Phenotypic characterization and genetic mapping of the dwarf mutant m34 in maize
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摘要
Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS).Compared to Ye478,m34 showed a dwarf phenotype with shorter internodes,and smaller leaf length and width,but with similar leaf number.Furthermore,m34 exhibited smaller guard cells in internodes than Ye478,suggesting that smaller cells might contribute to its dwarf phenotype.Genetic analysis indicated that the m34 dwarf phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.An F2 population derived from a cross between m34 and B73 was used for mutational gene cloning and this gene was mapped to a chromosome region between umc2189 and umc1553 in chromosome 1 bin1.10,which harbored a previously identified dwarf gene Zm VP8.Sequencing analysis showed a nucleotide substitution(G1606 to A1606)in the sixth exon of ZmVP8,which resulted in an amino acid change(E531 to K531)from Ye478 to m34.This amino acid change resulted in anα-helix changing to aβ-sheet in the secondary protein structure and the‘SPEC’domain changed to a‘BOT1NT’domain in the tertiary protein structure.Taken together,these results suggested that m34 is a novel allelic mutant originally derived from Ye478 that is useful for further ZmVP8 functional analysis in maize.
Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS).Compared to Ye478,m34 showed a dwarf phenotype with shorter internodes,and smaller leaf length and width,but with similar leaf number.Furthermore,m34 exhibited smaller guard cells in internodes than Ye478,suggesting that smaller cells might contribute to its dwarf phenotype.Genetic analysis indicated that the m34 dwarf phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.An F2 population derived from a cross between m34 and B73 was used for mutational gene cloning and this gene was mapped to a chromosome region between umc2189 and umc1553 in chromosome 1 bin1.10,which harbored a previously identified dwarf gene Zm VP8.Sequencing analysis showed a nucleotide substitution(G1606 to A1606)in the sixth exon of ZmVP8,which resulted in an amino acid change(E531 to K531)from Ye478 to m34.This amino acid change resulted in anα-helix changing to aβ-sheet in the secondary protein structure and the‘SPEC’domain changed to a‘BOT1NT’domain in the tertiary protein structure.Taken together,these results suggested that m34 is a novel allelic mutant originally derived from Ye478 that is useful for further ZmVP8 functional analysis in maize.
Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits associated with yield in maize.In this study,a gibberellins(GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant,m34,was screened from inbred line Ye478 by treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS).Compared to Ye478,m34 showed a dwarf phenotype with shorter internodes,and smaller leaf length and width,but with similar leaf number.Furthermore,m34 exhibited smaller guard cells in internodes than Ye478,suggesting that smaller cells might contribute to its dwarf phenotype.Genetic analysis indicated that the m34 dwarf phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.An F2 population derived from a cross between m34 and B73 was used for mutational gene cloning and this gene was mapped to a chromosome region between umc2189 and umc1553 in chromosome 1 bin1.10,which harbored a previously identified dwarf gene Zm VP8.Sequencing analysis showed a nucleotide substitution(G1606 to A1606)in the sixth exon of ZmVP8,which resulted in an amino acid change(E531 to K531)from Ye478 to m34.This amino acid change resulted in anα-helix changing to aβ-sheet in the secondary protein structure and the‘SPEC’domain changed to a‘BOT1NT’domain in the tertiary protein structure.Taken together,these results suggested that m34 is a novel allelic mutant originally derived from Ye478 that is useful for further ZmVP8 functional analysis in maize.
引文
Beavis W D,Grant D,Albertsen M,Fincher R.1991.Quantitative trait loci for plant height in 4 maize populations and their associations with qualitative genetic-loci.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,83,141-145.
Bensen R J,Johal G S,Crane V C,Tossberg J T,Schnable P S,Meeley R B,Briggs S P.1995.Cloning and characterization of the maize An1 gene.The Plant Cell,7,75-84.
Boller T.2005.Peptide signalling in plant development and self/non-self perception.Current Opinion in Cell Biology,17,116-122.
Chaudhury A M,Letham S,Craig S,Dennis E S.1993.amp1-A mutant with high cytokinin levels and altered embryonic pattern,faster vegetative growth,constitutive photomorphogenesis and precocious flowering.The Plant Journal,4,907-916.
Dellaporta S L,Wood J,Hicks J B.1983.A plant DNAminipreparation:Version II.Plant Molecular Biology Reporter,1,19-21.
Doyle J J.1987.A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.Phytochemical Bulletin,19,11-15.
Evans M M S,Poethig R S.1997.The viviparous8 mutation delays vegetative phase change and accelerates the rate of seedling growth in maize.The Plant Journal,12,769-779.
Fan J,Oliphant A,Shen R,Kermani B G,Garcia F,Gunderson K L,Chee M S.2003.Highly parallel SNP genotyping.Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology,68,69-78.
