Characterizing three-dimensional features of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential——Lake Vostok as a case study
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摘要
To estimate basal water storage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, it is essential to have data on the three-dimensional characteristics of subglacial lakes. We present a method to estimate the water depth and surface area of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential method. Lake Vostok is chosen as a case study because of the diverse and comprehensive measurements that have been obtained over and around the lake. The average depth of Lake Vostok is around 345±4 m. We estimated the surface area of Lake Vostok beneath the ice sheet to be about 13300±594 km~2. The lake consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge at water depths of about 200–300 m. The surface area of the northern sub-basin is estimated to be about half of that of the southern basin. The maximum depths of the northern and southern sub-basins are estimated to be about 450 and 850 m, respectively. Total water volume is estimated to be about 4658±204 km~3. These estimates are compared with previous estimates obtained from seismic data and inversion of aerogravity data. In general, our estimates are closer to those obtained from the inversion of aerogravity data than those from seismic data, indicating the applicability of our method to the estimation of water depths of other subglacial lakes.
To estimate basal water storage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, it is essential to have data on the three-dimensional characteristics of subglacial lakes. We present a method to estimate the water depth and surface area of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential method. Lake Vostok is chosen as a case study because of the diverse and comprehensive measurements that have been obtained over and around the lake. The average depth of Lake Vostok is around 345±4 m. We estimated the surface area of Lake Vostok beneath the ice sheet to be about 13300±594 km~2. The lake consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge at water depths of about 200–300 m. The surface area of the northern sub-basin is estimated to be about half of that of the southern basin. The maximum depths of the northern and southern sub-basins are estimated to be about 450 and 850 m, respectively. Total water volume is estimated to be about 4658±204 km~3. These estimates are compared with previous estimates obtained from seismic data and inversion of aerogravity data. In general, our estimates are closer to those obtained from the inversion of aerogravity data than those from seismic data, indicating the applicability of our method to the estimation of water depths of other subglacial lakes.
To estimate basal water storage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, it is essential to have data on the three-dimensional characteristics of subglacial lakes. We present a method to estimate the water depth and surface area of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential method. Lake Vostok is chosen as a case study because of the diverse and comprehensive measurements that have been obtained over and around the lake. The average depth of Lake Vostok is around 345±4 m. We estimated the surface area of Lake Vostok beneath the ice sheet to be about 13300±594 km~2. The lake consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge at water depths of about 200–300 m. The surface area of the northern sub-basin is estimated to be about half of that of the southern basin. The maximum depths of the northern and southern sub-basins are estimated to be about 450 and 850 m, respectively. Total water volume is estimated to be about 4658±204 km~3. These estimates are compared with previous estimates obtained from seismic data and inversion of aerogravity data. In general, our estimates are closer to those obtained from the inversion of aerogravity data than those from seismic data, indicating the applicability of our method to the estimation of water depths of other subglacial lakes.
引文
Achberger A M,Christner B C,Michaud A B,et al.2016.Microbial community structure of Subglacial Lake Whillans,West Antarctica.Front Microbiol,7:1457,doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01457.
Bell R E,Studinger M,Fahnestock M A,et al.2006.Tectonically controlled subglacial lakes on the flanks of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains,East Antarctica.Geophys Res Lett,33(2):L02504,doi:10.1029/2005gl025207.
Bulat S A.2016.Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok:first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants.hilos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci,374(2059):20140292,doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0292.
Carter S P,Blankenship D D,Peters M E,et al.2007.Radar-based subglacial lake classification in Antarctica.Geochem Geophy Geosy,8(3),doi:10.1029/2006gc001408.
Fretwell P,Pritchard H D,Vaughan D G,et al.2013.Bedmap2:improved ice bed,surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica.Cryosphere,7:375-393.
Fricker Ha,Scambos T,Bindschadler R,et al.2007.An active subglacial water system in West Antarctica mapped from space.Science,315(5818):1544-1548,doi:10.1126/science.1136897.
Goeller S,Steinhage D,Thoma M,et al.2016.Assessing the subglacial lake coverage of Antarctica.Ann Glaciol,57(72):109-117,doi:10.1017/aog.2016.23.
Gray L,Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,et al.2005.Evidence for subglacial water transport in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet through three-dimensional satellite radar interferometry.Geophys Res Lett,32(3):259-280.
