Chinese symbols of tenacious Sanshui women, with its effect not equivalent to that of Singapore.
By the early twentieth century, the cross-border movement has gradually demonstrated the trend of feminization with huge numbers of women from Sanshui moving to Singapore and participating in the urban construction. "Samsui Women" is the title for these migrators for their gender and distinctive clothing. In recent years, city brand has increasingly attracted the higher attention and working focus from cities and governments for its critical role in improving regional and international reputation as well as competitive power.The "Samsui Women" is a typical case of women's cross-border movement in modern China, with its impact not limited to the "global/local" and "public/private" spatial scales. It also has effect on the practice of urban scales, one aspect of which is be embodied in the circumstance that the "Samsui Women" symbol is used in the promotion of urban brands. This paper mainly compares the spatial practice process of "Samsui Women" as a city brand in Singapore and Sanshui through in-depth interviews. "Samsui Women" has made tremendous contributions to the urban construction of Singapore and gained wide praise. The courage and diligence of Samsui women became well-known through cross-border movement. People both in Sanshui and Singapore could get to know the precious spiritual legacy inherited from Samsui women. In Sanshui, the local cultural brand is constructed with the overseas Chinese symbols of tenacious Sanshui women, with its effect not equivalent to that of Singapore.
引文
[1] Green N L. Changing paradigms in migration studies:From men to women to gender[J]. Gender&History, 2012,24(3):782-798.
[2]陈雪.多元交织理论框架下的女性移民健康研究——以大湄公河次区域跨国流动妇女为例[J].云南社会科学,2017(1):127-133.[Chen Xue. Research on the health of female migrants in the framework of multivariate interweaving theory:A case study of transnational migrant women in the Greater Mekong subregion[J]. Yunnan Social Science, 2017(1):127-133.]
[3]万蕙,朱竑.中越通婚中越南女性的空间排斥研究——以云南省河口县桥头村为例[J].地理科学,2013,33(5):570-575.[Wan Hui, Zhu Hong. Spatial exclusion of vietnamese brides in Sino-Vietnam crossborder marriages:A case study of qiaotou village in Yunnan[J]. Geographical Science, 2013,33(5):570-575.]
[4]陈雪.人类命运共同体视域下全球女性移民研究回顾与思考[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,50(3):148-156.[Chen Xue. A review of the studies of global female migrants in the perspective of a community of shared future for mankind[J]. Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2018,50(3):148-156.]
[5] Tang W M. Migration, marginalization and metropolitaneity:Negotiation of masculinities of Nepali drug users in Hong Kong[J]. Gender Place&Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography, 2017,24(2):1-12.
[6]佟新.社会性别研究导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:277.[Tong Xin. Introduction to Gender Studies[M]. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2011:277.]
[7]姚华松,黄耿志,薛德升.国内外女性主义地理学研究述评[J].人文地理, 2017,32(2):9-15.[Yao Huasong, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Reviews on feminist geographyical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(2):9-15.]
[8] Mohammad R. A Companion to Feminist Geography[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 2005:379-397.
[9]爱德华·索亚.第三空间:去往洛杉矶和其他真实和想象地方的旅程[M].陆扬,刘佳林,朱志荣,译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005:122.[Edward W Soja. Third Space:A Journey to Los Angeles and Other Real and Imaginary Places[M]. Lu Yang, Liu Jialin, Zhu Zhirong,trans. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Publishing House, 2005:122.]
[10]Wilson E, Little D E. The solo female travel experience:Exploring the geography of women's fear[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2008,11(2):167-186.
[11]Cresswell T. In Place/Out of Place:Geography, Ideology, and Transgression[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1996:3.
[12]李银河.女性主义[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2005:90-91,101-119.[Li Yinhe. Feminism[M]. Jinan:Shandong People's Publishing House, 2005:90-91,101-119.]
[13]周培勤.社会性别视角下的人地关系——国外女性主义地理学研究进展和启示[J].人文地理,2014,29(3):63-68.[Zhou Peiqin. The man-land relationship from the gender perspective:A summary and analysis of feminist geographic research abroad[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(3):63-68.]