Fujioka S,Yamane H,Spray C R,Katsumi M,Phinney B O,Gaskin P,Macmillan J,Takahashi N.1988.The dominant non-gibberellin-responding dwarf mutant(D8)of maize accumulates native gibberellins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,85,9031-9035.
Giulini A,Wang J,Jackson D.2004.Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue ABPHYL1.Nature,430,1031.
Hedden P.2003.The genes of the Green Revolution.Trends in Genetics,19,5-9.
Helliwell C A,Chin-Atkins A N,Wilson I W,Chapple R,Dennis E S,Chaudhury A.2001.The Arabidopsis AMP1 gene encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase.The Plant Cell,13,2115-2126.
Huang W,Pitorre D,Poretska O,Marizzi C,Winter N,Poppenberger B,Sieberer T.2015.ALTERED MERISTEMPROGRAM1 suppresses ectopic stem cell niche formation in the shoot apical meristem in a largely cytokininindependent manner.Plant Physiology,167,1471-1486.
Knoller A S,Blakeslee J J,Richards E L,Peer W A,Murphy A S.2010.Brachytic2/Zm ABCB1 functions in IAA export from intercalary meristems.Journal of Experimental Botany,61,3689-3696.
Kim J,Goo S Y,Chung H J,Yang H W,Yong T S,Lee K H,Park S J.2006.Interaction of beta-giardin with the bop1 protein in Giardia lamblia.Parasitology Research,98,138-144.
Kurakawa T,Ueda N,Maekawa M,Kobayashi K,Kojima M,Nagato Y,Sakakibara H,Kyozuka J.2007.Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme.Nature,445,652.
Lv H,Zheng J,Wang T,Fu J,Huai J,Min H,Zhang X,Tian B,Shi Y,Wang G.2014.The maize d2003,a novel allele of VP8,is required for maize internode elongation.Plant Molecular Biology,84,243-257.
Multani D S,Briggs S P,Chamberlin M A,Blakeslee J J,Murphy A S,Johal G S,2003.Loss of an MDR transporter in compact stalks of maize br2 and sorghum dw3 mutants.Science,302,81-84.
NoguéN,Hocart H,Letham D S,Dennis E S,Chaudhury A M.2000.Cytokinin synthesis is higher in the Arabidopsis amp1mutant.Plant Growth Regulation,32,267-273.
Peng J R,Richards D E,Hartley N M,Murphy G P,Devos KM,Flintham J E,Beales J,Fish L J,Worland A J,Pelica F,Sudhakar D,Christou P,Snape J W,Gale M D,Harberd NP.1999.‘Green revolution’genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators.Nature,400,256-261.
Ravindranath N H,Lakshmi C S,Manuvie R,Balachandra P,2011.Biofuel production and implications for land use,food production and environment in India.Energy Policy,39,5737-5745.
Robertson D S.1955.The genetics of vivipary in maize.Genetics,40,745-760.
Sasaki A,Ashikari M,Ueguchi-Tanaka M,Itoh H,Nishimura A,Swapan D,Ishiyama K,Saito T,Kobayashi M,Khush G S,Kitano H,Matsuoka M.2002.Green revolution:A mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice-New insight into the rice variant that helped to avert famine over thirty years ago.Nature,416,701-702.
Souza I R P D,Macadam J W.2001.Gibberellic acid and dwarfism effects on the growth dynamics of B73 maize(Zea mays L.)leaf blades:A transient increase in apoplastic peroxidase activity precedes cessation of cell elongation.Journal of Experimental Botany,52,1673-1682.
Spray C R,Kobayashi M,Suzuki Y,Phinney B O,Gaskin P,MacMillan J.1996.The dwarf-1(d1)mutant of Zea mays blocks three steps in the gibberellin-biosynthetic pathway.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,93,10515-10518.
Suzuki M,Latshaw S,Sato Y,Settles A M,Koch K E,Hannah L C,Kojima M,Sakakibara H,McCarty D R.2008.The maize viviparous8 locus,encoding a putative ALTEREDMERISTEM PROGRAM1-like peptidase,regulates abscisic acid accumulation and coordinates embryo and endosperm development.Plant Physiology,146,1193-1206.
Tao Y,Zheng J,Xu Z,Zhang X,Zhang K,Wang G.2004.Functional analysis of ZmDWF1,a maize homolog of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroids biosynthetic DWF1/DIM gene.Plant Science,167,743-751.
Thornsberry J M,Goodman M M,Doebley J,Kresovich S,Nielsen D,Buckler E S.2001.Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time.Nature Genetics,28,286.
