基于遥感和碳循环过程模型的土壤固碳价值估算——以关中-天水经济区为例
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摘要
土壤是人类赖以生存的根本,也是全球碳循环的重要环节。遥感技术的发展为土壤监测提供了高时空分辨率的数据,这有助于提高土壤有机碳储量估算的精度。本文利用遥感数据测量和评价土壤固碳价值,为区域碳核算及改善生态环境提供科学参考。基于遥感数据和碳循环过程模型估算2000、2005、2010和2014年关中-天水经济区内土壤有机碳储量(0~30 cm),使用净现值法计算2014年固碳量的经济价值。2000-2014年关中-天水经济区土壤碳储量增加了2.4×107t,在预设的6个固碳收益情景(不同碳价格和贴现率)中,2014年土壤固碳净现值分别为44.958×10~8元、45.359×10~8元、62.186×10~8元、63.443×10~8元、85.156×10~8元、87.555×10~8元。林地的单位面积土壤固碳价值最大,而耕地的固碳总价值最高。除土壤理化性质,单位面积土壤固碳价值还受降水量、温度等气候因子影响。此外,合理的碳价格及贴现率可有效调控土壤固碳收益。
Soil is fundamental to the survival of human,providing food,water and other resources. It is also an indispensable part of global carbon cycle. The estimation of soil organic carbon(SOC)is an important issue in regional carbon accounting. The development of remote sensing technology makes it possible to obtain high spatial resolution and short cycle of large area synchronized ground observation data,which contributes to improve the accuracy of soil organic carbon estimation. This paper measured and evaluated the value of soil sequestration,using remote sensing and a carbon cycle process model,providing references for regional carbon accounting.Based on the CASA model and ecosystem process model,the SOC stocks(top 0-30 cm)of the GuanzhongTianshui Economic Region in Shaanxi and Gansu Province,China,was estimated. Using the results,the region's2014 carbon sequestration value was evaluated using net present value(NPV). The paper also presented the temporal changes and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon sequestration in the study area. Carbon sequestration in the top 30 cm soil in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region increased by approximately 2.4×10~7t between2000 and 2014(levels in 2000,2005,2010,and 2014 were 24.19×10~7t,24.86×10~7t,23.72×10~7t and 26.59×10~7t,respectively). The paper examined 6 different carbon sequestration payoff scenarios with different carbon prices and discount rates. From the perspective of carbon sequestration across different land use types,it was found that the average NPV of forestland was greater than grassland,which was greater than other land types and cultivated land. The total value of cultivated land,however,was greater than grassland,forest land,and other land types. In addition to physical and chemical properties,the unit area sequestration values of soil are also affected by the climate factors such as precipitation and temperature.Besides,setting up reasonable carbon price and discount rate will be a effective way to adjust the earning of soil carbon sequestration.
Soil is fundamental to the survival of human,providing food,water and other resources. It is also an indispensable part of global carbon cycle. The estimation of soil organic carbon(SOC)is an important issue in regional carbon accounting. The development of remote sensing technology makes it possible to obtain high spatial resolution and short cycle of large area synchronized ground observation data,which contributes to improve the accuracy of soil organic carbon estimation. This paper measured and evaluated the value of soil sequestration,using remote sensing and a carbon cycle process model,providing references for regional carbon accounting.Based on the CASA model and ecosystem process model,the SOC stocks(top 0-30 cm)of the GuanzhongTianshui Economic Region in Shaanxi and Gansu Province,China,was estimated. Using the results,the region's2014 carbon sequestration value was evaluated using net present value(NPV). The paper also presented the temporal changes and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon sequestration in the study area. Carbon sequestration in the top 30 cm soil in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region increased by approximately 2.4×10~7t between2000 and 2014(levels in 2000,2005,2010,and 2014 were 24.19×10~7t,24.86×10~7t,23.72×10~7t and 26.59×10~7t,respectively). The paper examined 6 different carbon sequestration payoff scenarios with different carbon prices and discount rates. From the perspective of carbon sequestration across different land use types,it was found that the average NPV of forestland was greater than grassland,which was greater than other land types and cultivated land. The total value of cultivated land,however,was greater than grassland,forest land,and other land types. In addition to physical and chemical properties,the unit area sequestration values of soil are also affected by the climate factors such as precipitation and temperature.Besides,setting up reasonable carbon price and discount rate will be a effective way to adjust the earning of soil carbon sequestration.
引文
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[2]王渊刚,罗格平,王玉辉,等.亚洲中部干旱区植被与土壤碳密度分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):239-249.[WANG Yuangang,LUO Geping,WANG Yuhui,et al.Vegetation and soil carbon density in arid region of Central Asia[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):239-249.]
[3]李欣宇,宇万太.不同时期土壤有机碳(SOC)空间格局研究的主要方法[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1449-1453.[LI Xinyu,YU Wantai.The dominating research methods of soil organic carbon spatial pattern in different periods[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(6):1449-1453.]
[4]李艳,史舟,徐建明,等.地统计学在土壤科学中的应用及展望[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):178-182.[LI Yan,SHI Zhou,XU Jianming,et al.Utilization and perspective of geostatistics in soil sciences[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(1):178-182.]
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[6]陈廷舰,胡玉昆,柳妍妍,等.阿尔泰山南坡土壤有机碳密度的分布特征和储量估算[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1231-1239.[CHEN Tinjian,HU Yukun,LIU Yanyan,et al.Distribution characteristics and storage of soil organic carbon in the southern slope Altai Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(6):1231-1239.]
