厌恶与恐惧面孔的记忆编码、保持、提取
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摘要
情绪记忆增强效应在负性情绪记忆研究中被反复证实。尽管厌恶和恐惧同属负性情绪,提示威胁的存在,但由于它们的进化意义和生理功能不同,可能导致它们对记忆的编码、保持、提取三个阶段不同的调节方向或调节强度。本文采用延迟再认任务,采用事件相关电位考察健康成年被试对唤醒度和效价相当的恐惧和厌恶面孔的记忆编码、保持和提取。结果显示, 1)在记忆编码的早期,被试主要加强了对恐惧面孔的注意(P1)和结构编码(N170),而厌恶信息的加工受到了抑制;2)从记忆编码晚期到记忆保持的整个阶段,被试对厌恶信息的精细评估(编码阶段P3)和复述保持(保持阶段的负走向慢波)均强于恐惧信息;3)相比于恐惧面孔,厌恶面孔可能在工作记忆系统形成了更强的表征,从而使被试在记忆提取时可回忆起更多的细节,对记忆提取的信心更足(提取阶段P3)。这后两条发现是导致行为层面上厌恶情绪记忆优于恐惧情绪记忆的原因。本研究为"厌恶比恐惧具有更强的记忆增强效应"提供了高时间分辨率的脑活动层面的证据,从而进一步揭示了负性情绪增强记忆的认知机制。
Emotional memory enhancement effect has been verified in various memory studies using negative material. So far as we know, four studies demonstrated that disgusting stimuli are associated with a higher recognition accuracy in memory task, compared to fearful stimuli. However, the underlying neutral mechanism is still unclear. Since emotional arousal and valence are two important factors showing emotional memory enhancement effect, they should be counterbalanced between disgusting and fearful material when the latter two emotions are compared in memory.The current study used event-related potential(ERP) to investigate different effect of disgust and fear on memory encoding, retention and retrieval. In particular, the following ERP components were examined: the P1, N170 and P3 both during memory encoding and retrieval, and the negative-going slow wave(NSW) during memory retention. A total of 60 healthy adults were recruited to participate a delayed recognition task, among whom ERP data were collected from 30 participants.It is found that the recognition performance was better for disgusting faces than fearful faces. During memory encoding, fearful faces evoked larger P1 amplitudes while disgusting faces evoked smaller P1 amplitudes, both compared to neutral faces. Similar ERP pattern was found in N170, i.e., fearful faces evoked larger N170 while disgusting faces evoked smaller(but not significant) N170. In contrast, the P3 component during encoding showed largest amplitudes in disgusting condition. During memory retention, the NSW was the largest for disgusting faces, smaller for fearful faces, and the smallest for neutral faces. During memory retrieval, the P1 pattern was the same as during encoding period. However, the N170 showed comparable amplitudes for fearful and disgusting faces, while the N170 evoked by neutral faces was the smallest. More importantly, the P3 was larger in the disgusting condition than in the fearful condition. In addition to emotion effect, this study also found the effect of memory load. High memory load resulted in lower recognition accuracy, longer response time, smaller P3(both during encoding and retrieval) and N170(during encoding), as well as larger N170(during retrieval) and NSW(during retention), as compared to low memory load. Furthermore, the emotion effect on recognition accuracy, the P1, N170 and P3 during encoding was enlarged at high memory load. This study demonstrated that three mechanisms may contribute to the enhanced memory for disgusting than fearful stimuli. The first is that increased attention is allocated by top-down control system to elaborately evaluate disgusting stimuli at the stage of memory encoding(reflected by encoding P3). The second is that extra cognitive resources are employed for disgusting stimuli during memory rehearsal and retention(reflected by retention NSW). The third is that increased effort is made to retrieve the memory regarding disgust(reflected by retrieval P3). The current finding could help to further understand the cognitive mechanism underlying emotional memory enhancement effect.
Emotional memory enhancement effect has been verified in various memory studies using negative material. So far as we know, four studies demonstrated that disgusting stimuli are associated with a higher recognition accuracy in memory task, compared to fearful stimuli. However, the underlying neutral mechanism is still unclear. Since emotional arousal and valence are two important factors showing emotional memory enhancement effect, they should be counterbalanced between disgusting and fearful material when the latter two emotions are compared in memory.The current study used event-related potential(ERP) to investigate different effect of disgust and fear on memory encoding, retention and retrieval. In particular, the following ERP components were examined: the P1, N170 and P3 both during memory encoding and retrieval, and the negative-going slow wave(NSW) during memory retention. A total of 60 healthy adults were recruited to participate a delayed recognition task, among whom ERP data were collected from 30 participants.It is found that the recognition performance was better for disgusting faces than fearful faces. During memory encoding, fearful faces evoked larger P1 amplitudes while disgusting faces evoked smaller P1 amplitudes, both compared to neutral faces. Similar ERP pattern was found in N170, i.e., fearful faces evoked larger N170 while disgusting faces evoked smaller(but not significant) N170. In contrast, the P3 component during encoding showed largest amplitudes in disgusting condition. During memory retention, the NSW was the largest for disgusting faces, smaller for fearful faces, and the smallest for neutral faces. During memory retrieval, the P1 pattern was the same as during encoding period. However, the N170 showed comparable amplitudes for fearful and disgusting faces, while the N170 evoked by neutral faces was the smallest. More importantly, the P3 was larger in the disgusting condition than in the fearful condition. In addition to emotion effect, this study also found the effect of memory load. High memory load resulted in lower recognition accuracy, longer response time, smaller P3(both during encoding and retrieval) and N170(during encoding), as well as larger N170(during retrieval) and NSW(during retention), as compared to low memory load. Furthermore, the emotion effect on recognition accuracy, the P1, N170 and P3 during encoding was enlarged at high memory load. This study demonstrated that three mechanisms may contribute to the enhanced memory for disgusting than fearful stimuli. The first is that increased attention is allocated by top-down control system to elaborately evaluate disgusting stimuli at the stage of memory encoding(reflected by encoding P3). The second is that extra cognitive resources are employed for disgusting stimuli during memory rehearsal and retention(reflected by retention NSW). The third is that increased effort is made to retrieve the memory regarding disgust(reflected by retrieval P3). The current finding could help to further understand the cognitive mechanism underlying emotional memory enhancement effect.
引文
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Carretié,L.,Ruiz-Padial,E.,López-Martín,S.,&Albert,J.(2011).Decomposing unpleasantness:Differential exogenous attention to disgusting and fearful stimuli.Biological Psychology,86(3),247-253.
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Cisler,J.M.,&Olatunji,B.O.(2010).Components of attentional biases in contamination fear:Evidence for difficulty in disengagement.Behaviour Research Therapy,48(1),74-78.
Croucher,C.J.,Calder,A.J.,Ramponi,C.,Barnard,P.J.,&Murphy,F.C.(2011).Disgust enhances the recollection of negative emotional images.PLoS ONE,6(11),e26571.
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Gl?scher,J.,Rose,M.,&Büchel,C.(2007).Independent effects of emotion and working memory load on visual activation in the lateral occipital complex.Journal of Neuroscience,27(16),4366-4373.
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Guhn,A.,Domschke,K.,Müller,L.D.,Dresler,T.,Eff,F.,Kopf,J.,…Herrmann,M.J.(2015).Neuropeptide Sreceptor gene variation and neural correlates of cognitive emotion regulation.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(12),1730-1737.
Hauswald,A.,Schulz,H.,Iordanov,T.,&Kissler,J.(2011).ERP dynamics underlying successful directed forgetting of neutral but not negative pictures.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6(4),450-459.
Hillyard,S.A.,&Anllo-Vento,L.(1998).Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention.Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences U S A,95(3),781-787.
Ito,T.A.,Larsen,J.T.,Smith,N.K.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(1998).Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain:The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(4),887-900.
