旧石器时代旷野遗址形成过程研究综述
|
摘要
遗址形成过程(或成因)研究是以地质考古学的研究手段为出发点,解读古人类遗址的形成和埋藏过程,其研究结果对正确解读遗址完整性和早期人类生存行为具有重要意义。该研究方向在中国尚未引起足够重视,这在一定程度上降低了我国古人类学和旧石器时代考古学学术研究的国际影响力。鉴于旷野遗址在保存早期人类化石及遗物方面的特殊地位,本文以地质考古学为出发点,系统分析有关旷野遗址形成过程研究所涉及的科学问题,对Glynn Isaac在东非创立的一套系统解读旷野遗址形成过程研究所涉及的指标进行梳理。此外,作者以古人类活动遗物的埋藏和空间分布特征为切入点,详细介绍目前从事旷野遗址成因研究所涉及的关键指标及学术意义,并对中国境内有关遗址成因研究以及旷野遗址形成过程研究的历史与现状进行讨论。
The study of site formation processes is an important field of research in archaeological geology or geoarchaeology, which enables to explore the formation and depositional processes of early human sites. Understanding of formation processes bears great significance on the interpretation of site integrity and early human adaptive behavior. However,new developments on the study of site formation processes have not received enough attention in paleoanthropological research in China. To a certain extent, this shortcoming has reduced the impact of Chinese paleoanthropological and paleolithic research in the international area.Considering the special relevance of open-air sites in preserving early human fossils and archaeological remains, this paper aims to highlight the importance of geoarchaeology as starting point in any archaeological research, and presents a state of the art on the research in open-air site formation processes. Concepts and models developed by Glynn Isaac to classify eastern African assemblages are discussed. After evaluating the taphonomic proxies and spatial patterns as foundations for research in site formation processes, the key features of assemblages(i.e. edge damage, technological composition, artifact size distribution, refitted data, artifact density, cluster analysis, digital elevation model, fabric analysis, etc.) retrieved during archaeological research,as well as their scientific significance, are discussed in this paper. Alongside, a review and discussion of the history and current status of the studies of site formation processes in Chinese paleoanthropological research are also proposed by the author in the current paper.
The study of site formation processes is an important field of research in archaeological geology or geoarchaeology, which enables to explore the formation and depositional processes of early human sites. Understanding of formation processes bears great significance on the interpretation of site integrity and early human adaptive behavior. However,new developments on the study of site formation processes have not received enough attention in paleoanthropological research in China. To a certain extent, this shortcoming has reduced the impact of Chinese paleoanthropological and paleolithic research in the international area.Considering the special relevance of open-air sites in preserving early human fossils and archaeological remains, this paper aims to highlight the importance of geoarchaeology as starting point in any archaeological research, and presents a state of the art on the research in open-air site formation processes. Concepts and models developed by Glynn Isaac to classify eastern African assemblages are discussed. After evaluating the taphonomic proxies and spatial patterns as foundations for research in site formation processes, the key features of assemblages(i.e. edge damage, technological composition, artifact size distribution, refitted data, artifact density, cluster analysis, digital elevation model, fabric analysis, etc.) retrieved during archaeological research,as well as their scientific significance, are discussed in this paper. Alongside, a review and discussion of the history and current status of the studies of site formation processes in Chinese paleoanthropological research are also proposed by the author in the current paper.
引文
[1]Leakey LSB.Olduvai Gorge:A Preliminary Report on the Geology and Fauna,1951-61[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1967:1-117
[2]Goldberg P,Sherwood SC.Deciphering human prehistory through the geoarchaeological study of cave sediments[J].Evolutionary Anthropology,2006,15:20-36
[3]O′Connor S,Barham A,Aplin K,et al.Cave stratigraphies and cave breccias:Implications for sediment accumulation and removal models and interpreting the record of human occupation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2017,77:143-159
[4]Morton AGT.Archaeological Site Formation:Understanding Lake Margin Contexts[M].Oxford:BAR International Series 1211,2004
[5]Petraglia MD,Potts R.The impact of fluvial processes on experimental sites[C].In:Nash DT,and Petraglia MD,(eds),Natural Formation Process and the Archaeological Record[M].Oxford:BAR International Series,352,1987,108-130