[14]McDowell L. Women's paid work and moral economies of care[J].Social and Cultural Geography, 2005,6(2):219-235.
[15]琳达·麦道威尔.性别、认同与地方:女性主义地理学概说[M].徐苔玲,王志弘,译.台北:群学出版有限公司,2006:2,126,129.[Mcdowell L. Gender, Identity and Place:An Introduction to Feminist Geography[M]. Xu Tailing, Wang Zhihong, trans. Taipei:Qunxue Publishing limited company, 2006:2,126,129.]
[16]Radley A, Hodgetts B C. Fear, romance and transience in the lives of homeless women[J]. Social and Cultural Geography, 2006,7(2):437-461.
[17]万蕙,唐雪琼.新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究[J].人文地理,2013,28(1):26-31.[Wan Hui, Tang Xueqiong. Reviews on feminist geography in the perspective of new cultural geography[J].Human Geography, 2013,28(1):26-31.]
[18]Wrede T. Introduction to special issue:"Theorizing space and gender in the 21st century"[J]. Rocky Mountain Review of Language&Literature, 2015,69(24):3150-3174.
[19]王敏,谢漪,黄海燕.公共还是私密空间?基于女性主义地理学的潮汕钩花案例分析[J].世界地理研究,2018,27(5):116-125.[Wang Min, Xie Yi, Huang Haiyan. Public or private space? A feminist geographical analysis of Chaoshan females'Crochet activities[J].World Geographic Studies, 2018,27(5):116-125.]
[20]段城江,黄亚平,张茜.周期理论:城市女性的空间需求研究[J].城市规划,2015,39(8):46-55.[Duan Chengjiang, Huang Yaping, Zhang Qian. Cycle theory:On spatial demand of urban females[J]. City Planning, 2015,39(8):46-55.]
[21]江洋,王义桅.全球化进程中的妇女问题[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),1998(5):70-74.[Jiang Yang, Wang Yiwei. Women's problems in the process of globalization[J]. Fudan Journal(Social Sciences Edition), 1998(5):70-74.]
[22]佟新.30年中国女性/性别社会学研究[J].妇女研究论丛,2008(3):66-74.[Tong Xin. 30 years of research on Chinese women/gender sociology[J]. Collection of Womens Studies, 2008(3):66-74.]
[23]万蕙,朱竑,唐雪琼.女性跨国婚姻移民研究述评——以台湾外籍新娘为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2013(3):106-114.[Wan Hui, Zhu Hong, Tang Xueqiong. Female cross-border marriage immigrants:Case studies of foreign brides in Taiwan[J]. Collection of Women's Studies, 2013(3):106-114.]
[24]郑泽爽,甄峰.银川城市生活需求的性别差异及规划建议——基于女性主义视角的研究[J].人文地理, 2010, 25(4):50-54.[Zheng Zeshuang, Zhen Feng. The gender differences of demands for city life and suggestions on urban planning of Yinchuan city[J]. Human Geography, 2010, 25(4):50-54.]
[25]王伟,杨婷,罗磊.大型城市事件对城市品牌影响效用的测度与挖掘——以上海世博会为例[J].城市发展研究,2014,21(7):64-73.[Wang Wei, Yang Ting, Luo Lei. The measurement and exploration of the impact of large-scale city events on city branding:The case of Shanghai World Expo[J]. Urban Studies, 2014,21(7):64-73.]
[26]李和平,杨宁,张玛璐.后消费时代城市文化资本空间生产状况解析[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):50-54.[Li Heping, Yang Ning, Zhang Malu. Study on the production of space by urban cultural capital in post-consumption[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):50-54.]
[27]Kong L. Ambitions of a global city:Arts, culture and creative economy in'Post-Crisis'Singapore[J]. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2012,18(3):279-294.
[28]杨康巧.三水县华侨志[M].佛山:三水市地方志编纂委员办公室,1995:233.[Yang Kangqiao. Annals of Overseas Chinese in Sanshui County[M]. Foshan:Office of the Compilation Committee of Sanshui Local Chronicles, 1995:233.]
