Three Decades of Sea-Ice Variability in Jiaozhou Bay Revealed by Landsat Observations
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摘要
In this study, we used Landsat images and meteorological data to examine the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of sea ice in Jiaozhou Bay(JZB) between 1986 and 2016. The results show that JZB is not always covered by sea ice in winter, but in some extreme cases, sea ice has covered more than one-third of the sea area of the bay. Sea ice in JZB has generally formed between January 1 and February 5, primarily along the coast, and gradually expanding to the central area of the bay. Both meteorological and artificial factors have played important roles in modulating the sea ice distribution. We found sea ice coverage to have been strongly correlated with the accumulated freezing-degree days nine days before the occurrence of sea ice(R2 = 0.767). North-northwest surface winds have dominated the freezing period of sea water in the JZB, and wind speed has exerted a more significant influence on the formation of sea ice when the sea ice coverage has been generally small. Additionally, artificial factors began to affect the expansion of sea ice in JZB since 2007. The construction of the Jiao-Zhou-Bay Bridge(JZBB) is believed to have retarded water flow and reduced the tidal prism, thereby leading to the formation of an ice bridge along the JZBB, which effectively prevents the southward expansion of sea ice.
In this study, we used Landsat images and meteorological data to examine the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of sea ice in Jiaozhou Bay(JZB) between 1986 and 2016. The results show that JZB is not always covered by sea ice in winter, but in some extreme cases, sea ice has covered more than one-third of the sea area of the bay. Sea ice in JZB has generally formed between January 1 and February 5, primarily along the coast, and gradually expanding to the central area of the bay. Both meteorological and artificial factors have played important roles in modulating the sea ice distribution. We found sea ice coverage to have been strongly correlated with the accumulated freezing-degree days nine days before the occurrence of sea ice(R2 = 0.767). North-northwest surface winds have dominated the freezing period of sea water in the JZB, and wind speed has exerted a more significant influence on the formation of sea ice when the sea ice coverage has been generally small. Additionally, artificial factors began to affect the expansion of sea ice in JZB since 2007. The construction of the Jiao-Zhou-Bay Bridge(JZBB) is believed to have retarded water flow and reduced the tidal prism, thereby leading to the formation of an ice bridge along the JZBB, which effectively prevents the southward expansion of sea ice.
In this study, we used Landsat images and meteorological data to examine the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of sea ice in Jiaozhou Bay(JZB) between 1986 and 2016. The results show that JZB is not always covered by sea ice in winter, but in some extreme cases, sea ice has covered more than one-third of the sea area of the bay. Sea ice in JZB has generally formed between January 1 and February 5, primarily along the coast, and gradually expanding to the central area of the bay. Both meteorological and artificial factors have played important roles in modulating the sea ice distribution. We found sea ice coverage to have been strongly correlated with the accumulated freezing-degree days nine days before the occurrence of sea ice(R2 = 0.767). North-northwest surface winds have dominated the freezing period of sea water in the JZB, and wind speed has exerted a more significant influence on the formation of sea ice when the sea ice coverage has been generally small. Additionally, artificial factors began to affect the expansion of sea ice in JZB since 2007. The construction of the Jiao-Zhou-Bay Bridge(JZBB) is believed to have retarded water flow and reduced the tidal prism, thereby leading to the formation of an ice bridge along the JZBB, which effectively prevents the southward expansion of sea ice.
引文
Chander,G.,Markham,B.L.,and Helder,D.L.,2009.Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS,TM,ETM+,and EO-1 ALI sensors.Remote Sensing of Environment,113:893-903.
Han,X.,Chen,X.,and Feng,L.,2015.Four decades of winterwetland changes in Poyang Lake based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013.Remote Sensing of Environment,156:426-437.
Kang,D.,Im,J.,Lee,M.I.,and Quackenbush,L.J.,2014.The MODIS ice surface temperature product as an indicator of sea ice minimum over the Arctic Ocean.Remote Sensing of Environment,152:99-108.
Kaufman,Y.,Tanré,D.,Remer,L.A.,Vermote,E.,Chu,A.,and Holben,B.,1997.Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,102:17051-17067.
Li,P.,Li,G.,Qiao,L.,Chen,X.,Shi,J.,Gao,F.,Wang,N.,and Yue,S.,2014.Modeling the tidal dynamic changes induced by the bridge in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.Continental Shelf Research,84:43-53.