[6]Kuman K.Site formation in the early South African Stone Age sites and its influence on the archaeological record[J].South African Journal of Science,2003,99:251-254
[7]Schiffer MB.Formation process of the archaeological record[J].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1987
[8]Pei WC.An account of the discovery of an adult Sinanthropus skull in the Choukoutien deposits[J].Bulletin of Geologocal Society of China,1929,8(3):203-205
[9]Teilhard de Chardin P,Pei WC.The lithic industry of the Sinanthropus deposits in Choukoutien[J].Bulletin of Geologocal Society of China,1932,11(4):317-358
[10]吴汝康,任美锷,朱显谟,等.北京猿人遗址综合研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1985,1-267
[11]Binford LR,Ho CK.Taphonomy at a distance:Zhoukoudian,“the cave home of Beijing man?”[J].Current Anthropology,1985,26:413-442
[12]Binford LR,Stone NM.Zhoukoudian:a closer look[J].Current Anthropology,1986,27:453-475
[13]H?usler H.Did anthropogeology anticipate the idea of the Anthropocene[J].The Anthropocene Review,2017,5(1):69-86
[14]Kasig A.Anthropogeologie-Eine neue wichtige Forschungsrichtung innerhalb der Geowissenschaften[J].Nachrichten der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft,1979,21:61-67
[15]Ghilardi M,Desruelles S.Geoarchaeology:where human,social and earth sciences meet with technology[J].SAPIENS,2008,1(2):1-9
[16]Rapp G,Hill CL.Geoarchaeology:The earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation(2nd edition)[M].New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2006
[17]Isaac GL.Towards the interpretation of occupation debris:some experiments and observations[J].Kroeber Anthropology Society Paper,1967,37:31-57
[18]Schick KD.1986.Stone Age Sites in the Making:Experiments in the formation and transformation of archaeological occurrences[M].Oxford:BAR International Series,319,1986,1-313
[19]Schick KD.Modeling the formation of early stone artifact concentration[J].Journal of Human Evolution,1987,16:789-807
[20]Petraglia MD,Potts R.Water flow and the formation of Early Pleistocene artifact sites in Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,1994,13:228-254
[21]Isaac GL.Bones in contention:competing explanations for the juxtaposition of Early Pleistocene artefacts and faunal remains[C]In:CluttonBrock J,Grigson C(eds).Animals and Archaeology,Vol.1.Hunters and their Prey[M].Oxford:BAR International Series 163,1983,3-19
[22]Malinsky-Buller A,Hovers E,Marder O.Making time:‘Living floors’,‘palimpsests’and site formation processes-A perspective from the open-air Lower Paleolithic site of Revadim Quarry,Israel[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2011,30:89-101
[23]Harris JWK.The Karari Industry:Its place in East African prehistory[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1978
[24]Potts R.Lower Pleistocene site formation and hominid activities at Olduvai George[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,Harvard University,1982
[25]Schick KD.Geoarchaeological analysis of an Acheulean site at Kalambo Falls,Zambia[J].Geoarchaeology,1992,7:1-16
[26]Sahnouni M.The Lower Paleolithic of the Maghreb:excavations and analysis at Ain Hanech,Algeria[J].Oxford:BARInternational Series,689,1998,1-162
[27]Hovers E.Treading carefully:Site formation processes and Pliocene lithic technology[C].In:Martinez J,Mora R,de la Torre I.(eds),Oldowan:rather more than smashing stone[A].Bellaterra:First Hominid Technology Workshop,2003,145-164
[28]Domínguez-Rodrigo M,Barba R,Egeland CP.Deconstructing Olduvai:A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites[M].Springer,Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Series,2007,1-337
[29]Benito-Calvo A,Martínez-Moreno J,Jorda Pardo JF,et al.Sedimentological and archaeological fabrics in Palaeolithic levels of the SouthEastern Pyrenees:Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous Sites(Lleida,Spain)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36:2566-2577
[30]Marder O,Malinsky-Buller A,Shahack-Gross R,et al.Archaeological horizons and fluvial processes at the Lower Paleolithic openair site of Revadim(Israel)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60:508-522
[31]de la Torre I,Benito-Calvo A,Proffitt T.The impact of hydraulic processes in Olduvai Beds I and II,Tanzania,through a particle dimension analysis of stone tool assemblages[J].Geoarchaeology,2018,33(2):218-306
[32]Hassan FA.Sediments in Archaeology:methods and implications for paleoenvironmental and cultural analysis[J].Journal of Field Archaeology,1978,5:197-213
