Shade stress decreases stem strength of soybean through restraining lignin biosynthesis
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摘要
Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.
Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.
Lodging is the most important constraint for soybean growth at seedling stage in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.In the field experiments,three soybean cultivars Nandou 032-4(shade susceptible cultivar; B1),Jiuyuehuang(moderately shade tolerant cultivar; B2),and Nandou 12(shade tolerant cultivar; B3) were used to evaluate the relationship between stem stress and lignin metabolism in the stem of soybean.Results showed that the intercropped soybean was in variable light condition throughout the day time and co-growth stage with maize.The xylem area and cross section ratio played a main role to form the stem stress.The B3 both in intercropping and monocropping expressed a high stem stress with higher xylem area,lignin content,and activity of enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),and peroxidase(POD)) than those of B1 and B2.Among the soybean cultivars and planting pattern,lignin content was positively correlated with stem stress.However,a negative correlation was found between lignin content and actual rate of lodging.In conclusion,the shade tolerant soybean cultivar had larger xylem area,higher lignin content and activities of CAD,4CL,PAL,and POD than other soybean cultivars in intercropping.The lodging in maize-soybean intercropping can be minimized by planting shade tolerant and lodging resistant cultivar of soybean.The lignin content in stem could be a useful indicator for the evaluation of lodging resistance of soybean in intercropping and activities of enzymes were the key factors that influence the lignin biosynthesis.
引文
Acreche M M,Slafer G A.2011.Lodging yield penalties as affected by breeding in mediterranean wheats.Field Crops Research,122,40-48.
Berthet S,Thevenin J,Baratiny D,Demont-Caulet N,Debeaujon I,Bidzinski P,Leple J C,Huis R,Hawkins S,Gomez LD.2012.Role of plant laccases in lignin polymerization.Chapter 5.Advances in Botanical Research,61,145-172.
Board J.2001.Reduced lodging for soybean in low plant population is related to light quality.Crop Science,41,379-384.
Boerjan W,Ralph J,Baucher M.2003.Lignin biosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Biology,54,519-546.
Boudet A M,Kajita S,Grima-Pettenati J,Goffner D.2003.Lignins and lignocellulosics:A better control of synthesis for new and improved uses.Trends in Plant Science,8,576-581.
Douglas C J.1996.Phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin biosynthesis:From weeds to trees.Trends in Plant Science,1,171-178.
Dranski J A L,Malavasi U C,Malavasi M.2015.Relationship between lignin content and quality of Pinus taeda seedlings.Revistaárvore,39,905-913.(in Portuguese)
Fagerstedt K V,Kukkola E M,Koistinen V V,Takahashi J,Marjamaa K.2010.Cell wall lignin is polymerised by class III secretable plant peroxidases in Norway spruce.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,52,186-194.
Jones L,Ennos A R,Turner S R.2001.Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4(irx4):A severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis.The Plant Journal,26,205-216.
Kashiwagi T,Ishimaru K.2004.Identification and functional analysis of a locus for improvement of lodging resistance in rice.Plant Physiology,134,676-683.
Knobloch K H,Hahlbrock K.1975.Isoenzymes of p-coumarate:CoA ligase from cell suspension cultures of Glycine max.European Journal of Biochemistry,52,311-320.
Kn?rzer H,Graeff-H?nninger S,Guo B,Wang P,Claupein W.2009.The Rediscovery of Intercropping in China:ATraditional Cropping System for Future Chinese Agriculture-A Review.Climate Change,Intercropping,Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms.Springer,The Netherlands.pp.13-44.
Lewis N G,Yamamoto E.1990.Lignin:Occurrence,biogenesis and biodegradation.Annual Review of Plant Biology,41,455-496.
Liu W G,Deng Y C,Hussain S,Zou J L,Yuan J,Luo L,Yang C Y,Yuan X Q,Yang W Y.2016.Relationship between cellulose accumulation and lodging resistance in the stem of relay intercropped soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.].Field Crops Research,196,261-267.
Liu W G,Zou J L,Zhang J,Yang F,Wan Y,Yang W Y.2015.Evaluation of soybean(Glycine max)stem vining in maizesoybean relay strip intercropping system.Plant Production Science,18,69-75.
Lu H,Zhao Y L,Jiang X N.2004.Stable and specific expression of 4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase gene(4CL1)driven by the xylem-specific Pto4CLl promoter in the transgenic tobacco.Biotechnology Letters,26,1147-1152.
Luo L,Yu X B,Wan Y,Jiang T,Du J B,Zou J L,Yang W Y,Liu W G.2015.The relationship between lodging and stem endogenous gibberellins metabolism pathway of relay intercropping soybean at seedling stage.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,48,2528-2537.(in Chinese)
Ma Q H.2009.The expression of caffeic acid3-O-methyltransferase in two wheat genotypes differing in lodging resistance.Journal of Experimental Botany,60,2763-2771.