[7]陈耀亮,罗格平,叶辉,等.近30年土地利用变化对新疆森林生态系统碳库的影响[J].地理研究,2013,32(11):1987-1999.[CHEN Yaoliang,LUO Geping,YE Hui.Sources and sinks of carbon from forest land use change in Xinjiang,China during1975-2005[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(11):1987-1999.]
[8]陶冶,张元明.中亚干旱荒漠区植被碳储量估算[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(4):615-622.[TAO Ye,ZHANG Yuanming.Evaluation of vegetation biomass carbon storage in deserts of Central Asia[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(04):615-622.]
[9]张文娟,王绍强,常华,等.遥感在土壤碳储量估算中的应用[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(3):118-126.[ZHANG Wenjuan,WANG Shaoqiang,CHANG Hua,et al.Application of remote sensing technique in soil carbon storage researches[J].Progress in Geography,2005,24(3):118-126.]
[10]李欣宇,宇万太,李秀珍.遥感与地统计方法在表层土壤有机碳空间格局研究中的应用比较[J].农业工程学报,2009,(3):148-152.[LI Xinyu,YU Wantai,LI Xiuzhen.Comparison and application of remote sensing and geostatistics methods to spatial distribution of surface soil organic carbon[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(3):148-152.]
[11]周涛,史培军,罗巾英,等.基于遥感与碳循环过程模型估算土壤有机碳储量[J].遥感学报,2007,11(1):127-136.[ZHOU Tao,SHI Peijun,LUO Jinying,et al.Estimation of soil organic carbon based on remote sensing and process model[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,11(1):127-136.]
[12]邓祥征,姜群鸥,林英志,等.中国农田土壤有机碳贮量变化预测[J].地理研究,2010,29(1):93-101.[DENG Xiangzheng,JIANG Qunou,LIN Yingzhi.Simulation of the changes of soil organic carbon stock of cropland in China[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(1):93-101.]
[13]延昊.中国土地覆盖变化与环境影响遥感研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所),2002.[YAN Hao.Remote sensing study of land cover change and its enviromental effects in China[D].Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Institute of Remote Sensing Application),2002.]
[14]秦璐,吕光辉,张雪妮,等.干旱区艾比湖湿地土壤呼吸的空间异质性[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):704-712.[QIN Lu,LV Guanghui,ZHANG Xueni,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration at Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve in arid area[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(4):704-712.]
[15]许文强,陈曦,罗格平,等.基于稳定同位素技术的土壤碳循环研究进展[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):980-987.[XU Wenqiang,CHEN Xi,LUO Geping,et al.Progress of research on soil carbon cycle using carbon isotope approach[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):980-987.]
[16]戴尔阜,翟瑞雪,葛全胜,等.1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化[J].地理学报,2014,69(11):1651-1660.[DAI Erfu,ZHAI Ruixue,GE Quansheng,et al.Topsoil organic carbon storage and its changes in Inner Mongolia grassland from the 1980s to 2010s[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(11):1651-1660.]
[17]EIGENBROD F,BELL V A,DAVIES H N.The impact of projected increases in urbanization on ecosystem services[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2011,278(1722):3201-3208.
[18]BAGHERZADEH A.Estimation of soil losses by USLE model using GIS at Mashhad plain,Northeast of Iran[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2014,7(1):211-220.
[19]苏洋,马惠兰,颜璐.新疆农地利用碳排放时空差异及驱动机理研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(6):1162-1169.[SU Yang,MA Huilan,YAN Lu.Spatial-temporal differences and driving mechanism of agricultural land use carbon emission in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(06):1162-1169.]
[20]程彬,姜琦刚,王坤.遥感在土壤有机质含量估算中的应用及其研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(2):317-321.[CHENG Bin,JIANG Qigang,WANG Kun.Application and progress in estimating soil organic matter content based on remote sensing[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2011,42(2):317-321.]
[21]ICKIEWICZ I.Ecological and economic aspects of modernizing district heating systems in north-eastern Poland[J].Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S-Chemia I Inzynieria Ekologiczna S,2011,18(4):429-443.
[22]AJAYI O C,AKINNIFESI F K,SILESHI G.Labour inputs and financial profitability of conventional and agroforestry-based soil fertility management practices in Zambia[J].Agrekon,2009,48(3):276-292.
[23]AFSHARI A,NIKOLOPOULOU C,MARTIN M.Life-cycle analysis of building retrofits at the urban scale:a case study in United Arab Emirates[J].Sustainability,2014,6(1):453-473.
[24]BARAL H,KEENAN R J,SHARMA S K.Economic evaluation of ecosystem goods and services under different landscape management scenarios[J].Land Use Policy,2014,39:54-64.
[25]TREMBLAY S,LUCOTTE M,REVERET J.Agroforestry systems as a profitable alternative to slash and burn practices in small-scale agriculture of the Brazilian Amazon[J].Agroforestry Systems,2015,89(2):193-204.
[26]NGHIEM N.Optimal rotation age for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation in Vietnam[J].Forest Policy and Economics,2014,38:56-64.
[27]李晶,任志远.基于GIS的陕北黄土高原土地生态系统固碳释氧价值评价[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(14):2943-2950.[LI Jing,REN Zhiyuan.Research on the values of CO2fixation and O2release by landuse ecosystem in Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province[J].China Agriculture Science,2011,44(14):2943-2950.]
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