[33]Conolly J,Lake M.Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006
[34]Kvamme KL.Recent directions and developments in geographical information systems[J].Journal of Archaeological Research,1999,7(2):164-167
[35]Ihaka R,Gentleman R.R:A language for data analysis and graphics[J].Journal of Computational&Graphical Statistics,1996,5:299-314
[36]Visher GS.Grain size distributions and depositional processes[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1969,39:1077-1106
[37]Thompson R,Bloemendal J,Dearing JA,et al.Environmental application of magnetic measurements[J].Science,1980,207:481-486
[38]Maher BA,Thompson R.Paleorainfall reconstruction from pedogenic magnetic susceptibility variations in the Chinese Loess and paleosols[J].Quaternary Research,1995,44(3):383-391
[39]Bullock P,Fedoroff N,Jongerius A,et al.Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description[M].England:Waine Research Publication,1985
[40]Yemane K,Kahr G,Kelts K.Imprints of post glacial climates and palaeogeography in the detrital clay mineral assemblage of an Upper Permian fluviolacustrine Gondwana deposit from northern Malawi[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1996,125(1-4):2-49
[41]Harnois L.The CIW Index:A new chemical index of weathering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1988,55(3-4):319-322
[42]Bjorck S,Olsson S,Evans CE,et al.Late Holocene palaeoclimatic records from lake sediments on James Ross Island,Antarctica[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1996,121(3-4):195-220
[43]Isaac GL.The archaeology of human origins:Studies of the Lower Pleistocene in East Africa 1971-1981[C].In:Wendorf F,and Close A(eds).Advances in world archaeology,Vol.3[M].New York:Academic Press,1984,1-87
[44]de la Torre I.The Early Stone Age lithic assemblages of Gadeb(Ethiopia)and the Developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60:768-812
[45]Pei SW,Niu DW,Guan Y,et al.The earliest Late Paleolithic in North China:Site formation processes at Shuidonggou Locality 7[J].Quaternary International,2014,347:122-132
[46]Pei SW,Xie F,Deng CL,et al.Early Pleistocene archaeological occurrences at the Feiliang site,and the archaeology of human origins in the Nihewan Basin,North China[J].Plos One,2017,12(11):e0187251
[47]Pei SW,Niu DW,Guan Y,et al.Middle Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region,Central China:studies of formation processes and stone technology of Maling 2A site[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2015,53:391-407
[48]Sahnouni M,Heinzelin J.The site of Ain Hanech revisited:new investigations at this Lower Pleistocene site in North Algeria[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1998,25:1083-1101
[49]Shea JJ.Artifact abrasion,fluvial processes,and“living floors”from the Early Paleolithic site of‘Ubeidiya(Jordan Valley,Israel)[J].Geoarchaeology,1999,14:191-207
[50]Levi Sala I.Use wear and post-depositional surface modification:A word of caution[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1986,13:229-244
[51]de la Torre I,Wehr K.Site formation processes of the early Acheulean assemblage at EF-HR(Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2018,120:298-328
[52]Sitzia L,Bertran P,Boulogne S,et al.The Paleoenvironment and Lithic Taphonomy of Shi’Bat Dihya 1,a Middle Paleolithic Site in Wadi Surdud,Yemen[J].Geoarchaeology,2012,27:471-491
[53]Villa P.Conjoinable Pieces and Site Formation Processes[J].American Antiquity,1982,47:276-290
[54]Peter B.Obviously sequential but continuous or staged?Refits and cognition in three late Paleolithic assemblages from Japan[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2002,21(3):329-343
[55]Collcutt SN,Barton RNE,Bergman CA.Refitting in context:A taphonomic case study from a Late Upper Palaeolithic site in sands on Hengistbury Head,Dorset(Great Britain)[C].In:Cziesla E,Eickhoff S,Arts N,et al.(Eds.),The Big Puzzle:International Symposium on Refitting Stone Artefacts,Monrepos 1987[A].Bonn:Holos,1990,219-235
[56]Villa P.Taphonomy and stratigraphy in European prehistory[J].Before Farming:The Archaeology and Anthropology of HunterGatherers,2004(1):1-20
[57]Sisk ML,Shea JJ.Intrasite spatial variation of the Omo Kibish Middle Stone Age assembalges:Artifact refitting and distribution patterns[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2008,55:486-500
[58]Clark JD,Kurashina H.Hominid occupation of the east-central Highlands of Ethiopia in the Plio-Pleistocene[J].Nature,1979,282:33-39.
