2010年玉树7.1级地震诱发滑坡特征及其地震地质意义
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摘要
2010年玉树7.1级地震造成了一系列次生地质灾害。笔者在玉树灾区地震地质灾害调查基础上,结合Quickbird高分辨率遥感影像数据和航片影像数据,以目视解译为主,共提取了542处地震滑坡,并首次发现了13处古地震滑坡。调查研究结果显示,玉树地震滑坡主要包括崩塌、狭义的滑坡和土溜等3种类型。其中地震崩塌占到了90%以上,按其物质成分可进一步划分为碎屑型崩塌、碎屑流型崩塌和岩崩等3类。地震滑坡的空间展布特征显示,该区80%以上的地震滑坡集中分布在以玉树活动断层为轴的长约95km、两侧宽2km的廊带区内,并与发震断层距离和宏观震中有很好的相关性,其高密度区与同震地表破裂的空间分段性也有很好的对应关系,体现出典型的走滑型发震断层的控灾特点。同时,还进一步分析了山体坡度、坡体形态、临空面高度和地层岩石与岩体完整度等因素对地震滑坡总体分布的影响。对古地震滑坡的初步研究发现,古地震滑坡的规模、期次和分布特征间接地反映出玉树断裂带在全新世期间曾发生过多次震级强度明显大于本次玉树7.1级地震的古地震事件,这为更深入探索玉树断裂带古地震事件提供了另一种重要的研究途径。此外,地震滑坡分布与地表破裂和极震区破坏程度之间的密切空间关系指示,地震滑坡也可以成为快速圈定宏观震中以及开展极震区地震烈度评价等方面的重要指标。
The 2010 Yushu earthquake with Ms7.1triggered a series of secondary geological hazards.On the basis of field survey of earthquake geological hazards in Yushu,combined with Quickbird remote sensing image data and aerial photo interpretation method by visual interpretation,there are 542 landslides,as well as,13 paleoseismic landslides are found first in Yushu.Based on the above,the major characteristics and spatial distribution of landslides,which include slide,collapse and debris flow,are presented in this paper.Among them the paper focuses on character of earthquake collapse which is much more than others.And according to type of material,the earthquake collapse are classified into three types,which are debris fall,debris flow and rock fall,and the paper analysis each developmental characteristic and condition.The result shows the earthquake landslide mainly distributes in the area of length of about 95 km and along both sides of the fault rupture in a wide 2km range.As well as,the spatial distribution of earthquake landslides has well correspond with co-seismic surface rupture sections,distances of seismogenic fault and macroscopic epicenter location.Around the most serious surface rupture section has much more landslides,and the number of landslides increase as the distances to fault is closing.At macroscopic epicenter,the density of landslides is the greatest of all study area.All of them reflect typical disaster control character of Yushu strike-slip fault.Summarizing the differences,the distribution of earthquake landslides is strictly dominated by seismogenic fault,as well as,the geographic and geomorphic condition and formation lithology also make a difference,which mainly consider slope gradient,shape from of slope,height of free face and bedrock fragmentation.The paper also presents the intact form of non-tectonic rupture and summarizes it mainly cracks in middle side and press-shear in both sides,and the width and height of rupture is decreasing from middle to both sides.Combined with investigation on 11large-scale old landslides of multi-period in field survey,writer finally confirm they are triggered by paleoearthquake by means of geographic and geomorphic condition,character of distribution,sedimentary characteristics of slip mass and analysis of genetic mechanism.Further study on the dimensions and character of paleosismic landslides,Yushu fault zone occurred multi-period paleoearthquakes in Holocene period whose magnitude is larger than Yushu Ms 7.1.Consequently,exploration of paleosismic landslide provides a good way for research on paleoseismic events.Moreover,in view of close relationship among the distribution of landslides triggered by earthquake and earthquake surface rupture and damage degree of the meizoseismal area,the author proposed earthquake-induced landslide can quickly locate the macroscopic epicenter and contributes to further earthquake intensity evaluation of the meizoseismal area,which provides theoretical basis and guiding significance for earthquake relief work and future geology hazard risk assessment.