[29]范若兰.1929—1933年经济危机与中国女性人口国际迁移马来亚个案研究(1929—1941)[J].妇女研究论丛,2004(1):58.[Fan Ruolan. The 1929—1933 economic crisis and the international migration of China's female population:A case study of Malaya(1929—1941)[J]. Collection of Women's Studies, 2004(1):58.]
[30]范若兰.允许与严禁:闽粤地方对妇女出洋的反应(1860—1949年)[J].华侨华人历史研究,2002(3):68.[Fan Ruolan. Allowance and prohibition:Local responses to women's going abroad in Fujian and Guangdong(1860—1949)[J]. Overseas Chinese History Studies, 2002(3):68.]
[31]徐霞辉,蔡丽云.广东三水籍赴新女华工“红头巾”研究[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2008,7(10):24-27.[Xu Xiahui, Cai Liyun.Study on"Red Headband"of Chinese female workers from Sanshui, Guangdong province[J]. Journal of Guangzhou University(Social Science Edition), 2008,7(10):24-27.]
[32]刘新鑫.城市形象塑造中文化符号的运用[J].当代传播, 2011(3):130-131.[Liu Xinxin. The application of cultural symbols in city image building[J]. Contemporary communications, 2011(3):130-131.]
[33]刘溢海.论城市符号[J].城市发展研究,2008,15(1):112-116.[Lui Yihai. On urban symbols[J]. Urban Development Research, 2008,15(1):112-116.]
[34]Hospers G J. Lynch, Urry and city marketing:Taking advantage of the city as a built and graphic image[J]. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2009,5(3):226-233.
[35]Hewitt V. Beauty and Banknote:Images of Women on Paper Money[M]. London:Brith Museum Press, 1994:155.
[36]Kern L. Selling the'Scary City':Gendering freedom, fear and condominium development in the neoliberal city[J]. Social and Cultural Geography, 2010,11(3):209-230.
[37]黄海燕.基于重庆城市形象传播的纪念品设计策略研究[J].包装工程,2015,36(10):108-112.[Huang Haiyan. Souvenir design based on Chongqing city image transmission[J]. Packing Engineering,2015,36(10):108-112.]
[38]王利丽,刘爽.电视剧中的城市想象与记忆——以表现20世纪三四十年代上海的电视剧为视角[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2013,35(2):72-75.[Wang Lili, Liu Shuang. Imagination and memory of the city in TV dramas:From the perspective of Shanghai TV dramas in 1930s and 1940s[J]. Modern Communication(Journal of China Media University), 2013,35(2):72-75.]
[39]罗淑宇.浅析中世纪晚期英国自治城市的庆典仪式及社会功效[J].兰州学刊,2010(4):174-177.[Luo Shuyu. A brief analysis of the celebration ceremony and social effectiveness of British autonomous cities in the late middle ages[J]. Lanzhou Academic Journal,2010(4):174-177.]
[40]孙利昌.系统观在城市品牌建设中的折射[J].企业研究,2005(6):45-47.[Sun Lichang. Refraction of system view in urban brand construction[J]. Business Research, 2005(6):45-47.]
[41]钱丽芸,朱竑.地方性与传承:宜兴紫砂文化的地理品牌与变迁[J].地理科学,2011,31(10):1166-1171.[Qian Liyun, Zhu Hong. Locality and inheritance:Geographical brand and change of Yixing purple sand culture[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011,31(10):1166-1171.]
[42]Bellini N, Pasquinelli C. Tourism in the City:Towards an Integrative Agenda on Urban Tourism[M]. Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2017:93-107.
[43]姜海,陈建新.论城市品牌生成机制[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2004,6(2):50-55.[Jiang Hai, Chen Jianxin. On the mechanism of creating well-known images of cities[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology(Social Science Edition), 2004,6(2):50-55.]