[59]Katsianis M,Tsipidis S,Kotsakis K,et al.A 3D digital workflow for archeological intra-site research using GIS[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2008,35:655-667
[60]Lenoble A,Bertran P.Fabric of Paleolithic levels:Methods and implications for site formation process[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2004,31:457-469
[61]Kluskens SL.Archaeological taphonomy of Combe-Capelle Bas from artifact orientation and density analysis[C].In:Dibble HL,Lenoir M(Eds).The Middle Paleolithic Site of Combe-Capelle Bas(France)[M].Philadelphia:The University Museum Press,1995,199-243
[62]Bernatchez JA.Taphonomic implications of orientation of plotted finds from Pinnacle Point 13B(Mossel Bay,Western Cape Province,South Africa)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2010,59:274-288
[63]Benito-Calvo A,Martínez-Moreno J,JordáPardo JF,et al.Sedimentological and archaeological fabrics in Palaeolithic levels of the SouthEastern Pyrenees:Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous Sites(Lleida,Spain)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36:2566-2577
[64]McPherron SJP.Artifact orientation and site formation processes from total station proveniences[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1003-1014
[65]Benito-Calvo A,de la Torre I.Analysis of orientation patterns in Olduvai Bed I assemblage using GIS techniques:Implications for site formation processes[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,61:50-60
[66]de la Torre I,Benito-Calvo A.Application of GIS methods to retrieve orientation patterns from imagery:a case study from Beds Iand II,Olduvai Gorge(Tanzania)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2013,40:2446-2457
[67]Clark JG.Excavation at Star Carr:An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer near Scarborough,Yorkshire[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1954
[68]Leakey MD.Olduvai Gorge,Volume 3:Excavations in Beds I and II,1960-1963[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971
[69]Isaac G Ll.The diet of early man:Aspects of archaeological evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene sites in Africa[J].World Archaeology,1971,2:278-299
[70]Isaac G Ll.The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids[J].Scientific American,1978,238:90-108
[71]Stekelis M.Archaeological excavations at‘Ubeidiya,1960-1963[M].Jerusalem:Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,1966
[72]Bar-Yosef O,Goren-Inbar N.The lithic assemblages of‘Ubeidiya[M].Jerusalem:Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology,1993
[73]Bar-Yosef O,Tchernov E.On the Palaeo-ecological history of the site of‘Ubeidiya”[M].Jerusalem:Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,1972
[74]de la Torrea I,Mora R.Unmodified lithic material at Olduvai Bed I:manuports or ecofacts?[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:273-285
[75]Bunn HT,Mabulla AZP,Domínguez-Rodrigo M,et al.Was FLK North levels 1-2 a classic“living floor”of Oldowan hominins or a taphonomically complex palimpsest dominated by large carnivore feeding behavior?[J].Quaternary Research,2010,74:355-362
[76]Domínguez-Rodrigo M,Barba R,Egeland CP.Deconstructing Olduvai:A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites[M].Springer,2007
[77]Villa P.Sols et niveaux d’habitat du paléolithique inférieur en Europe et au Proche Orient[J].Quaternaria,1976,19:107-134
[78]Bailey G.Time perspectives,palimpsests and the archaeology of time[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2007,26:198-223
[79]Bordes F.Sur la notion de sol d‘habitat en préhistoire paléolithique[J].Bulletin de la SociétéPréhistorique Fran?aise,1975,72:139-143
[80]Bordes F,Rigaud JP,Sonneville-Bordes D.Des buts,problèmes et limites de l’archéologie paléolithique[J].Quaternaria,1972,16:14-34
[81]Binford R.Bones:Ancient Men and Modern Myths[M].New York:Academic Press,1981
[82]刘泽纯,周春林.葫芦洞洞穴的成因及堆积演化过程[C]//吴汝康,李星学,吴新智等编,南京直立人[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2002,168-180
[83]李潇丽,高立红,张双权.周口店田园洞洞穴发育与充填序列探讨[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(6):1098-1105
[84]Goldberg P,Weiner S,Bar-Yosef O,et al.Site formation processes at Zhoukoudian,China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2001,41:483-530
[85]Boaz NT,Ciochonb RL,Xu QQ,et al.Mapping and taphonomic analysis of the Homo erectus loci at Locality 1 Zhoukoudian,China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2004,46:519-549