Morrison T A,Kessler J R,Hatfield R D,Buxton D R.1994.Activity of two lignin biosynthesis enzymes during development of a maize internode.Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,65,133-139.
Moura J C M S,Bonine C A V,Dornelas M C,Mazzafera P.2010.Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,52,360-376.
Ofori F,Stern W R.1987.Cereal-legume intercropping systems.Advances in Agronomy,41,41-90.
Okuno A,Hirano K,Asano K,Takase W,Masuda R,Morinaka Y,Ueguchi-Tanaka M,Kitano H,Matsuoka M.2014.New approach to increasing rice lodging resistance and biomass yield through the use of high gibberellin producing varieties.PLoS ONE,9,e86870.
Peng D,Chen X,Yin Y,Lu K,Yang W,Tang Y,Wang Z.2014.Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):Lignin accumulation and its related enzymes activities due to the application of paclobutrazol or gibberellin acid.Field Crops Research,157,1-7.
Reddy M V B,Arul J,Angers P,Couture L.1999.Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality.Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,47,1208-1216.
Sewalt V,Ni W,Blount J W,Jung H G,Masoud S A,Howles PA,Lamb C,Dixon R A.1997.Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in transgenic tobacco downregulated in expression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase or cinnamate 4-hydroxylase.Plant Physiology,115,41-50.
Syros T D,Yupsanis T A,Economou A S.2005.Expression of peroxidases during seedling growth in Ebenus cretica L.as affected by light and temperature treatments.Plant Growth Regulation,46,143-151.
Vance C,Kirk T,Sherwood R.1980.Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance.Annual Review of Phytopathology,18,259-288.
Wang C,Ruan R,Yuan X,Hu D,Yang H,Li Y,Yi Z.2014.Relationship between lignin metabolism and lodging resistance of culm in buckwheat.Journal of Agricultural Science,6,29-36.
Xiao C,Barnes W J,Zamil M S,Yi H,Puri V M,Anderson C T.2017.Activation tagging of Arabidopsis POLYGALACTURONASEINVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 promotes hypocotyl elongation,leaf expansion,stem lignification,mechanical stiffening,and lodging.Plant Journal for Cell&Molecular Biology,89,1159.
Xiong Q.2008.Plant Physiology Experiment.Sichuan Science and Technology Press,Chengdu.(in Chinese)
Xu Z Y,Zhang D D,Hu J,Zhou X,Ye X,Reichel K L,Stewart N R,Syrenne R D,Yang X H,Gao P.2009.Comparative genome analysis of lignin biosynthesis gene families across the plant kingdom.BMC Bioinformatics,10,1-15.
Yan Y,Gong W,Yang W,Wan Y,Chen X,Chen Z,Wang L.2010.Seed treatment with uniconazole powder improves soybean seedling growth under shading by corn in relay strip intercropping system.Plant Production Science,13,367-374.
Yang F,Huang S,Gao R C,Liu W G,Yong T W,Wang X C,Wu X L,Yang W Y.2014.Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping systems in relation to light quantity and red:far-red ratio.Field Crops Research,155,245-253.
Zhang Z L,Qu W J.2003.Experimental Instruction of Plant Physiology.3rd ed.Higher Education Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Berthet S,Thevenin J,Baratiny D,Demont-Caulet N,Debeaujon I,Bidzinski P,Leple J C,Huis R,Hawkins S,Gomez LD.2012.Role of plant laccases in lignin polymerization.Chapter 5.Advances in Botanical Research,61,145-172.
Board J.2001.Reduced lodging for soybean in low plant population is related to light quality.Crop Science,41,379-384.
Boerjan W,Ralph J,Baucher M.2003.Lignin biosynthesis.Annual Review of Plant Biology,54,519-546.
Boudet A M,Kajita S,Grima-Pettenati J,Goffner D.2003.Lignins and lignocellulosics:A better control of synthesis for new and improved uses.Trends in Plant Science,8,576-581.
Douglas C J.1996.Phenylpropanoid metabolism and lignin biosynthesis:From weeds to trees.Trends in Plant Science,1,171-178.
Dranski J A L,Malavasi U C,Malavasi M.2015.Relationship between lignin content and quality of Pinus taeda seedlings.Revistaárvore,39,905-913.(in Portuguese)
Fagerstedt K V,Kukkola E M,Koistinen V V,Takahashi J,Marjamaa K.2010.Cell wall lignin is polymerised by class III secretable plant peroxidases in Norway spruce.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,52,186-194.
Jones L,Ennos A R,Turner S R.2001.Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4(irx4):A severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis.The Plant Journal,26,205-216.
Kashiwagi T,Ishimaru K.2004.Identification and functional analysis of a locus for improvement of lodging resistance in rice.Plant Physiology,134,676-683.
Knobloch K H,Hahlbrock K.1975.Isoenzymes of p-coumarate:CoA ligase from cell suspension cultures of Glycine max.European Journal of Biochemistry,52,311-320.