Ma,L.J.,Yang,X.G.,Qi,Y.L.,Liu,Y.X.,and Zhang,J.Z.,2014.Oceanic area change and contributing factor of Jiaozhou Bay.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34:365-369(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ning,L.,Xie,F.,Gu,W.,Xu,Y.,Huang,S.,Yuan,S.,Cui,W.,and Levy,J.,2009.Using remote sensing to estimate sea ice thickness in the Bohai Sea,China based on ice type.International Journal of Remote Sensing,30(17):4539-4552.
Shi,W.,and Wang,M.,2012a.Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua:1.Satellite algorithm development.Jounal of Marine Systems,95:32-40.
Shi,W.,and Wang,M.,2012b.Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua:2.Study of sea ice seasonal and interannual variability.Jounal of Marine Systems,95:41-49.
Song,Z.,Gong,L.,Chen,Q.,Gu,Z.,Gao,L.,and Huang,H.,2015.Influence on the environment of the coastal area in Jiaozhou Bay of China.Environmental Engineering and Management Journal,14(8):1897-1903.
Su,H.,and Wang,Y.,2012.Using MODIS data to estimate sea ice thickness in the Bohai Sea(China)in the 2009-2010 winter.Journal of Geophysical Research,117:C10018.
Su,H.,Wang,Y.,and Yang,J.,2012.Monitoring the spatiotemporal evolution of sea ice in the Bohai Sea in the 2009-2010 winter combining MODIS and meteorological data.Estuaries and Coasts,35:281-291.
Su,H.,Wang,Y.,Xiao,J.,and Li,L.,2013.Improving MODISsea ice detectability using gray level co-occurrence matrix texture analysis method:A case study in the Bohai Sea.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,85:13-20.
Wang,X.,Liu,X.,Liang,S.,and Shi,X.,2009.The effect of brine discharged from desalination plant on the distribution of the salinity in the Jiaozhou Bay.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31(1):44-51(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,F.,Gu,W.,Ha,S.,Cui,W.,Chen,W.,Zhou,C.,Huang,S.,and Liu,Z.,2006.An experimental study on the spectral characteristics of one year-old sea ice in the Bohai Sea,China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,27(14):3057-3063.
Yang,D.,Gao,Z.,Chen,V.,Wang,P.,and Sun,P.,2004a.Influence of seawater temperature on phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay,China.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2:165-175
Yang,S.,Meng,Y.,and Zhang,J.,2004b.Suspended particulate matter in Jiaozhou Bay:Properties and variations in response to hydrodynamics and pollution.Chinese Science Bulletin,49(1):91-97.
Yuan,B.,Cong,C.,Shang,J.,and Li,K.,2015.The research of sea ice in Jiaozhou Bay and its prevention countermeasures.Ocean Development and Management,8:35-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,S.,Gu,W.,Xu,Y.,Wang,P.,Huang,S.,Le,Z.,and Cong,J.,2012.The estimate of sea ice resources quantity in the Bohai Sea based on NOAA/AVHRR data.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31(1):33-40.
Yuan,Y.,Song,D.,Wu,W.,Liang,S.,Wang,Y.,and Ren,Z.,2016.The impact of anthropogenic activities on marine environment in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China:A review and a case study.Regional Studies in Marine Science,8:287-296.
Zhang,N.,Wu,Y.,and Zhang,Q.,2016.Forecasting the evolution of the sea ice in the Liaodong Bay using meteorological data.Cold Regions Science and Technology,125:21-30.
Zhang,Q.,1986.The relationship between Bohai sea ice and its meteorological conditions.Marine Forecast,3(1):49-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,W.,Chi,W.,Hu,Z.,Liu,J.,and Zhang,Y.,2015.Numerical study on the effect of the Jiaozhou Bay bridge construction on the hydrodynamic conditions in the surrounding sea area.Coastal Engineering,34(2):40-50.
Zhao,K.,Qiao,L.,Shi,J.,He,S.,Li,G.,and Yin,P.,2015.Evolution of sedimentary dynamic environment in the western Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China in the last 30 years.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,163:244-253.
Han,X.,Chen,X.,and Feng,L.,2015.Four decades of winterwetland changes in Poyang Lake based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013.Remote Sensing of Environment,156:426-437.
Kang,D.,Im,J.,Lee,M.I.,and Quackenbush,L.J.,2014.The MODIS ice surface temperature product as an indicator of sea ice minimum over the Arctic Ocean.Remote Sensing of Environment,152:99-108.