[86]张森水,吴玉书,于浅黎,等.铜梁旧石器遗址自然环境的探讨[J].古脊椎动物动物与古人类,1982,20(2):165-179
[87]尤玉柱.史前考古埋藏学概论[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:1-262
[88]谢飞,李珺.岑家湾旧石器时代早期文化遗物及地点性质的研究[J].人类学学报,1993,12(3):224-234
[89]谢飞,李珺.拼合研究在岑家湾遗址综合分析中的应用[J].文物世界,1995(1):25-38
[90]谢飞,凯西·石克,屠尼克,等.岑家湾遗址1986年出土石制品的拼合研究[J].文物世界,1994(3):86-102
[91]谢飞,李珺,成胜泉.飞梁遗址发掘报告[C]//河北省文物研究所编,河北省考古文集(第一辑)[M].上海:东方出版社,1998:1-29
[92]卫奇.泥河湾盆地半山早更新世旧石器遗址初探[J].人类学学报,1994,13(3):223-238
[93]卫奇.泥河湾盆地考古地质学框架[C]//童永生,张银运,吴文裕,等.演化的实证--纪念杨钟健教授百年诞辰论文集[A].北京:海洋出版社,1997,193-207
[94]张森水.丁村54:100地点石制品研究[J].人类学学报,1993,12(3):195-213
[95]王益人.从河流埋藏环境看丁村遗址群的文化性质--与张森水先生商榷[J].人类学学报,2002,21(2):158-169
[96]刘德银,王幼平.鸡公山遗址发掘初步报告[J].人类学学报,2001,20(2):102-114
[97]房迎三,黄蕴平,梁任又,等.安徽宁国毛竹山发现的旧石器早期遗存[J].人类学学报,2001,20(2):115-124
[98]刘东生.黄土石器工业[A]//徐钦琦,谢飞,王建.史前考古学新近展--庆祝贾兰坡院士九十华诞国际学术谈论会文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1999,52-62
[99]黄慰文.红土地质考古带与早期人类演化[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(5):481-487
[100]黄慰文.中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础[J].人类学学报,2000,19(4):269-283
[101]陈淳,沈辰,陈万勇,等.河北阳原小长梁遗址1998年发掘报告[J].人类学学报,1999,18(3):225-239
[102]陈淳.考古学理论[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,192-206
[103]李占扬,陈文利.许昌灵井旧石器遗址埋藏学观察[J].华夏考古,2007(4):130-136
[104]裴树文,贾真秀,马东东,等.泥河湾盆地麻地沟E5旧石器地点的遗址成因与石器技术[J].人类学学报,2016,35(4):493-508
[105]牛东伟.水洞沟遗址第7地点遗址成因与石器技术研究[D].中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2014,1-159
[106]贾真秀.泥河湾盆地早更新世古人类遗址成因与石器技术比较研究--以东谷坨、麻地沟和飞梁遗址为例[D].中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2018,1-256
[107]Li H,Li ZY,Lotter MG,et al.Formation processes at the early Late Pleistocene archaic human site of Lingjing,China[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2018,96:73-84
[108]李浩,李超荣,Kuman K.丹江口库区果茶场II旧石器遗址形成过程研究[J].江汉考古,2016(1):42-50
[2]Goldberg P,Sherwood SC.Deciphering human prehistory through the geoarchaeological study of cave sediments[J].Evolutionary Anthropology,2006,15:20-36
[3]O′Connor S,Barham A,Aplin K,et al.Cave stratigraphies and cave breccias:Implications for sediment accumulation and removal models and interpreting the record of human occupation[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2017,77:143-159
[4]Morton AGT.Archaeological Site Formation:Understanding Lake Margin Contexts[M].Oxford:BAR International Series 1211,2004
[5]Petraglia MD,Potts R.The impact of fluvial processes on experimental sites[C].In:Nash DT,and Petraglia MD,(eds),Natural Formation Process and the Archaeological Record[M].Oxford:BAR International Series,352,1987,108-130
[6]Kuman K.Site formation in the early South African Stone Age sites and its influence on the archaeological record[J].South African Journal of Science,2003,99:251-254
[7]Schiffer MB.Formation process of the archaeological record[J].Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1987
[8]Pei WC.An account of the discovery of an adult Sinanthropus skull in the Choukoutien deposits[J].Bulletin of Geologocal Society of China,1929,8(3):203-205
[9]Teilhard de Chardin P,Pei WC.The lithic industry of the Sinanthropus deposits in Choukoutien[J].Bulletin of Geologocal Society of China,1932,11(4):317-358
[10]吴汝康,任美锷,朱显谟,等.北京猿人遗址综合研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1985,1-267
[11]Binford LR,Ho CK.Taphonomy at a distance:Zhoukoudian,“the cave home of Beijing man?”[J].Current Anthropology,1985,26:413-442
[12]Binford LR,Stone NM.Zhoukoudian:a closer look[J].Current Anthropology,1986,27:453-475
[13]H?usler H.Did anthropogeology anticipate the idea of the Anthropocene[J].The Anthropocene Review,2017,5(1):69-86
[14]Kasig A.Anthropogeologie-Eine neue wichtige Forschungsrichtung innerhalb der Geowissenschaften[J].Nachrichten der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft,1979,21:61-67
[15]Ghilardi M,Desruelles S.Geoarchaeology:where human,social and earth sciences meet with technology[J].SAPIENS,2008,1(2):1-9
[16]Rapp G,Hill CL.Geoarchaeology:The earth-science approach to archaeological interpretation(2nd edition)[M].New Haven and London:Yale University Press,2006
[17]Isaac GL.Towards the interpretation of occupation debris:some experiments and observations[J].Kroeber Anthropology Society Paper,1967,37:31-57
[18]Schick KD.1986.Stone Age Sites in the Making:Experiments in the formation and transformation of archaeological occurrences[M].Oxford:BAR International Series,319,1986,1-313