Vidaurre D P,Ploense S,Krogan N T,Berleth T.2007.AMP1and MP antagonistically regulate embryo and meristem development in Arabidopsis.Development,134,2561-2567.
Weng J F,Xie C X,Hao Z F,Wang J J,Liu C L,Li M S,Zhang DG,Bai L,Zhang S H,Li X H.2011.Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes that affect plant height in Chinese elite maize(Zea mays L.)inbred lines.PLoSONE,6,e29229.
Winkler R G,Freeling M.1994.Physiological genetics of the dominant gibberellin-nonresponsive maize dwarfs,Dwarf8and Dwarf9.Planta,193,341-348.
Winkler R G,Helentjaris T.1995.The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes a cytochrome P450-mediated early step in gibberellin biosynthesis.The Plant Cell,7,1307-1317.
Worland A J,Korzun V,R?der M S,Ganal M W,Law C N.1998.Genetic analysis of the dwarfing gene Rht8 in wheat.Part II.The distribution and adaptive significance of allelic variants at the Rht8 locus of wheat as revealed by microsatellite screening.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,96,1110-1120.
Xing A,Gao Y,Ye L,Zhang W,Cai L,Ching A,Llaca V,Johnson B,Liu L,Yang X,Kang D,Yan J,Li J.2015.A rare SNPmutation in Brachytic2 moderately reduces plant height and increases yield potential in maize.Journal of Experimental Botany,66,3791-3802.
Yan Y,Winograd E,Viel A,Cronin T,Harrison S C,Branton D.1993.Crystal structure of the repetitive segments of spectrin.Science,262,2027-2030.
Yang X,Gao S,Xu S,Zhang Z,Prasanna B,Li L,Li J,Yan J.2011.Characterization of a global germplasm collection and its potential utilization for analysis of complex quantitative traits in maize.Molecular Breeding,28,511-526.
Bensen R J,Johal G S,Crane V C,Tossberg J T,Schnable P S,Meeley R B,Briggs S P.1995.Cloning and characterization of the maize An1 gene.The Plant Cell,7,75-84.
Boller T.2005.Peptide signalling in plant development and self/non-self perception.Current Opinion in Cell Biology,17,116-122.
Chaudhury A M,Letham S,Craig S,Dennis E S.1993.amp1-A mutant with high cytokinin levels and altered embryonic pattern,faster vegetative growth,constitutive photomorphogenesis and precocious flowering.The Plant Journal,4,907-916.
Dellaporta S L,Wood J,Hicks J B.1983.A plant DNAminipreparation:Version II.Plant Molecular Biology Reporter,1,19-21.
Doyle J J.1987.A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.Phytochemical Bulletin,19,11-15.
Evans M M S,Poethig R S.1997.The viviparous8 mutation delays vegetative phase change and accelerates the rate of seedling growth in maize.The Plant Journal,12,769-779.
Fan J,Oliphant A,Shen R,Kermani B G,Garcia F,Gunderson K L,Chee M S.2003.Highly parallel SNP genotyping.Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology,68,69-78.
Fujioka S,Yamane H,Spray C R,Katsumi M,Phinney B O,Gaskin P,Macmillan J,Takahashi N.1988.The dominant non-gibberellin-responding dwarf mutant(D8)of maize accumulates native gibberellins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,85,9031-9035.
Giulini A,Wang J,Jackson D.2004.Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue ABPHYL1.Nature,430,1031.
Hedden P.2003.The genes of the Green Revolution.Trends in Genetics,19,5-9.
Helliwell C A,Chin-Atkins A N,Wilson I W,Chapple R,Dennis E S,Chaudhury A.2001.The Arabidopsis AMP1 gene encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase.The Plant Cell,13,2115-2126.
Huang W,Pitorre D,Poretska O,Marizzi C,Winter N,Poppenberger B,Sieberer T.2015.ALTERED MERISTEMPROGRAM1 suppresses ectopic stem cell niche formation in the shoot apical meristem in a largely cytokininindependent manner.Plant Physiology,167,1471-1486.
Knoller A S,Blakeslee J J,Richards E L,Peer W A,Murphy A S.2010.Brachytic2/Zm ABCB1 functions in IAA export from intercalary meristems.Journal of Experimental Botany,61,3689-3696.
Kim J,Goo S Y,Chung H J,Yang H W,Yong T S,Lee K H,Park S J.2006.Interaction of beta-giardin with the bop1 protein in Giardia lamblia.Parasitology Research,98,138-144.
Kurakawa T,Ueda N,Maekawa M,Kobayashi K,Kojima M,Nagato Y,Sakakibara H,Kyozuka J.2007.Direct control of shoot meristem activity by a cytokinin-activating enzyme.Nature,445,652.