Kaufman,Y.,Tanré,D.,Remer,L.A.,Vermote,E.,Chu,A.,and Holben,B.,1997.Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,102:17051-17067.
Li,P.,Li,G.,Qiao,L.,Chen,X.,Shi,J.,Gao,F.,Wang,N.,and Yue,S.,2014.Modeling the tidal dynamic changes induced by the bridge in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.Continental Shelf Research,84:43-53.
Ma,L.J.,Yang,X.G.,Qi,Y.L.,Liu,Y.X.,and Zhang,J.Z.,2014.Oceanic area change and contributing factor of Jiaozhou Bay.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34:365-369(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ning,L.,Xie,F.,Gu,W.,Xu,Y.,Huang,S.,Yuan,S.,Cui,W.,and Levy,J.,2009.Using remote sensing to estimate sea ice thickness in the Bohai Sea,China based on ice type.International Journal of Remote Sensing,30(17):4539-4552.
Shi,W.,and Wang,M.,2012a.Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua:1.Satellite algorithm development.Jounal of Marine Systems,95:32-40.
Shi,W.,and Wang,M.,2012b.Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua:2.Study of sea ice seasonal and interannual variability.Jounal of Marine Systems,95:41-49.
Song,Z.,Gong,L.,Chen,Q.,Gu,Z.,Gao,L.,and Huang,H.,2015.Influence on the environment of the coastal area in Jiaozhou Bay of China.Environmental Engineering and Management Journal,14(8):1897-1903.
Su,H.,and Wang,Y.,2012.Using MODIS data to estimate sea ice thickness in the Bohai Sea(China)in the 2009-2010 winter.Journal of Geophysical Research,117:C10018.
Su,H.,Wang,Y.,and Yang,J.,2012.Monitoring the spatiotemporal evolution of sea ice in the Bohai Sea in the 2009-2010 winter combining MODIS and meteorological data.Estuaries and Coasts,35:281-291.
Su,H.,Wang,Y.,Xiao,J.,and Li,L.,2013.Improving MODISsea ice detectability using gray level co-occurrence matrix texture analysis method:A case study in the Bohai Sea.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,85:13-20.
Wang,X.,Liu,X.,Liang,S.,and Shi,X.,2009.The effect of brine discharged from desalination plant on the distribution of the salinity in the Jiaozhou Bay.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31(1):44-51(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie,F.,Gu,W.,Ha,S.,Cui,W.,Chen,W.,Zhou,C.,Huang,S.,and Liu,Z.,2006.An experimental study on the spectral characteristics of one year-old sea ice in the Bohai Sea,China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,27(14):3057-3063.
Yang,D.,Gao,Z.,Chen,V.,Wang,P.,and Sun,P.,2004a.Influence of seawater temperature on phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay,China.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,2:165-175
Yang,S.,Meng,Y.,and Zhang,J.,2004b.Suspended particulate matter in Jiaozhou Bay:Properties and variations in response to hydrodynamics and pollution.Chinese Science Bulletin,49(1):91-97.
Yuan,B.,Cong,C.,Shang,J.,and Li,K.,2015.The research of sea ice in Jiaozhou Bay and its prevention countermeasures.Ocean Development and Management,8:35-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,S.,Gu,W.,Xu,Y.,Wang,P.,Huang,S.,Le,Z.,and Cong,J.,2012.The estimate of sea ice resources quantity in the Bohai Sea based on NOAA/AVHRR data.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31(1):33-40.
Yuan,Y.,Song,D.,Wu,W.,Liang,S.,Wang,Y.,and Ren,Z.,2016.The impact of anthropogenic activities on marine environment in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China:A review and a case study.Regional Studies in Marine Science,8:287-296.
Zhang,N.,Wu,Y.,and Zhang,Q.,2016.Forecasting the evolution of the sea ice in the Liaodong Bay using meteorological data.Cold Regions Science and Technology,125:21-30.
Zhang,Q.,1986.The relationship between Bohai sea ice and its meteorological conditions.Marine Forecast,3(1):49-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,W.,Chi,W.,Hu,Z.,Liu,J.,and Zhang,Y.,2015.Numerical study on the effect of the Jiaozhou Bay bridge construction on the hydrodynamic conditions in the surrounding sea area.Coastal Engineering,34(2):40-50.
Zhao,K.,Qiao,L.,Shi,J.,He,S.,Li,G.,and Yin,P.,2015.Evolution of sedimentary dynamic environment in the western Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China in the last 30 years.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,163:244-253.