[19]Schick KD.Modeling the formation of early stone artifact concentration[J].Journal of Human Evolution,1987,16:789-807
[20]Petraglia MD,Potts R.Water flow and the formation of Early Pleistocene artifact sites in Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,1994,13:228-254
[21]Isaac GL.Bones in contention:competing explanations for the juxtaposition of Early Pleistocene artefacts and faunal remains[C]In:CluttonBrock J,Grigson C(eds).Animals and Archaeology,Vol.1.Hunters and their Prey[M].Oxford:BAR International Series 163,1983,3-19
[22]Malinsky-Buller A,Hovers E,Marder O.Making time:‘Living floors’,‘palimpsests’and site formation processes-A perspective from the open-air Lower Paleolithic site of Revadim Quarry,Israel[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2011,30:89-101
[23]Harris JWK.The Karari Industry:Its place in East African prehistory[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley,1978
[24]Potts R.Lower Pleistocene site formation and hominid activities at Olduvai George[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,Harvard University,1982
[25]Schick KD.Geoarchaeological analysis of an Acheulean site at Kalambo Falls,Zambia[J].Geoarchaeology,1992,7:1-16
[26]Sahnouni M.The Lower Paleolithic of the Maghreb:excavations and analysis at Ain Hanech,Algeria[J].Oxford:BARInternational Series,689,1998,1-162
[27]Hovers E.Treading carefully:Site formation processes and Pliocene lithic technology[C].In:Martinez J,Mora R,de la Torre I.(eds),Oldowan:rather more than smashing stone[A].Bellaterra:First Hominid Technology Workshop,2003,145-164
[28]Domínguez-Rodrigo M,Barba R,Egeland CP.Deconstructing Olduvai:A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites[M].Springer,Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Series,2007,1-337
[29]Benito-Calvo A,Martínez-Moreno J,Jorda Pardo JF,et al.Sedimentological and archaeological fabrics in Palaeolithic levels of the SouthEastern Pyrenees:Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous Sites(Lleida,Spain)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36:2566-2577
[30]Marder O,Malinsky-Buller A,Shahack-Gross R,et al.Archaeological horizons and fluvial processes at the Lower Paleolithic openair site of Revadim(Israel)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60:508-522
[31]de la Torre I,Benito-Calvo A,Proffitt T.The impact of hydraulic processes in Olduvai Beds I and II,Tanzania,through a particle dimension analysis of stone tool assemblages[J].Geoarchaeology,2018,33(2):218-306
[32]Hassan FA.Sediments in Archaeology:methods and implications for paleoenvironmental and cultural analysis[J].Journal of Field Archaeology,1978,5:197-213
[33]Conolly J,Lake M.Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006
[34]Kvamme KL.Recent directions and developments in geographical information systems[J].Journal of Archaeological Research,1999,7(2):164-167
[35]Ihaka R,Gentleman R.R:A language for data analysis and graphics[J].Journal of Computational&Graphical Statistics,1996,5:299-314
[36]Visher GS.Grain size distributions and depositional processes[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1969,39:1077-1106
[37]Thompson R,Bloemendal J,Dearing JA,et al.Environmental application of magnetic measurements[J].Science,1980,207:481-486
[38]Maher BA,Thompson R.Paleorainfall reconstruction from pedogenic magnetic susceptibility variations in the Chinese Loess and paleosols[J].Quaternary Research,1995,44(3):383-391
[39]Bullock P,Fedoroff N,Jongerius A,et al.Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description[M].England:Waine Research Publication,1985
[40]Yemane K,Kahr G,Kelts K.Imprints of post glacial climates and palaeogeography in the detrital clay mineral assemblage of an Upper Permian fluviolacustrine Gondwana deposit from northern Malawi[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1996,125(1-4):2-49
[41]Harnois L.The CIW Index:A new chemical index of weathering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1988,55(3-4):319-322
[42]Bjorck S,Olsson S,Evans CE,et al.Late Holocene palaeoclimatic records from lake sediments on James Ross Island,Antarctica[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1996,121(3-4):195-220
[43]Isaac GL.The archaeology of human origins:Studies of the Lower Pleistocene in East Africa 1971-1981[C].In:Wendorf F,and Close A(eds).Advances in world archaeology,Vol.3[M].New York:Academic Press,1984,1-87