Lv H,Zheng J,Wang T,Fu J,Huai J,Min H,Zhang X,Tian B,Shi Y,Wang G.2014.The maize d2003,a novel allele of VP8,is required for maize internode elongation.Plant Molecular Biology,84,243-257.
Multani D S,Briggs S P,Chamberlin M A,Blakeslee J J,Murphy A S,Johal G S,2003.Loss of an MDR transporter in compact stalks of maize br2 and sorghum dw3 mutants.Science,302,81-84.
NoguéN,Hocart H,Letham D S,Dennis E S,Chaudhury A M.2000.Cytokinin synthesis is higher in the Arabidopsis amp1mutant.Plant Growth Regulation,32,267-273.
Peng J R,Richards D E,Hartley N M,Murphy G P,Devos KM,Flintham J E,Beales J,Fish L J,Worland A J,Pelica F,Sudhakar D,Christou P,Snape J W,Gale M D,Harberd NP.1999.‘Green revolution’genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators.Nature,400,256-261.
Ravindranath N H,Lakshmi C S,Manuvie R,Balachandra P,2011.Biofuel production and implications for land use,food production and environment in India.Energy Policy,39,5737-5745.
Robertson D S.1955.The genetics of vivipary in maize.Genetics,40,745-760.
Sasaki A,Ashikari M,Ueguchi-Tanaka M,Itoh H,Nishimura A,Swapan D,Ishiyama K,Saito T,Kobayashi M,Khush G S,Kitano H,Matsuoka M.2002.Green revolution:A mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice-New insight into the rice variant that helped to avert famine over thirty years ago.Nature,416,701-702.
Souza I R P D,Macadam J W.2001.Gibberellic acid and dwarfism effects on the growth dynamics of B73 maize(Zea mays L.)leaf blades:A transient increase in apoplastic peroxidase activity precedes cessation of cell elongation.Journal of Experimental Botany,52,1673-1682.
Spray C R,Kobayashi M,Suzuki Y,Phinney B O,Gaskin P,MacMillan J.1996.The dwarf-1(d1)mutant of Zea mays blocks three steps in the gibberellin-biosynthetic pathway.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,93,10515-10518.
Suzuki M,Latshaw S,Sato Y,Settles A M,Koch K E,Hannah L C,Kojima M,Sakakibara H,McCarty D R.2008.The maize viviparous8 locus,encoding a putative ALTEREDMERISTEM PROGRAM1-like peptidase,regulates abscisic acid accumulation and coordinates embryo and endosperm development.Plant Physiology,146,1193-1206.
Tao Y,Zheng J,Xu Z,Zhang X,Zhang K,Wang G.2004.Functional analysis of ZmDWF1,a maize homolog of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroids biosynthetic DWF1/DIM gene.Plant Science,167,743-751.
Thornsberry J M,Goodman M M,Doebley J,Kresovich S,Nielsen D,Buckler E S.2001.Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time.Nature Genetics,28,286.
Vidaurre D P,Ploense S,Krogan N T,Berleth T.2007.AMP1and MP antagonistically regulate embryo and meristem development in Arabidopsis.Development,134,2561-2567.
Weng J F,Xie C X,Hao Z F,Wang J J,Liu C L,Li M S,Zhang DG,Bai L,Zhang S H,Li X H.2011.Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes that affect plant height in Chinese elite maize(Zea mays L.)inbred lines.PLoSONE,6,e29229.
Winkler R G,Freeling M.1994.Physiological genetics of the dominant gibberellin-nonresponsive maize dwarfs,Dwarf8and Dwarf9.Planta,193,341-348.
Winkler R G,Helentjaris T.1995.The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes a cytochrome P450-mediated early step in gibberellin biosynthesis.The Plant Cell,7,1307-1317.
Worland A J,Korzun V,R?der M S,Ganal M W,Law C N.1998.Genetic analysis of the dwarfing gene Rht8 in wheat.Part II.The distribution and adaptive significance of allelic variants at the Rht8 locus of wheat as revealed by microsatellite screening.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,96,1110-1120.
Xing A,Gao Y,Ye L,Zhang W,Cai L,Ching A,Llaca V,Johnson B,Liu L,Yang X,Kang D,Yan J,Li J.2015.A rare SNPmutation in Brachytic2 moderately reduces plant height and increases yield potential in maize.Journal of Experimental Botany,66,3791-3802.
Yan Y,Winograd E,Viel A,Cronin T,Harrison S C,Branton D.1993.Crystal structure of the repetitive segments of spectrin.Science,262,2027-2030.
Yang X,Gao S,Xu S,Zhang Z,Prasanna B,Li L,Li J,Yan J.2011.Characterization of a global germplasm collection and its potential utilization for analysis of complex quantitative traits in maize.Molecular Breeding,28,511-526.