The 2010 Yushu earthquake with Ms7.1triggered a series of secondary geological hazards.On the basis of field survey of earthquake geological hazards in Yushu,combined with Quickbird remote sensing image data and aerial photo interpretation method by visual interpretation,there are 542 landslides,as well as,13 paleoseismic landslides are found first in Yushu.Based on the above,the major characteristics and spatial distribution of landslides,which include slide,collapse and debris flow,are presented in this paper.Among them the paper focuses on character of earthquake collapse which is much more than others.And according to type of material,the earthquake collapse are classified into three types,which are debris fall,debris flow and rock fall,and the paper analysis each developmental characteristic and condition.The result shows the earthquake landslide mainly distributes in the area of length of about 95 km and along both sides of the fault rupture in a wide 2km range.As well as,the spatial distribution of earthquake landslides has well correspond with co-seismic surface rupture sections,distances of seismogenic fault and macroscopic epicenter location.Around the most serious surface rupture section has much more landslides,and the number of landslides increase as the distances to fault is closing.At macroscopic epicenter,the density of landslides is the greatest of all study area.All of them reflect typical disaster control character of Yushu strike-slip fault.Summarizing the differences,the distribution of earthquake landslides is strictly dominated by seismogenic fault,as well as,the geographic and geomorphic condition and formation lithology also make a difference,which mainly consider slope gradient,shape from of slope,height of free face and bedrock fragmentation.The paper also presents the intact form of non-tectonic rupture and summarizes it mainly cracks in middle side and press-shear in both sides,and the width and height of rupture is decreasing from middle to both sides.Combined with investigation on 11large-scale old landslides of multi-period in field survey,writer finally confirm they are triggered by paleoearthquake by means of geographic and geomorphic condition,character of distribution,sedimentary characteristics of slip mass and analysis of genetic mechanism.Further study on the dimensions and character of paleosismic landslides,Yushu fault zone occurred multi-period paleoearthquakes in Holocene period whose magnitude is larger than Yushu Ms 7.1.Consequently,exploration of paleosismic landslide provides a good way for research on paleoseismic events.Moreover,in view of close relationship among the distribution of landslides triggered by earthquake and earthquake surface rupture and damage degree of the meizoseismal area,the author proposed earthquake-induced landslide can quickly locate the macroscopic epicenter and contributes to further earthquake intensity evaluation of the meizoseismal area,which provides theoretical basis and guiding significance for earthquake relief work and future geology hazard risk assessment.
引文
陈鲲,俞言祥,高孟谭.2011.2010年4月14日青海玉树地震震动图.中国地震,27(1):99~102.
陈立德,赵维城,阚荣举,等.1979.一九七六年龙陵地震.北京:地震出版社.
陈晓利,邓俭良,冉洪流.2011.汶川地震滑坡崩塌的空间分布特征.地震地质,33(1):191~202.
国家技术监督局,中华人民共和国建设部.1995.工程岩体分级标准(GB50218-94).北京:中国计划出版社.
中国地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年).北京:地震出版社.
韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,孙炜锋,张春山,王涛,杨金中,石菊松.2009.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析.地学前缘,16(3):306~326.
金德山.2002.滑坡地缝的识别与分析.中国地质灾害与防治学报,13(2):50.
刘洪兵,朱晞.1999.地震中地形放大效应的观测和研究进展.世界地震工程,15(3):20~25.
刘洪江,兰恒星,程维明.2010.玉树地震后结古镇群发式泥石流灾害数值模拟及危险性分析.山地学报,28(4):444~452.
李闽峰,邢成起,蔡长星,等.1995.玉树断裂活动性研究.地震地质,17:218~224.
李秀珍,孔纪名.2011.“5.12”汶川地震诱发典型滑坡的类型和特征.山地学报,29(5):598~607.
牛全福,程维明,兰恒星,刘勇,颉耀文,曹玉尧.2010.玉树地震滑坡灾害的遥感提取与分布特征分析.全国突发性地质灾害应急处置与灾害防治技术高级研讨会论文集:39~45.
祁生文,许强,刘春玲.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39~49.
苏凤环,刘洪江,韩用顺.2008.汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析.遥感学报,12(6):956~963.
孙鑫喆,徐锡伟,陈立春,谭锡斌,于贵华,李智敏,苏桂武,王继,张晓清.2012.2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义.地球物理学报,55(1):155~170.
闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2003.甘孜-玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂.中国科学(D辑),33(增):199~208.
吴中海,赵希涛,范桃园,等.2012.泛亚铁路滇西大理至瑞丽沿线主要活动断裂与地震地质特征.地质通报,31(2~3):191~217.
吴中海,赵根模,龙长兴,等,2013.青藏高原东南缘现今大震活动特征及其趋势:活动构造体系角度的初步分析结果.地质学报(待刊).
吴中海,周春景,冯卉,等.青海玉树地区活动断裂与地震.2014,33(4):419~469.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012a.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制.地震地质,34(1):47~62.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华,吴熙彦.2012b.玉树地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析.科技导报,30(01):18~24.
殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,17(1):29~38.
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,胡道功,张作辰.2010.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征.工程地质学报,18(3):289~296.
张倬元,董孝璧,刘汉超.1995.世界滑坡目录工作组建议的滑坡术语.地质灾害与环境保护,6(1):1~6.
周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,马声浩.1997.甘孜-玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计.地震地质,19(2):115~124.
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年~1990年MS≥4.7).北京:中国科学技术出版社.
郑颖人,叶海林,黄润秋.2009.地震边坡破坏机制及其破裂面的分析探讨.岩石力学与工程学报,28(8):1714~1723.
张永双,马寅生,胡道功,等.2010.玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究.地质学报,84(5):593~605.
周春景,吴中海,李家存,等.2010年4月14日玉树Ms7.1级地震同震地表破裂构造分析.地质通报,2014,33(4):551~566.
Chen X L,Zhou Q,Ran H,Dong R.2012.Earthquake-triggeredlandslides in southwest China.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.,12:351~363.
Jibon R W.2009.Using landslides for paleoseismic analysis.In:James McCalpin,eds.Paleoseismicity.Academic Press,1996,565~601.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquake.GeologicSociety of America Bulletin,95:406~421.
Keefer D K.2002.Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes-ahistorical review.Surveys in Geophysics,23(6):473~510.
Lin Aiming,Rao Gang,Jia Dong,Wu Xiaojun,Yan Bing,RenZhikun.2011.Co-seismic strike-slip surface rupture anddisplacement produced by the 2010MW6.9Yushu earthquake,China,and implications for Tibetan tectonics.Journal ofGeodynamics,1:1~11.
Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K andBauer M A.2008.Landslides triggered by the 8October 2005Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,94:1~9.
Rodrígueza C E,Bommerb J J,Chandler R J.1999.Earthquakeinduced landslides:1980—1997.Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering,18:325~346.
Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,Chen L Z,Chen J S,Li W X,and Chen Z L.1998.The late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan andcentral Yunnan,China:Geological Society of America SpecialPaper 327,108.
Zhou Bengang,Zhang Yuming.1994.Some characteristics ofearthquake-induced landslide in southwestern China.Northwestern Seismological Journal,1:95~103.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yao Xin,Xiong Tanyu.2010.Rapididentification and emergency investigation of surface rupturesand geohazards induced by the Ms 7.1Yushu earthquake.ActaGeologica Sinica,84(6):801~813.
陈立德,赵维城,阚荣举,等.1979.一九七六年龙陵地震.北京:地震出版社.
陈晓利,邓俭良,冉洪流.2011.汶川地震滑坡崩塌的空间分布特征.地震地质,33(1):191~202.
国家技术监督局,中华人民共和国建设部.1995.工程岩体分级标准(GB50218-94).北京:中国计划出版社.
中国地震局震害防御司.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年).北京:地震出版社.
韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,孙炜锋,张春山,王涛,杨金中,石菊松.2009.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析.地学前缘,16(3):306~326.
金德山.2002.滑坡地缝的识别与分析.中国地质灾害与防治学报,13(2):50.
刘洪兵,朱晞.1999.地震中地形放大效应的观测和研究进展.世界地震工程,15(3):20~25.
刘洪江,兰恒星,程维明.2010.玉树地震后结古镇群发式泥石流灾害数值模拟及危险性分析.山地学报,28(4):444~452.
李闽峰,邢成起,蔡长星,等.1995.玉树断裂活动性研究.地震地质,17:218~224.
李秀珍,孔纪名.2011.“5.12”汶川地震诱发典型滑坡的类型和特征.山地学报,29(5):598~607.