[44]de la Torre I.The Early Stone Age lithic assemblages of Gadeb(Ethiopia)and the Developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,60:768-812
[45]Pei SW,Niu DW,Guan Y,et al.The earliest Late Paleolithic in North China:Site formation processes at Shuidonggou Locality 7[J].Quaternary International,2014,347:122-132
[46]Pei SW,Xie F,Deng CL,et al.Early Pleistocene archaeological occurrences at the Feiliang site,and the archaeology of human origins in the Nihewan Basin,North China[J].Plos One,2017,12(11):e0187251
[47]Pei SW,Niu DW,Guan Y,et al.Middle Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region,Central China:studies of formation processes and stone technology of Maling 2A site[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2015,53:391-407
[48]Sahnouni M,Heinzelin J.The site of Ain Hanech revisited:new investigations at this Lower Pleistocene site in North Algeria[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1998,25:1083-1101
[49]Shea JJ.Artifact abrasion,fluvial processes,and“living floors”from the Early Paleolithic site of‘Ubeidiya(Jordan Valley,Israel)[J].Geoarchaeology,1999,14:191-207
[50]Levi Sala I.Use wear and post-depositional surface modification:A word of caution[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,1986,13:229-244
[51]de la Torre I,Wehr K.Site formation processes of the early Acheulean assemblage at EF-HR(Olduvai Gorge,Tanzania)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2018,120:298-328
[52]Sitzia L,Bertran P,Boulogne S,et al.The Paleoenvironment and Lithic Taphonomy of Shi’Bat Dihya 1,a Middle Paleolithic Site in Wadi Surdud,Yemen[J].Geoarchaeology,2012,27:471-491
[53]Villa P.Conjoinable Pieces and Site Formation Processes[J].American Antiquity,1982,47:276-290
[54]Peter B.Obviously sequential but continuous or staged?Refits and cognition in three late Paleolithic assemblages from Japan[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2002,21(3):329-343
[55]Collcutt SN,Barton RNE,Bergman CA.Refitting in context:A taphonomic case study from a Late Upper Palaeolithic site in sands on Hengistbury Head,Dorset(Great Britain)[C].In:Cziesla E,Eickhoff S,Arts N,et al.(Eds.),The Big Puzzle:International Symposium on Refitting Stone Artefacts,Monrepos 1987[A].Bonn:Holos,1990,219-235
[56]Villa P.Taphonomy and stratigraphy in European prehistory[J].Before Farming:The Archaeology and Anthropology of HunterGatherers,2004(1):1-20
[57]Sisk ML,Shea JJ.Intrasite spatial variation of the Omo Kibish Middle Stone Age assembalges:Artifact refitting and distribution patterns[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2008,55:486-500
[58]Clark JD,Kurashina H.Hominid occupation of the east-central Highlands of Ethiopia in the Plio-Pleistocene[J].Nature,1979,282:33-39.
[59]Katsianis M,Tsipidis S,Kotsakis K,et al.A 3D digital workflow for archeological intra-site research using GIS[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2008,35:655-667
[60]Lenoble A,Bertran P.Fabric of Paleolithic levels:Methods and implications for site formation process[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2004,31:457-469
[61]Kluskens SL.Archaeological taphonomy of Combe-Capelle Bas from artifact orientation and density analysis[C].In:Dibble HL,Lenoir M(Eds).The Middle Paleolithic Site of Combe-Capelle Bas(France)[M].Philadelphia:The University Museum Press,1995,199-243
[62]Bernatchez JA.Taphonomic implications of orientation of plotted finds from Pinnacle Point 13B(Mossel Bay,Western Cape Province,South Africa)[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2010,59:274-288
[63]Benito-Calvo A,Martínez-Moreno J,JordáPardo JF,et al.Sedimentological and archaeological fabrics in Palaeolithic levels of the SouthEastern Pyrenees:Cova Gran and Roca dels Bous Sites(Lleida,Spain)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2009,36:2566-2577
[64]McPherron SJP.Artifact orientation and site formation processes from total station proveniences[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:1003-1014
[65]Benito-Calvo A,de la Torre I.Analysis of orientation patterns in Olduvai Bed I assemblage using GIS techniques:Implications for site formation processes[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2011,61:50-60
[66]de la Torre I,Benito-Calvo A.Application of GIS methods to retrieve orientation patterns from imagery:a case study from Beds Iand II,Olduvai Gorge(Tanzania)[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2013,40:2446-2457