[44]吴理财.文化治理的三张面孔[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2014,53(1):58-68.[Wu Licai. Three faces of cultural governance[J]. Journal of Huazhong Normal University, 2014,53(1):58-68.]
[45]姜奇平.软实力的后现代意义:认同的力量[J].信息空间,2004(8):44-51.[Jiang Qiping. The post-modern significance of soft power:The power of identity[J]. Information Times, 2004(8):44-51.]
(1)来源于:http://www.ss.gov.cn/gzjg/ssqwxcb/sswh/fwzwhyc/201808/t20180823_7185771.html。
(2)来源于:http://www.gdhqbwg.com/cn/news/201212/2166.html。
[2]陈雪.多元交织理论框架下的女性移民健康研究——以大湄公河次区域跨国流动妇女为例[J].云南社会科学,2017(1):127-133.[Chen Xue. Research on the health of female migrants in the framework of multivariate interweaving theory:A case study of transnational migrant women in the Greater Mekong subregion[J]. Yunnan Social Science, 2017(1):127-133.]
[3]万蕙,朱竑.中越通婚中越南女性的空间排斥研究——以云南省河口县桥头村为例[J].地理科学,2013,33(5):570-575.[Wan Hui, Zhu Hong. Spatial exclusion of vietnamese brides in Sino-Vietnam crossborder marriages:A case study of qiaotou village in Yunnan[J]. Geographical Science, 2013,33(5):570-575.]
[4]陈雪.人类命运共同体视域下全球女性移民研究回顾与思考[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,50(3):148-156.[Chen Xue. A review of the studies of global female migrants in the perspective of a community of shared future for mankind[J]. Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2018,50(3):148-156.]
[5] Tang W M. Migration, marginalization and metropolitaneity:Negotiation of masculinities of Nepali drug users in Hong Kong[J]. Gender Place&Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography, 2017,24(2):1-12.
[6]佟新.社会性别研究导论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011:277.[Tong Xin. Introduction to Gender Studies[M]. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2011:277.]
[7]姚华松,黄耿志,薛德升.国内外女性主义地理学研究述评[J].人文地理, 2017,32(2):9-15.[Yao Huasong, Huang Gengzhi, Xue Desheng. Reviews on feminist geographyical studies[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(2):9-15.]
[8] Mohammad R. A Companion to Feminist Geography[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 2005:379-397.
[9]爱德华·索亚.第三空间:去往洛杉矶和其他真实和想象地方的旅程[M].陆扬,刘佳林,朱志荣,译.上海:上海教育出版社,2005:122.[Edward W Soja. Third Space:A Journey to Los Angeles and Other Real and Imaginary Places[M]. Lu Yang, Liu Jialin, Zhu Zhirong,trans. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Publishing House, 2005:122.]
[10]Wilson E, Little D E. The solo female travel experience:Exploring the geography of women's fear[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2008,11(2):167-186.
[11]Cresswell T. In Place/Out of Place:Geography, Ideology, and Transgression[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1996:3.
[12]李银河.女性主义[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2005:90-91,101-119.[Li Yinhe. Feminism[M]. Jinan:Shandong People's Publishing House, 2005:90-91,101-119.]
[13]周培勤.社会性别视角下的人地关系——国外女性主义地理学研究进展和启示[J].人文地理,2014,29(3):63-68.[Zhou Peiqin. The man-land relationship from the gender perspective:A summary and analysis of feminist geographic research abroad[J]. Human Geography, 2014,29(3):63-68.]
[14]McDowell L. Women's paid work and moral economies of care[J].Social and Cultural Geography, 2005,6(2):219-235.
[15]琳达·麦道威尔.性别、认同与地方:女性主义地理学概说[M].徐苔玲,王志弘,译.台北:群学出版有限公司,2006:2,126,129.[Mcdowell L. Gender, Identity and Place:An Introduction to Feminist Geography[M]. Xu Tailing, Wang Zhihong, trans. Taipei:Qunxue Publishing limited company, 2006:2,126,129.]
[16]Radley A, Hodgetts B C. Fear, romance and transience in the lives of homeless women[J]. Social and Cultural Geography, 2006,7(2):437-461.
