三维图像建模在古地震探槽研究中的应用
|
摘要
探槽揭露的地质构造信息十分珍贵,是正确认识断层活动性和古地震信息的关键资料,但是探槽本身无法长久妥善保存,因此完整精确地记录探槽揭露的地质构造信息一直受到人们的重视。传统的探槽记录方法主要有素描和照片拼接2种,但前者缺乏色彩信息且包含过多主观解释内容;后者在照片几何拼接过程中会出现接边、畸变等问题。文中以甘肃省天桥沟-黄羊川断裂的柳条河探槽为例,介绍1种完整记录探槽高精度的三维地质构造信息的技术方法和工作流程。该方法基于三维图像建模和正射镶嵌技术,首先在野外对清理好的探槽建立控制点或比例尺,用数码相机采集探槽所有剖面及周边微地貌照片,然后在室内用图像建模软件进行探槽的三维图像建模,最后生成探槽的三维图像模型及其剖面的正射镶嵌图。结果表明:探槽的三维图像建模既可以实现高分辨率正射照片镶嵌的自动化,又可以高效、低成本地获得高精度的探槽三维图像模型,不仅有利于探槽信息的存储,更可以直观地获取更多地质构造三维信息。
The geological structure exposed by paleoearthquake trenches is the key material to the right cognition of fault activity and paleoearthquake.However,paleoearthquake trenching inevitably destroys active tectonic geomorphic evidence and trench exposures are usually difficult to reserve.The conventional process of recording the delicate geological information,manually constructing photomosaics by image-editing software,is time-consuming and produces undesirable artificial distortions.Herein,we explored the process of constructing trench orthophotomosaics and the 3D image model using the Image-based Modeling technology and applied it to the Liutiaohe trench across the Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault,Gansu Province.Based on the 3D image modeling and orthophotomosaic,we firstly constructed the control points and scale bars on cleaned trench walls and collected photos of all sections of the trench with a digital camera in the field,and then reconstructed the 3D model of the trench through the Agisoft PhotoScan,an efficient image-based modeling software,and finally yielded the 3D image model of the trench and othophotomasaics of the trench exposures.The results show that the automated workflow can produce seamless,sub-millimeter-level high-resolution photomosaics more quickly,with precision in the centimeter range,and the 3D image model is of great help to identify strata and geological structures in trenches with much lower capital and labor costs and low expertise levels compared with LiDAR,meanwhile,the 3D archive benefits the share and communication and even allows future reinterpreting the site using new insights.
The geological structure exposed by paleoearthquake trenches is the key material to the right cognition of fault activity and paleoearthquake.However,paleoearthquake trenching inevitably destroys active tectonic geomorphic evidence and trench exposures are usually difficult to reserve.The conventional process of recording the delicate geological information,manually constructing photomosaics by image-editing software,is time-consuming and produces undesirable artificial distortions.Herein,we explored the process of constructing trench orthophotomosaics and the 3D image model using the Image-based Modeling technology and applied it to the Liutiaohe trench across the Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault,Gansu Province.Based on the 3D image modeling and orthophotomosaic,we firstly constructed the control points and scale bars on cleaned trench walls and collected photos of all sections of the trench with a digital camera in the field,and then reconstructed the 3D model of the trench through the Agisoft PhotoScan,an efficient image-based modeling software,and finally yielded the 3D image model of the trench and othophotomasaics of the trench exposures.The results show that the automated workflow can produce seamless,sub-millimeter-level high-resolution photomosaics more quickly,with precision in the centimeter range,and the 3D image model is of great help to identify strata and geological structures in trenches with much lower capital and labor costs and low expertise levels compared with LiDAR,meanwhile,the 3D archive benefits the share and communication and even allows future reinterpreting the site using new insights.
引文
戴华光,陈永明,苏向洲,等.1999.天桥沟-黄羊川活动断裂带的几何学和运动学特征[J].西北地震学报,21(3):259-267.DAI Hua-guang,CHEN Yong-ming,SU Xiang-zhou,et al.1999.Geometry and kinematics characteristics of Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan active fault zone[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,21(3):259-267(in Chinese).
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383-392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383-392(in Chinese).
邓起东主编.2007.中国活动构造图(1:400万)[CM].北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong(ed).2007.Active Tectonics Map of China(1:4000000)[CM].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
金鼎坚,支晓栋,王建超,等.2016.面向地质灾害调査的无人机遥感影像处理软件比较[J].国土资源遥感,28(1):183-189.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.01.27.JIN Ding-jian,ZHI Xiao-dong,WANG Jian-chao,et al.2016.Comparison of UAV remote sensing image processing software for geological disasters monitoring[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,28(1):183-189.
刘钢,彭群生,鲍虎军.2005.基于图像建模技术研究综述与展望[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,17(1):18-27.LIU Gang,PENG Qun-sheng,BAO Hu-jun.2005.Review and prospect of image-based modeling techniques[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,17(1):18-27(in Chinese).
冉勇康,邓起东.1999.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报,44(1):12-20.RAN Yong-kang,DENG Qi-dong.1999.History,status and trend about the research of paleoseismology[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,44(10):880-889.
魏占玉,Ramon A,何宏林,等.2015.基于SfM方法的高密度点云数据生成及精度分析[J].地震地质,37(2):636-648.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.024.WEI Zhan-yu,Ramon A,HE Hong4in,et al.2015.Accuracy analysis of terrain point cloud acquired by“Structure from Motion",using aerial photos[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):636-648(in Chinese).
郑文俊,雷启云,杜鹏,等.2015.激光雷达(LiDAR):获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J].地震地质,37(1):232-241.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.01.018ZHENG Wen-jun,LEI Qi-yun,DU Peng,et al.2015.3-D laser scanner(LiDAR):A new technology for acquiring high precision palaeoearthquake trench information[J].Seismology and Geology,37(1):232-241(in Chinese).
郑文俊,袁道阳,何文贵.2004.祁连山东段天桥沟-黄羊川断裂古地震活动习性研究[J].地震地质,26(4):645-657.ZHENG Wen-jun,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2004.Characteristics of palaeo-earthquake activity along the active Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault on the eastern section of the Qilianshan Mountains[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):645-657(in Chinese).
Bemis S P,Micklethwaite S,Turner D,et al.2014.Ground-based and UAV-based photogrammetry:A multi-scale,high resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology[J].Journal of Structural Geology,69:163-178.
Crone A J.1987.Introduction to directions in paleoseismology[R].U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,87-683:1-6.
Eltner A,Schneider D.2015.Analysis of different methods for 3D reconstruction of natural surfaces from parallel-axes UAV images[J].The Photogrammetric Record,30(151):279-299.
Fonstad M A,Dietrich J T,Courville B C,et al.2013.Topographic structure from motion:A new development in photogrammetric measurement[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,38(4):421-430.
Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Meyer B,et al.1995.Partitioning of crustal slip between linked,active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan,and evidence for a major seismic gap,the‘Tianzhu gap',on the western Haiyuan Fault,Gansu(China)[J].Geophysical Journal International,120(3):599-645.
Gini R,Pagliari D,Passoni D,et al.2013.UAV photogrammetry:Block triangulation comparisons[C].ISPRSInternational Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.UAV,Rostock,Germany:157-162.
Haddad D E,Akgiz S O,Arrowsmith J R,et al.2012.Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology[J].Geosphere,8(4):771-786.
James M R,Robson S.2012.Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera:Accuracy and geoscience application[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,117(F3):F03017.
Johnson K,Nissen E,Saripalli S,et al.2014.Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J].Geosphere,10(5):969-986.
Liu Jing,Klinger Y,Sieh K,et al.2004.Six similar sequential ruptures of the San Andreas Fault,Carrizo Plain,California[J].Geology,32(8):649-652.
McCalpin J P.2009.Paleoseismology(2nd Edition)[M].Academic Press,San Diego.
Papanikolaou I D,Van Balen R,Silva P G,et al.2015.Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment:New tools and future challenges[J].Geomorphology,237:1-13.
Quan L.2010.Image-Based.Modeling[M].Springer Science&Business Media,New York.
Ragona D,Minster B,Rockwell T,et al.2006.Field imaging spectroscopy:A new methodology to assist the description,interpretation,and archiving of paleoseismological information from faulted exposures[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,111(B10):B10309.
Reitman N G,Bennett S E K,Gold R D,et al.2015.High-resolution trench photomosaics from image-based modeling:Workflow and error analysis[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,105(5):2354-2366.
Snavely K N.2009.Scene reconstruction and visualization from internet photo collections[D].University of Washington,Washington,USA.
Turner D,Lucieer A,Wallace L.2014.Direct georeferencing of ultrahigh-resolution UAV imagery[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,52(5):2738-2745.
Westoby M J,Brasington J,Glasser N F,et al.2012.'Structure-from-Motion,photogrammetry:A low-eost,effective tool for geoscience applications[J].Geomorphology,179:300-314.
邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用[J].地学前缘,11(4):383-392.DENG Qi-dong,CHEN Li-chun,RAN Yong-kang.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383-392(in Chinese).
邓起东主编.2007.中国活动构造图(1:400万)[CM].北京:地震出版社.DENG Qi-dong(ed).2007.Active Tectonics Map of China(1:4000000)[CM].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
金鼎坚,支晓栋,王建超,等.2016.面向地质灾害调査的无人机遥感影像处理软件比较[J].国土资源遥感,28(1):183-189.doi:10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.01.27.JIN Ding-jian,ZHI Xiao-dong,WANG Jian-chao,et al.2016.Comparison of UAV remote sensing image processing software for geological disasters monitoring[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,28(1):183-189.
刘钢,彭群生,鲍虎军.2005.基于图像建模技术研究综述与展望[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,17(1):18-27.LIU Gang,PENG Qun-sheng,BAO Hu-jun.2005.Review and prospect of image-based modeling techniques[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,17(1):18-27(in Chinese).
冉勇康,邓起东.1999.古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J].科学通报,44(1):12-20.RAN Yong-kang,DENG Qi-dong.1999.History,status and trend about the research of paleoseismology[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,44(10):880-889.
魏占玉,Ramon A,何宏林,等.2015.基于SfM方法的高密度点云数据生成及精度分析[J].地震地质,37(2):636-648.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.024.WEI Zhan-yu,Ramon A,HE Hong4in,et al.2015.Accuracy analysis of terrain point cloud acquired by“Structure from Motion",using aerial photos[J].Seismology and Geology,37(2):636-648(in Chinese).
郑文俊,雷启云,杜鹏,等.2015.激光雷达(LiDAR):获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J].地震地质,37(1):232-241.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.01.018ZHENG Wen-jun,LEI Qi-yun,DU Peng,et al.2015.3-D laser scanner(LiDAR):A new technology for acquiring high precision palaeoearthquake trench information[J].Seismology and Geology,37(1):232-241(in Chinese).
郑文俊,袁道阳,何文贵.2004.祁连山东段天桥沟-黄羊川断裂古地震活动习性研究[J].地震地质,26(4):645-657.ZHENG Wen-jun,YUAN Dao-yang,HE Wen-gui.2004.Characteristics of palaeo-earthquake activity along the active Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault on the eastern section of the Qilianshan Mountains[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):645-657(in Chinese).
Bemis S P,Micklethwaite S,Turner D,et al.2014.Ground-based and UAV-based photogrammetry:A multi-scale,high resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology[J].Journal of Structural Geology,69:163-178.
Crone A J.1987.Introduction to directions in paleoseismology[R].U S Geological Survey Open-File Report,87-683:1-6.
Eltner A,Schneider D.2015.Analysis of different methods for 3D reconstruction of natural surfaces from parallel-axes UAV images[J].The Photogrammetric Record,30(151):279-299.
Fonstad M A,Dietrich J T,Courville B C,et al.2013.Topographic structure from motion:A new development in photogrammetric measurement[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,38(4):421-430.
Gaudemer Y,Tapponnier P,Meyer B,et al.1995.Partitioning of crustal slip between linked,active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan,and evidence for a major seismic gap,the‘Tianzhu gap',on the western Haiyuan Fault,Gansu(China)[J].Geophysical Journal International,120(3):599-645.
Gini R,Pagliari D,Passoni D,et al.2013.UAV photogrammetry:Block triangulation comparisons[C].ISPRSInternational Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.UAV,Rostock,Germany:157-162.
Haddad D E,Akgiz S O,Arrowsmith J R,et al.2012.Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology[J].Geosphere,8(4):771-786.
James M R,Robson S.2012.Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera:Accuracy and geoscience application[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,117(F3):F03017.
Johnson K,Nissen E,Saripalli S,et al.2014.Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J].Geosphere,10(5):969-986.
Liu Jing,Klinger Y,Sieh K,et al.2004.Six similar sequential ruptures of the San Andreas Fault,Carrizo Plain,California[J].Geology,32(8):649-652.
McCalpin J P.2009.Paleoseismology(2nd Edition)[M].Academic Press,San Diego.
Papanikolaou I D,Van Balen R,Silva P G,et al.2015.Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment:New tools and future challenges[J].Geomorphology,237:1-13.
Quan L.2010.Image-Based.Modeling[M].Springer Science&Business Media,New York.
Ragona D,Minster B,Rockwell T,et al.2006.Field imaging spectroscopy:A new methodology to assist the description,interpretation,and archiving of paleoseismological information from faulted exposures[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,111(B10):B10309.
Reitman N G,Bennett S E K,Gold R D,et al.2015.High-resolution trench photomosaics from image-based modeling:Workflow and error analysis[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,105(5):2354-2366.
Snavely K N.2009.Scene reconstruction and visualization from internet photo collections[D].University of Washington,Washington,USA.
Turner D,Lucieer A,Wallace L.2014.Direct georeferencing of ultrahigh-resolution UAV imagery[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,52(5):2738-2745.
Westoby M J,Brasington J,Glasser N F,et al.2012.'Structure-from-Motion,photogrammetry:A low-eost,effective tool for geoscience applications[J].Geomorphology,179:300-314.