[67]Clark JG.Excavation at Star Carr:An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer near Scarborough,Yorkshire[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1954
[68]Leakey MD.Olduvai Gorge,Volume 3:Excavations in Beds I and II,1960-1963[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1971
[69]Isaac G Ll.The diet of early man:Aspects of archaeological evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene sites in Africa[J].World Archaeology,1971,2:278-299
[70]Isaac G Ll.The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids[J].Scientific American,1978,238:90-108
[71]Stekelis M.Archaeological excavations at‘Ubeidiya,1960-1963[M].Jerusalem:Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,1966
[72]Bar-Yosef O,Goren-Inbar N.The lithic assemblages of‘Ubeidiya[M].Jerusalem:Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology,1993
[73]Bar-Yosef O,Tchernov E.On the Palaeo-ecological history of the site of‘Ubeidiya”[M].Jerusalem:Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities,1972
[74]de la Torrea I,Mora R.Unmodified lithic material at Olduvai Bed I:manuports or ecofacts?[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2005,32:273-285
[75]Bunn HT,Mabulla AZP,Domínguez-Rodrigo M,et al.Was FLK North levels 1-2 a classic“living floor”of Oldowan hominins or a taphonomically complex palimpsest dominated by large carnivore feeding behavior?[J].Quaternary Research,2010,74:355-362
[76]Domínguez-Rodrigo M,Barba R,Egeland CP.Deconstructing Olduvai:A Taphonomic Study of the Bed I Sites[M].Springer,2007
[77]Villa P.Sols et niveaux d’habitat du paléolithique inférieur en Europe et au Proche Orient[J].Quaternaria,1976,19:107-134
[78]Bailey G.Time perspectives,palimpsests and the archaeology of time[J].Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2007,26:198-223
[79]Bordes F.Sur la notion de sol d‘habitat en préhistoire paléolithique[J].Bulletin de la SociétéPréhistorique Fran?aise,1975,72:139-143
[80]Bordes F,Rigaud JP,Sonneville-Bordes D.Des buts,problèmes et limites de l’archéologie paléolithique[J].Quaternaria,1972,16:14-34
[81]Binford R.Bones:Ancient Men and Modern Myths[M].New York:Academic Press,1981
[82]刘泽纯,周春林.葫芦洞洞穴的成因及堆积演化过程[C]//吴汝康,李星学,吴新智等编,南京直立人[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2002,168-180
[83]李潇丽,高立红,张双权.周口店田园洞洞穴发育与充填序列探讨[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(6):1098-1105
[84]Goldberg P,Weiner S,Bar-Yosef O,et al.Site formation processes at Zhoukoudian,China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2001,41:483-530
[85]Boaz NT,Ciochonb RL,Xu QQ,et al.Mapping and taphonomic analysis of the Homo erectus loci at Locality 1 Zhoukoudian,China[J].Journal of Human Evolution,2004,46:519-549
[86]张森水,吴玉书,于浅黎,等.铜梁旧石器遗址自然环境的探讨[J].古脊椎动物动物与古人类,1982,20(2):165-179
[87]尤玉柱.史前考古埋藏学概论[M].北京:文物出版社,1989:1-262
[88]谢飞,李珺.岑家湾旧石器时代早期文化遗物及地点性质的研究[J].人类学学报,1993,12(3):224-234
[89]谢飞,李珺.拼合研究在岑家湾遗址综合分析中的应用[J].文物世界,1995(1):25-38
[90]谢飞,凯西·石克,屠尼克,等.岑家湾遗址1986年出土石制品的拼合研究[J].文物世界,1994(3):86-102
[91]谢飞,李珺,成胜泉.飞梁遗址发掘报告[C]//河北省文物研究所编,河北省考古文集(第一辑)[M].上海:东方出版社,1998:1-29
[92]卫奇.泥河湾盆地半山早更新世旧石器遗址初探[J].人类学学报,1994,13(3):223-238
[93]卫奇.泥河湾盆地考古地质学框架[C]//童永生,张银运,吴文裕,等.演化的实证--纪念杨钟健教授百年诞辰论文集[A].北京:海洋出版社,1997,193-207
[94]张森水.丁村54:100地点石制品研究[J].人类学学报,1993,12(3):195-213
[95]王益人.从河流埋藏环境看丁村遗址群的文化性质--与张森水先生商榷[J].人类学学报,2002,21(2):158-169
[96]刘德银,王幼平.鸡公山遗址发掘初步报告[J].人类学学报,2001,20(2):102-114
[97]房迎三,黄蕴平,梁任又,等.安徽宁国毛竹山发现的旧石器早期遗存[J].人类学学报,2001,20(2):115-124
[98]刘东生.黄土石器工业[A]//徐钦琦,谢飞,王建.史前考古学新近展--庆祝贾兰坡院士九十华诞国际学术谈论会文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1999,52-62
[99]黄慰文.红土地质考古带与早期人类演化[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(5):481-487
[100]黄慰文.中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础[J].人类学学报,2000,19(4):269-283
[101]陈淳,沈辰,陈万勇,等.河北阳原小长梁遗址1998年发掘报告[J].人类学学报,1999,18(3):225-239
[102]陈淳.考古学理论[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,192-206
[103]李占扬,陈文利.许昌灵井旧石器遗址埋藏学观察[J].华夏考古,2007(4):130-136
[104]裴树文,贾真秀,马东东,等.泥河湾盆地麻地沟E5旧石器地点的遗址成因与石器技术[J].人类学学报,2016,35(4):493-508
[105]牛东伟.水洞沟遗址第7地点遗址成因与石器技术研究[D].中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2014,1-159
[106]贾真秀.泥河湾盆地早更新世古人类遗址成因与石器技术比较研究--以东谷坨、麻地沟和飞梁遗址为例[D].中国科学院大学博士学位论文,2018,1-256
[107]Li H,Li ZY,Lotter MG,et al.Formation processes at the early Late Pleistocene archaic human site of Lingjing,China[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2018,96:73-84
[108]李浩,李超荣,Kuman K.丹江口库区果茶场II旧石器遗址形成过程研究[J].江汉考古,2016(1):42-50
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |