Regulating the morphology of fluorinated non-fullerene acceptor and polymer donor via binary solvent mixture for high efficiency polymer solar cells
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摘要
Fluorinated non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs) usually have planar backbone and a higher tendency to crystallize compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which leads to enhanced charge mobility in organic solar cells(OSCs). However, this selforganization behavior may result in excessive phase separation with electron donors and thereby deteriorate device efficiency.Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach to tune the molecular organization of a fluorinated NFA(INPIC-4 F), and its phase separation with the donor PBDB-T, by varying the casting solvent. A prolonged film drying time encourages the crystallization of INPIC-4 F into spherulites and consequently results in excessive phase separation, leading to a low device power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.1%. Contrarily, a drying time leads to fine mixed domains with inefficient charge transport properties,resulting in a moderate device PCE of 11.4%. An intermediate film drying time results in the formation of face-on π-π stacked PBDB-T and INPIC-4 F domains with continuous phase-separated networks, which facilitates light absorption, exciton dissociation as well as balanced charge transport towards the electrode, and achieves a remarkable PCE of 13.1%. This work provides a rational guide for optimizing the molecular ordering of NFAs and electron donors for high device efficiency.
Fluorinated non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs) usually have planar backbone and a higher tendency to crystallize compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which leads to enhanced charge mobility in organic solar cells(OSCs). However, this selforganization behavior may result in excessive phase separation with electron donors and thereby deteriorate device efficiency.Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach to tune the molecular organization of a fluorinated NFA(INPIC-4 F), and its phase separation with the donor PBDB-T, by varying the casting solvent. A prolonged film drying time encourages the crystallization of INPIC-4 F into spherulites and consequently results in excessive phase separation, leading to a low device power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.1%. Contrarily, a drying time leads to fine mixed domains with inefficient charge transport properties,resulting in a moderate device PCE of 11.4%. An intermediate film drying time results in the formation of face-on π-π stacked PBDB-T and INPIC-4 F domains with continuous phase-separated networks, which facilitates light absorption, exciton dissociation as well as balanced charge transport towards the electrode, and achieves a remarkable PCE of 13.1%. This work provides a rational guide for optimizing the molecular ordering of NFAs and electron donors for high device efficiency.
Fluorinated non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs) usually have planar backbone and a higher tendency to crystallize compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which leads to enhanced charge mobility in organic solar cells(OSCs). However, this selforganization behavior may result in excessive phase separation with electron donors and thereby deteriorate device efficiency.Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach to tune the molecular organization of a fluorinated NFA(INPIC-4 F), and its phase separation with the donor PBDB-T, by varying the casting solvent. A prolonged film drying time encourages the crystallization of INPIC-4 F into spherulites and consequently results in excessive phase separation, leading to a low device power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.1%. Contrarily, a drying time leads to fine mixed domains with inefficient charge transport properties,resulting in a moderate device PCE of 11.4%. An intermediate film drying time results in the formation of face-on π-π stacked PBDB-T and INPIC-4 F domains with continuous phase-separated networks, which facilitates light absorption, exciton dissociation as well as balanced charge transport towards the electrode, and achieves a remarkable PCE of 13.1%. This work provides a rational guide for optimizing the molecular ordering of NFAs and electron donors for high device efficiency.