Kamb B.2001.Basal zone of the West Antarctic ice streams and its role in lubrication of their rapid motion.The West Antarctic ice sheet:behavior and environment,77:157-199.
Livingstone S,Clark C,Woodward J,et al.2013.Potential subglacial lake locations and meltwater drainage pathways beneath the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.Cryosphere,7(6):1721-1740.
Oswald G K A,Robin G de Q.1973.Lakes Beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet.Nature,245(5423):251-254.
Pavel T.2012.Russian researchers reach subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica.Adv Polar Sci,23(3):176-180.
Popov S V C Y B.2011a.Vostok Lake,East Antarctica:shore line and surrounding subglacial water cavities.Ice and Snow,1:13-24.
Popov S V M V N,Lukin V V,Popkov A M.2011b.Vostok Lake,East Antarctica:ice thickness,lake depth,ice base and bedrock topography.Ice and Snow,1:25-35.
Popov S V M V N,Lukin V V,Popkov A M.2012.Russian seismic,radio-echo and seismological investigations of Vostok Lake.Ice and Snow,2:31-38.
Rivera A,Uribe J,Zamora R,et al.2015.Subglacial Lake CECs:Discovery and in situ survey of a privileged research site in West Antarctica.Geophys Res Lett,42(10):1279-87.
Scambos T A,Haran T M,Fahnestock M A,et al.2007.MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica(MOA)data sets:Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size.Remote Sens Environ,111(2):242-257,doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020.
Shreve R L.1972.Movement of water in glaciers.J Glaciol,1972,11(62):205-214,doi:10.3189/s002214300002219x.
Siegert M J,Dowdeswell J A,Gorman M R,et al.1996.An inventory of Antarctic sub-glacial lakes.Antarc Sci,8(3):281-286,doi:10.1017/s0954102096000405.
Siegert M J,Popov S,Studinger M.2011.Vostok subglacial lake:Areview of geophysical data regarding its discovery and topographic setting.Geophy Monograph Series,192:45-60,doi:10.1029/2010gm000934.
Siegert M J,Ross N,Le Brocq A M.2016.Recent advances in understanding Antarctic subglacial lakes and hydrology.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci,374(2059):20140306,doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0306.
Siegert M J.2000.Antarctic subglacial lakes.Earth-Sci Rev,50(1):29-50,doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(99)00068-9.
Smith B E,Fricker H A,Joughin I R,et al.2009.An inventory of active subglacial lakes in Antarctica detected by ICESat(2003-2008).JGlaciol,55(192):573-595,doi:10.3189/002214309789470879.
Studinger M,Bell R E,Buck W R,et al.2004.Sub-ice geology inland of the Transantarctic Mountains in light of new aerogeophysical data.Earth Planet Sc Lett,2004,220(3):391-408,doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00066-4.
Tabacco I E,Passerini A,Corbelli F,et al.1998.Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C,East Antarctica.J Glaciol,44(146):185-191,doi:10.3189/s0022143000002501.
Wingham D J,Siegert M J,Shepherd A,et al.2006.Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes.Nature,440(7087):1033-1036,doi:10.1038/nature04660.
Wright A P,Young D A,Bamber J L,et al.2014.Subglacial hydrological connectivity within the Byrd Glacier catchment,East Antarctica.JGlaciol,60(220):345-352,doi:10.3189/2014jog13j014.
Wright A P,Young D A,Roberts J L,et al.2012.Evidence of a hydrological connection between the ice divide and ice sheet margin in the Aurora Subglacial Basin,East Antarctica.J Geophys Res-Earth,117(F1),doi:10.1029/2011jf002066.
Wright A,Siegert M.2012.A fourth inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes.Antarct Sci,24:659-664.
Bell R E,Studinger M,Fahnestock M A,et al.2006.Tectonically controlled subglacial lakes on the flanks of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains,East Antarctica.Geophys Res Lett,33(2):L02504,doi:10.1029/2005gl025207.
Bulat S A.2016.Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok:first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants.hilos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci,374(2059):20140292,doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0292.
Carter S P,Blankenship D D,Peters M E,et al.2007.Radar-based subglacial lake classification in Antarctica.Geochem Geophy Geosy,8(3),doi:10.1029/2006gc001408.
Fretwell P,Pritchard H D,Vaughan D G,et al.2013.Bedmap2:improved ice bed,surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica.Cryosphere,7:375-393.