牛全福,程维明,兰恒星,刘勇,颉耀文,曹玉尧.2010.玉树地震滑坡灾害的遥感提取与分布特征分析.全国突发性地质灾害应急处置与灾害防治技术高级研讨会论文集:39~45.
祁生文,许强,刘春玲.2009.汶川地震极重灾区地质背景及次生斜坡灾害空间发育规律.工程地质学报,17(1):39~49.
苏凤环,刘洪江,韩用顺.2008.汶川地震山地灾害遥感快速提取及其分布特点分析.遥感学报,12(6):956~963.
孙鑫喆,徐锡伟,陈立春,谭锡斌,于贵华,李智敏,苏桂武,王继,张晓清.2012.2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义.地球物理学报,55(1):155~170.
闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2003.甘孜-玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂.中国科学(D辑),33(增):199~208.
吴中海,赵希涛,范桃园,等.2012.泛亚铁路滇西大理至瑞丽沿线主要活动断裂与地震地质特征.地质通报,31(2~3):191~217.
吴中海,赵根模,龙长兴,等,2013.青藏高原东南缘现今大震活动特征及其趋势:活动构造体系角度的初步分析结果.地质学报(待刊).
吴中海,周春景,冯卉,等.青海玉树地区活动断裂与地震.2014,33(4):419~469.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华.2012a.玉树地震滑坡分布调查及其特征与形成机制.地震地质,34(1):47~62.
许冲,徐锡伟,于贵华,吴熙彦.2012b.玉树地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析.科技导报,30(01):18~24.
殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析.工程地质学报,17(1):29~38.
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,胡道功,张作辰.2010.青海玉树Ms7.1级地震地质灾害主要特征.工程地质学报,18(3):289~296.
张倬元,董孝璧,刘汉超.1995.世界滑坡目录工作组建议的滑坡术语.地质灾害与环境保护,6(1):1~6.
周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,马声浩.1997.甘孜-玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计.地震地质,19(2):115~124.
中国地震局震害防御司.1999.中国近代地震目录(公元1912年~1990年MS≥4.7).北京:中国科学技术出版社.
郑颖人,叶海林,黄润秋.2009.地震边坡破坏机制及其破裂面的分析探讨.岩石力学与工程学报,28(8):1714~1723.
张永双,马寅生,胡道功,等.2010.玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究.地质学报,84(5):593~605.
周春景,吴中海,李家存,等.2010年4月14日玉树Ms7.1级地震同震地表破裂构造分析.地质通报,2014,33(4):551~566.
Chen X L,Zhou Q,Ran H,Dong R.2012.Earthquake-triggeredlandslides in southwest China.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.,12:351~363.
Jibon R W.2009.Using landslides for paleoseismic analysis.In:James McCalpin,eds.Paleoseismicity.Academic Press,1996,565~601.
Keefer D K.1984.Landslides caused by earthquake.GeologicSociety of America Bulletin,95:406~421.
Keefer D K.2002.Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes-ahistorical review.Surveys in Geophysics,23(6):473~510.
Lin Aiming,Rao Gang,Jia Dong,Wu Xiaojun,Yan Bing,RenZhikun.2011.Co-seismic strike-slip surface rupture anddisplacement produced by the 2010MW6.9Yushu earthquake,China,and implications for Tibetan tectonics.Journal ofGeodynamics,1:1~11.
Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,Harp E L,Keefer D K andBauer M A.2008.Landslides triggered by the 8October 2005Kashmir earthquake.Geomorphology,94:1~9.
Rodrígueza C E,Bommerb J J,Chandler R J.1999.Earthquakeinduced landslides:1980—1997.Soil Dynamics and EarthquakeEngineering,18:325~346.
Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,Chen L Z,Chen J S,Li W X,and Chen Z L.1998.The late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan andcentral Yunnan,China:Geological Society of America SpecialPaper 327,108.
Zhou Bengang,Zhang Yuming.1994.Some characteristics ofearthquake-induced landslide in southwestern China.Northwestern Seismological Journal,1:95~103.
Zhang Yongshuang,Yao Xin,Xiong Tanyu.2010.Rapididentification and emergency investigation of surface rupturesand geohazards induced by the Ms 7.1Yushu earthquake.ActaGeologica Sinica,84(6):801~813.