引文
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45 Müller-Buschbaum P. Adv Mater, 2014, 26:7692–7709
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47 Yang J, Uddin MA, Tang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Su H, Gao R, Chen ZK, Dai J, Woo HY, Guo X. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10:23235–23246
48 Li W, Cai J, Cai F, Yan Y, Yi H, Gurney RS, Liu D, Iraqi A, Wang T.Nano Energy, 2018, 44:155–163
49 He Z, Zhong C, Huang X, Wong WY, Wu H, Chen L, Su S, Cao Y.Adv Mater, 2011, 23:4636–4643
50 Xie Y, Zhou W, Yin J, Hu X, Zhang L, Meng X, Ai Q, Chen Y. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4:6158–6166
51 An Q, Zhang F, Gao W, Sun Q, Zhang M, Yang C, Zhang J. Nano Energy, 2018, 45:177–183
52 Guo X, Zhang M, Tan J, Zhang S, Huo L, Hu W, Li Y, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2012, 24:6536–6541
53 Li W, Yan Y, Gong Y, Cai J, Cai F, Gurney RS, Liu D, Pearson AJ,Lidzey DG, Wang T. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28:1704212
54 Koster LJA, Mihailetchi VD, Xie H, Blom PWM. Appl Phys Lett,2005, 87:203502
55 Ye L, Xie Y, Weng K, Ryu HS, Li C, Cai Y, Fu H, Wei D, Woo HY,Tan S, Sun Y. Nano Energy, 2019, 58:220–226
56 Kan B, Zhang J, Liu F, Wan X, Li C, Ke X, Wang Y, Feng H, Zhang Y, Long G, Friend RH, Bakulin AA, Chen Y. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1704904
57 Zheng Y, Goh T, Fan P, Shi W, Yu J, Taylor AD. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8:15724–15731
58 Xiao B, Zhang M, Yan J, Luo G, Gao K, Liu J, You Q, Wang HB, Gao C, Zhao B, Zhao X, Wu H, Liu F. Nano Energy, 2017, 39:478–488
2 Heeger AJ. Adv Mater, 2014, 26:10–28
3 Li W, Ye L, Li S, Yao H, Ade H, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1707170
4 Zhou Y, Li M, Song J, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yang L, Zhang Z, Bo Z, Wang H. Nano Energy, 2018, 45:10–20
5 Zhang J, Yan C, Wang W, Xiao Y, Lu X, Barlow S, Parker TC, Zhan X, Marder SR. Chem Mater, 2018, 30:309–313
6 Luo Z, Bin H, Liu T, Zhang ZG, Yang Y, Zhong C, Qiu B, Li G, Gao W, Xie D, Wu K, Sun Y, Liu F, Li Y, Yang C. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1706124
7 Li C, Xie Y, Fan B, Han G, Yi Y, Sun Y. J Mater Chem C, 2018, 6:4873–4877
8 Fan B, Zhang D, Li M, Zhong W, Zhao Z, Ying L, Huang F, Cao Y. Sci China Chem, 2019, 62, doi:10.1007/s11426-019-9457-5
9 Nielsen CB, Holliday S, Chen HY, Cryer SJ, McCulloch I. Acc Chem Res, 2015, 48:2803–2812
10 Lin Y, Wang J, Dai S, Li Y, Zhu D, Zhan X. Adv Energy Mater, 2014,4:1400420
11 Li S, Ye L, Zhao W, Liu X, Zhu J, Ade H, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2017, 29:1704051
12 Lopez SA, Sanchez-Lengeling B, de Goes Soares J, Aspuru-Guzik A.Joule, 2017, 1:857–870
13 Cui Y, Zhang S, Liang N, Kong J, Yang C, Yao H, Ma L, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1802499
14 Zhang Z, Feng L, Xu S, Liu Y, Peng H, Zhang ZG, Li Y, Zou Y. Adv Sci, 2017, 4:1700152
15 Lin Y, Wang J, Zhang ZG, Bai H, Li Y, Zhu D, Zhan X. Adv Mater,2015, 27:1170–1174
16 Zhao W, Qian D, Zhang S, Li S, Ingan?s O, Gao F, Hou J. Adv Mater,2016, 28:4734–4739
17 Min J, Cui C, Heumueller T, Fladischer S, Cheng X, Spiecker E, Li Y,Brabec CJ. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6:1600515
18 Chao P, Wang H, Qu S, Mo D, Meng H, Chen W, He F. Macromolecules, 2017, 50:9617–9625
19 Wu Y, An C, Shi L, Yang L, Qin Y, Liang N, He C, Wang Z, Hou J.Angew Chem Int Ed, 2018, 57:12911–12915
20 Tang LM, Xiao J, Bai WY, Li QY, Wang HC, Miao MS, Yip HL, Xu YX. Org Electron, 2019, 64:1–6
21 Chen HY, Hou J, Zhang S, Liang Y, Yang G, Yang Y, Yu L, Wu Y, Li G. Nat Photon, 2009, 3:649–653
22 Fan Q, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wu B, Guo X, Jiang Y, Li W, Guo B, Ye C,Su W, Fang J, Ou X, Liu F, Wei Z, Sum TC, Russell TP, Li Y. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1704546