Kensinger,E.A.(2007).Negative emotion enhances memory accuracy:Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence.Current Directions in Psychological Science,16(4),213-218.
Krusemark,E.A.,&Li,W.(2013).From early sensory specialization to later perceptual generalization:Dynamic temporal progression in perceiving individual threats.The Journal of Neuroscience,33(2),587-594.
LaBar,K.S.(2007).Beyond fear:Emotional memory mechanisms in the human brain.Current Directions in Psychological Science,16(4),173-177.
LaBar,K.S.,&Cabeza,R.(2006).Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,7(1),54-64.
Langeslag,S.J.,Morgan,H.M.,Jackson,M.C.,Linden,D.E.J.,&Van Strien,J.W.(2009).Electrophysiological correlates of improved short-term memory for emotional faces.Neuropsychologia,47(3),887-896.
Li,X.B.,Chan,R.C.K.,&Luo,Y.J.(2010).Stage effects of negative emotion on spatial and verbal working memory.BMC Neuroscience,11,60.
Liu,Y.Z.,Zhang,D.D.,&Luo,Y.J(2015).How disgust facilitates avoidance:An ERP study on attention modulation by threats.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(4),598-604.
L?w,A.,Rockstroh,B.,Cohen,R.,Hauk,O.,Berg,P.,&Maier,W.(1999).Determining working memory from ERPtopography.Brain Topography,12(1),39-47.
MacNamara,A.,&Proudfit,GH.(2014).Cognitive load and emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder:Electrocortical evidence for increased distractibility.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,123(3),557-565.
MacNamara,A.,Ferri,J.,&Hajcak,G.(2011).Working memory load reduces the late positive potential and this effect is attenuated with increasing anxiety.Cognitive,Affective,&Behavioral Neuroscience,11(3),321-331.
Marchewka,A.,Wypych,M.,Micha?owski,J.M.,Sińczuk,M.,Wordecha,M.,Jednoróg,K.,&Nowicka,A.(2016).What is the effect of basic emotions on directed forgetting?Investigating the role of basic emotions in memory.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,10,378.
Morgan,H.M.,Klein,C.,Boehm,S.G.,Shapiro,K.L.,&Linden,D.E.J.(2008).Working memory load for faces modulates P300,N170,and N250r.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),989-1002.
Mueller,S.C.,Cromheeke,S.,Siugzdaite,R.,Nicolas Boehler,C.(2017).Evidence for the triadic model of adolescent brain development:Cognitive load and task-relevance of emotion differentially affect adolescents and adults.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,26,91-100.
Neuberg,S.L.,Kenrick,D.T.,&Schaller,M.(2011).Human threat management systems:Self-protection and disease avoidance.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,35(4),1042-1051.
Olofsson,J.K.,Nordin,S.,Sequeira,H.,&Polich,J.(2008).Affective picture processing:An integrative review of ERPfindings.Biological Psychology,77(3),247-265.
Paller,K.A.,Kutas,M.,&McIsaac,H.K.(1995).Monitoring conscious recollection via the electrical activity of the brain.Psychological Science,6(2),107-111.
Patel,N.,Vytal,K.,Pavletic,N.,Stoodley,C.,Pine,D.S.,Grillon,C.,&Ernst,M.(2016).Interaction of threat and verbal working memory in adolescents.Psychophysiology,53(4),518-526.
Ruchkin,D.S.,Johnson Jr,R.Grafman,J.,Canoune,H.,&Ritter,W.(1992).Distinctions and similarities among working memory processes:An event-related potential study.Cognitive Brain Research,1(1),53-66.
Rugg,M.D.,&Curran,T.(2007).Event-related potentials and recognition memory.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(6),251-257.
R?m?,P.,Paavilainen,L.,Anourova,I.,Alho,K.,Reinikainen,K.,Sipil?,S.,&Carlson,S.(2000).Modulation of slow brain potentials by working memory load in spatial and nonspatial auditory tasks.Neuropsychologia,38(7),913-922.
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