[17]万蕙,唐雪琼.新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究[J].人文地理,2013,28(1):26-31.[Wan Hui, Tang Xueqiong. Reviews on feminist geography in the perspective of new cultural geography[J].Human Geography, 2013,28(1):26-31.]
[18]Wrede T. Introduction to special issue:"Theorizing space and gender in the 21st century"[J]. Rocky Mountain Review of Language&Literature, 2015,69(24):3150-3174.
[19]王敏,谢漪,黄海燕.公共还是私密空间?基于女性主义地理学的潮汕钩花案例分析[J].世界地理研究,2018,27(5):116-125.[Wang Min, Xie Yi, Huang Haiyan. Public or private space? A feminist geographical analysis of Chaoshan females'Crochet activities[J].World Geographic Studies, 2018,27(5):116-125.]
[20]段城江,黄亚平,张茜.周期理论:城市女性的空间需求研究[J].城市规划,2015,39(8):46-55.[Duan Chengjiang, Huang Yaping, Zhang Qian. Cycle theory:On spatial demand of urban females[J]. City Planning, 2015,39(8):46-55.]
[21]江洋,王义桅.全球化进程中的妇女问题[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),1998(5):70-74.[Jiang Yang, Wang Yiwei. Women's problems in the process of globalization[J]. Fudan Journal(Social Sciences Edition), 1998(5):70-74.]
[22]佟新.30年中国女性/性别社会学研究[J].妇女研究论丛,2008(3):66-74.[Tong Xin. 30 years of research on Chinese women/gender sociology[J]. Collection of Womens Studies, 2008(3):66-74.]
[23]万蕙,朱竑,唐雪琼.女性跨国婚姻移民研究述评——以台湾外籍新娘为例[J].妇女研究论丛,2013(3):106-114.[Wan Hui, Zhu Hong, Tang Xueqiong. Female cross-border marriage immigrants:Case studies of foreign brides in Taiwan[J]. Collection of Women's Studies, 2013(3):106-114.]
[24]郑泽爽,甄峰.银川城市生活需求的性别差异及规划建议——基于女性主义视角的研究[J].人文地理, 2010, 25(4):50-54.[Zheng Zeshuang, Zhen Feng. The gender differences of demands for city life and suggestions on urban planning of Yinchuan city[J]. Human Geography, 2010, 25(4):50-54.]
[25]王伟,杨婷,罗磊.大型城市事件对城市品牌影响效用的测度与挖掘——以上海世博会为例[J].城市发展研究,2014,21(7):64-73.[Wang Wei, Yang Ting, Luo Lei. The measurement and exploration of the impact of large-scale city events on city branding:The case of Shanghai World Expo[J]. Urban Studies, 2014,21(7):64-73.]
[26]李和平,杨宁,张玛璐.后消费时代城市文化资本空间生产状况解析[J].人文地理,2016,31(2):50-54.[Li Heping, Yang Ning, Zhang Malu. Study on the production of space by urban cultural capital in post-consumption[J]. Human Geography, 2016,31(2):50-54.]
[27]Kong L. Ambitions of a global city:Arts, culture and creative economy in'Post-Crisis'Singapore[J]. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 2012,18(3):279-294.
[28]杨康巧.三水县华侨志[M].佛山:三水市地方志编纂委员办公室,1995:233.[Yang Kangqiao. Annals of Overseas Chinese in Sanshui County[M]. Foshan:Office of the Compilation Committee of Sanshui Local Chronicles, 1995:233.]
[29]范若兰.1929—1933年经济危机与中国女性人口国际迁移马来亚个案研究(1929—1941)[J].妇女研究论丛,2004(1):58.[Fan Ruolan. The 1929—1933 economic crisis and the international migration of China's female population:A case study of Malaya(1929—1941)[J]. Collection of Women's Studies, 2004(1):58.]