Fricker Ha,Scambos T,Bindschadler R,et al.2007.An active subglacial water system in West Antarctica mapped from space.Science,315(5818):1544-1548,doi:10.1126/science.1136897.
Goeller S,Steinhage D,Thoma M,et al.2016.Assessing the subglacial lake coverage of Antarctica.Ann Glaciol,57(72):109-117,doi:10.1017/aog.2016.23.
Gray L,Joughin I,Tulaczyk S,et al.2005.Evidence for subglacial water transport in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet through three-dimensional satellite radar interferometry.Geophys Res Lett,32(3):259-280.
Kamb B.2001.Basal zone of the West Antarctic ice streams and its role in lubrication of their rapid motion.The West Antarctic ice sheet:behavior and environment,77:157-199.
Livingstone S,Clark C,Woodward J,et al.2013.Potential subglacial lake locations and meltwater drainage pathways beneath the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.Cryosphere,7(6):1721-1740.
Oswald G K A,Robin G de Q.1973.Lakes Beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet.Nature,245(5423):251-254.
Pavel T.2012.Russian researchers reach subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica.Adv Polar Sci,23(3):176-180.
Popov S V C Y B.2011a.Vostok Lake,East Antarctica:shore line and surrounding subglacial water cavities.Ice and Snow,1:13-24.
Popov S V M V N,Lukin V V,Popkov A M.2011b.Vostok Lake,East Antarctica:ice thickness,lake depth,ice base and bedrock topography.Ice and Snow,1:25-35.
Popov S V M V N,Lukin V V,Popkov A M.2012.Russian seismic,radio-echo and seismological investigations of Vostok Lake.Ice and Snow,2:31-38.
Rivera A,Uribe J,Zamora R,et al.2015.Subglacial Lake CECs:Discovery and in situ survey of a privileged research site in West Antarctica.Geophys Res Lett,42(10):1279-87.
Scambos T A,Haran T M,Fahnestock M A,et al.2007.MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica(MOA)data sets:Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size.Remote Sens Environ,111(2):242-257,doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020.
Shreve R L.1972.Movement of water in glaciers.J Glaciol,1972,11(62):205-214,doi:10.3189/s002214300002219x.
Siegert M J,Dowdeswell J A,Gorman M R,et al.1996.An inventory of Antarctic sub-glacial lakes.Antarc Sci,8(3):281-286,doi:10.1017/s0954102096000405.
Siegert M J,Popov S,Studinger M.2011.Vostok subglacial lake:Areview of geophysical data regarding its discovery and topographic setting.Geophy Monograph Series,192:45-60,doi:10.1029/2010gm000934.
Siegert M J,Ross N,Le Brocq A M.2016.Recent advances in understanding Antarctic subglacial lakes and hydrology.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci,374(2059):20140306,doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0306.
Siegert M J.2000.Antarctic subglacial lakes.Earth-Sci Rev,50(1):29-50,doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(99)00068-9.
Smith B E,Fricker H A,Joughin I R,et al.2009.An inventory of active subglacial lakes in Antarctica detected by ICESat(2003-2008).JGlaciol,55(192):573-595,doi:10.3189/002214309789470879.
Studinger M,Bell R E,Buck W R,et al.2004.Sub-ice geology inland of the Transantarctic Mountains in light of new aerogeophysical data.Earth Planet Sc Lett,2004,220(3):391-408,doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00066-4.
Tabacco I E,Passerini A,Corbelli F,et al.1998.Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C,East Antarctica.J Glaciol,44(146):185-191,doi:10.3189/s0022143000002501.
Wingham D J,Siegert M J,Shepherd A,et al.2006.Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes.Nature,440(7087):1033-1036,doi:10.1038/nature04660.
Wright A P,Young D A,Bamber J L,et al.2014.Subglacial hydrological connectivity within the Byrd Glacier catchment,East Antarctica.JGlaciol,60(220):345-352,doi:10.3189/2014jog13j014.
Wright A P,Young D A,Roberts J L,et al.2012.Evidence of a hydrological connection between the ice divide and ice sheet margin in the Aurora Subglacial Basin,East Antarctica.J Geophys Res-Earth,117(F1),doi:10.1029/2011jf002066.
Wright A,Siegert M.2012.A fourth inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes.Antarct Sci,24:659-664.