Kn?rzer H,Graeff-H?nninger S,Guo B,Wang P,Claupein W.2009.The Rediscovery of Intercropping in China:ATraditional Cropping System for Future Chinese Agriculture-A Review.Climate Change,Intercropping,Pest Control and Beneficial Microorganisms.Springer,The Netherlands.pp.13-44.
Lewis N G,Yamamoto E.1990.Lignin:Occurrence,biogenesis and biodegradation.Annual Review of Plant Biology,41,455-496.
Liu W G,Deng Y C,Hussain S,Zou J L,Yuan J,Luo L,Yang C Y,Yuan X Q,Yang W Y.2016.Relationship between cellulose accumulation and lodging resistance in the stem of relay intercropped soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.].Field Crops Research,196,261-267.
Liu W G,Zou J L,Zhang J,Yang F,Wan Y,Yang W Y.2015.Evaluation of soybean(Glycine max)stem vining in maizesoybean relay strip intercropping system.Plant Production Science,18,69-75.
Lu H,Zhao Y L,Jiang X N.2004.Stable and specific expression of 4-coumarate:Coenzyme A ligase gene(4CL1)driven by the xylem-specific Pto4CLl promoter in the transgenic tobacco.Biotechnology Letters,26,1147-1152.
Luo L,Yu X B,Wan Y,Jiang T,Du J B,Zou J L,Yang W Y,Liu W G.2015.The relationship between lodging and stem endogenous gibberellins metabolism pathway of relay intercropping soybean at seedling stage.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,48,2528-2537.(in Chinese)
Ma Q H.2009.The expression of caffeic acid3-O-methyltransferase in two wheat genotypes differing in lodging resistance.Journal of Experimental Botany,60,2763-2771.
Morrison T A,Kessler J R,Hatfield R D,Buxton D R.1994.Activity of two lignin biosynthesis enzymes during development of a maize internode.Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,65,133-139.
Moura J C M S,Bonine C A V,Dornelas M C,Mazzafera P.2010.Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,52,360-376.
Ofori F,Stern W R.1987.Cereal-legume intercropping systems.Advances in Agronomy,41,41-90.
Okuno A,Hirano K,Asano K,Takase W,Masuda R,Morinaka Y,Ueguchi-Tanaka M,Kitano H,Matsuoka M.2014.New approach to increasing rice lodging resistance and biomass yield through the use of high gibberellin producing varieties.PLoS ONE,9,e86870.
Peng D,Chen X,Yin Y,Lu K,Yang W,Tang Y,Wang Z.2014.Lodging resistance of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.):Lignin accumulation and its related enzymes activities due to the application of paclobutrazol or gibberellin acid.Field Crops Research,157,1-7.
Reddy M V B,Arul J,Angers P,Couture L.1999.Chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to Fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality.Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,47,1208-1216.
Sewalt V,Ni W,Blount J W,Jung H G,Masoud S A,Howles PA,Lamb C,Dixon R A.1997.Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in transgenic tobacco downregulated in expression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase or cinnamate 4-hydroxylase.Plant Physiology,115,41-50.
Syros T D,Yupsanis T A,Economou A S.2005.Expression of peroxidases during seedling growth in Ebenus cretica L.as affected by light and temperature treatments.Plant Growth Regulation,46,143-151.
Vance C,Kirk T,Sherwood R.1980.Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance.Annual Review of Phytopathology,18,259-288.
Wang C,Ruan R,Yuan X,Hu D,Yang H,Li Y,Yi Z.2014.Relationship between lignin metabolism and lodging resistance of culm in buckwheat.Journal of Agricultural Science,6,29-36.
Xiao C,Barnes W J,Zamil M S,Yi H,Puri V M,Anderson C T.2017.Activation tagging of Arabidopsis POLYGALACTURONASEINVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 promotes hypocotyl elongation,leaf expansion,stem lignification,mechanical stiffening,and lodging.Plant Journal for Cell&Molecular Biology,89,1159.
Xiong Q.2008.Plant Physiology Experiment.Sichuan Science and Technology Press,Chengdu.(in Chinese)
Xu Z Y,Zhang D D,Hu J,Zhou X,Ye X,Reichel K L,Stewart N R,Syrenne R D,Yang X H,Gao P.2009.Comparative genome analysis of lignin biosynthesis gene families across the plant kingdom.BMC Bioinformatics,10,1-15.
Yan Y,Gong W,Yang W,Wan Y,Chen X,Chen Z,Wang L.2010.Seed treatment with uniconazole powder improves soybean seedling growth under shading by corn in relay strip intercropping system.Plant Production Science,13,367-374.
Yang F,Huang S,Gao R C,Liu W G,Yong T W,Wang X C,Wu X L,Yang W Y.2014.Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping systems in relation to light quantity and red:far-red ratio.Field Crops Research,155,245-253.
Zhang Z L,Qu W J.2003.Experimental Instruction of Plant Physiology.3rd ed.Higher Education Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)