[30]范若兰.允许与严禁:闽粤地方对妇女出洋的反应(1860—1949年)[J].华侨华人历史研究,2002(3):68.[Fan Ruolan. Allowance and prohibition:Local responses to women's going abroad in Fujian and Guangdong(1860—1949)[J]. Overseas Chinese History Studies, 2002(3):68.]
[31]徐霞辉,蔡丽云.广东三水籍赴新女华工“红头巾”研究[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2008,7(10):24-27.[Xu Xiahui, Cai Liyun.Study on"Red Headband"of Chinese female workers from Sanshui, Guangdong province[J]. Journal of Guangzhou University(Social Science Edition), 2008,7(10):24-27.]
[32]刘新鑫.城市形象塑造中文化符号的运用[J].当代传播, 2011(3):130-131.[Liu Xinxin. The application of cultural symbols in city image building[J]. Contemporary communications, 2011(3):130-131.]
[33]刘溢海.论城市符号[J].城市发展研究,2008,15(1):112-116.[Lui Yihai. On urban symbols[J]. Urban Development Research, 2008,15(1):112-116.]
[34]Hospers G J. Lynch, Urry and city marketing:Taking advantage of the city as a built and graphic image[J]. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 2009,5(3):226-233.
[35]Hewitt V. Beauty and Banknote:Images of Women on Paper Money[M]. London:Brith Museum Press, 1994:155.
[36]Kern L. Selling the'Scary City':Gendering freedom, fear and condominium development in the neoliberal city[J]. Social and Cultural Geography, 2010,11(3):209-230.
[37]黄海燕.基于重庆城市形象传播的纪念品设计策略研究[J].包装工程,2015,36(10):108-112.[Huang Haiyan. Souvenir design based on Chongqing city image transmission[J]. Packing Engineering,2015,36(10):108-112.]
[38]王利丽,刘爽.电视剧中的城市想象与记忆——以表现20世纪三四十年代上海的电视剧为视角[J].现代传播(中国传媒大学学报),2013,35(2):72-75.[Wang Lili, Liu Shuang. Imagination and memory of the city in TV dramas:From the perspective of Shanghai TV dramas in 1930s and 1940s[J]. Modern Communication(Journal of China Media University), 2013,35(2):72-75.]
[39]罗淑宇.浅析中世纪晚期英国自治城市的庆典仪式及社会功效[J].兰州学刊,2010(4):174-177.[Luo Shuyu. A brief analysis of the celebration ceremony and social effectiveness of British autonomous cities in the late middle ages[J]. Lanzhou Academic Journal,2010(4):174-177.]
[40]孙利昌.系统观在城市品牌建设中的折射[J].企业研究,2005(6):45-47.[Sun Lichang. Refraction of system view in urban brand construction[J]. Business Research, 2005(6):45-47.]
[41]钱丽芸,朱竑.地方性与传承:宜兴紫砂文化的地理品牌与变迁[J].地理科学,2011,31(10):1166-1171.[Qian Liyun, Zhu Hong. Locality and inheritance:Geographical brand and change of Yixing purple sand culture[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011,31(10):1166-1171.]
[42]Bellini N, Pasquinelli C. Tourism in the City:Towards an Integrative Agenda on Urban Tourism[M]. Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2017:93-107.
[43]姜海,陈建新.论城市品牌生成机制[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版), 2004,6(2):50-55.[Jiang Hai, Chen Jianxin. On the mechanism of creating well-known images of cities[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology(Social Science Edition), 2004,6(2):50-55.]
[44]吴理财.文化治理的三张面孔[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2014,53(1):58-68.[Wu Licai. Three faces of cultural governance[J]. Journal of Huazhong Normal University, 2014,53(1):58-68.]
[45]姜奇平.软实力的后现代意义:认同的力量[J].信息空间,2004(8):44-51.[Jiang Qiping. The post-modern significance of soft power:The power of identity[J]. Information Times, 2004(8):44-51.]
(1)来源于:http://www.ss.gov.cn/gzjg/ssqwxcb/sswh/fwzwhyc/201808/t20180823_7185771.html。
(2)来源于:http://www.gdhqbwg.com/cn/news/201212/2166.html。