23 Ke X, Kan B, Wan X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Chen Y. Dye Pigment,2018, 155:241–248
24 Kini GP, Choi JY, Jeon SJ, Suh IS, Moon DK. Polymer, 2018, 148:330 –338
25 Zhao F, Dai S, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Jiang L, Ling Q, Wei Z, Ma W, You W, Wang C, Zhan X. Adv Mater, 2017, 29:1700144
26 Zhang Q, Kelly MA, Bauer N, You W. Acc Chem Res, 2017, 50:2401–2409
27 Dai S, Zhao F, Zhang Q, Lau TK, Li T, Liu K, Ling Q, Wang C, Lu X,You W, Zhan X. J Am Chem Soc, 2017, 139:1336–1343
28 Zhang Y, Yao H, Zhang S, Qin Y, Zhang J, Yang L, Li W, Wei Z, Gao F, Hou J. Sci China Chem, 2018, 61:1328–1337
29 Zhao W, Li S, Yao H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yang B, Hou J. J Am Chem Soc, 2017, 139:7148–7151
30 Fan Q, Su W, Wang Y, Guo B, Jiang Y, Guo X, Liu F, Russell TP,Zhang M, Li Y. Sci China Chem, 2018, 61:531–537
31 Yao H, Cui Y, Yu R, Gao B, Zhang H, Hou J. Angew Chem Int Ed,2017, 56:3045–3049
32 Yao H, Chen Y, Qin Y, Yu R, Cui Y, Yang B, Li S, Zhang K, Hou J.Adv Mater, 2016, 28:8283–8287
33 Song X, Gasparini N, Ye L, Yao H, Hou J, Ade H, Baran D. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3:669–676
34 Guo X, Zhang M, Ma W, Ye L, Zhang S, Liu S, Ade H, Huang F, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2014, 26:4043–4049
35 Guo X, Cui C, Zhang M, Huo L, Huang Y, Hou J, Li Y. Energy Environ Sci, 2012, 5:7943–7949
36 Wan Q, Guo X, Wang Z, Li W, Guo B, Ma W, Zhang M, Li Y. Adv Funct Mater, 2016, 26:6635–6640
37 Guo X, Zhang M, Ma W, Zhang S, Hou J, Li Y. RCS Adv, 2016, 6:51924–51931
38 Ye L, Zhang S, Ma W, Fan B, Guo X, Huang Y, Ade H, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2012, 24:6335–6341
39 Yao Y, Hou J, Xu Z, Li G, Yang Y. Adv Funct Mater, 2008, 18:1783–1789
40 Qian D, Ye L, Zhang M, Liang Y, Li L, Huang Y, Guo X, Zhang S,Tan Z, Hou J. Macromolecules, 2012, 45:9611–9617
41 Wu H, Fan H, Xu S, Zhang C, Chen S, Yang C, Chen D, Liu F, Zhu X.Sol RRL, 2017, 1:1700165
42 Sun J, Ma X, Zhang Z, Yu J, Zhou J, Yin X, Yang L, Geng R, Zhu R,Zhang F, Tang W. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1707150
43 Li W, Cai J, Yan Y, Cai F, Li S, Gurney RS, Liu D, McGettrick JD,Watson TM, Li Z, Pearson AJ, Lidzey DG, Hou J, Wang T. Sol RRL,2018, 2:1800114
44 Li W, Chen M, Zhang Z, Cai J, Zhang H, Gurney RS, Liu D, Yu J,Tang W, Wang T. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 6:1807662
45 Müller-Buschbaum P. Adv Mater, 2014, 26:7692–7709
46 Lee J, Ko SJ, Seifrid M, Lee H, McDowell C, Luginbuhl BR, Karki A,Cho K, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8:1801209
47 Yang J, Uddin MA, Tang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Su H, Gao R, Chen ZK, Dai J, Woo HY, Guo X. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10:23235–23246
48 Li W, Cai J, Cai F, Yan Y, Yi H, Gurney RS, Liu D, Iraqi A, Wang T.Nano Energy, 2018, 44:155–163
49 He Z, Zhong C, Huang X, Wong WY, Wu H, Chen L, Su S, Cao Y.Adv Mater, 2011, 23:4636–4643
50 Xie Y, Zhou W, Yin J, Hu X, Zhang L, Meng X, Ai Q, Chen Y. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4:6158–6166
51 An Q, Zhang F, Gao W, Sun Q, Zhang M, Yang C, Zhang J. Nano Energy, 2018, 45:177–183
52 Guo X, Zhang M, Tan J, Zhang S, Huo L, Hu W, Li Y, Hou J. Adv Mater, 2012, 24:6536–6541
53 Li W, Yan Y, Gong Y, Cai J, Cai F, Gurney RS, Liu D, Pearson AJ,Lidzey DG, Wang T. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28:1704212
54 Koster LJA, Mihailetchi VD, Xie H, Blom PWM. Appl Phys Lett,2005, 87:203502
55 Ye L, Xie Y, Weng K, Ryu HS, Li C, Cai Y, Fu H, Wei D, Woo HY,Tan S, Sun Y. Nano Energy, 2019, 58:220–226
56 Kan B, Zhang J, Liu F, Wan X, Li C, Ke X, Wang Y, Feng H, Zhang Y, Long G, Friend RH, Bakulin AA, Chen Y. Adv Mater, 2018, 30:1704904
57 Zheng Y, Goh T, Fan P, Shi W, Yu J, Taylor AD. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2016, 8:15724–15731
58 Xiao B, Zhang M, Yan J, Luo G, Gao K, Liu J, You Q, Wang HB, Gao C, Zhao B, Zhao X, Wu H, Liu F. Nano Energy, 2017, 39:478–488