三江源国家公园雪豹和岩羊生境适宜性分析
|
摘要
雪豹是青藏高原生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,主要以岩羊为食,研究两者在三江源国家公园的生境适宜性可为其种群保护提供科学依据。基于在国家公园区域内广泛调查获得的岩羊和雪豹分布位点数据,利用最大熵生态位(MaxEnt)模型,评价三江源国家公园内岩羊和雪豹的生境适宜性及其食物链空间分布模式,探讨生境与主要环境变量之间的相关性。结果显示,海拔、最干月降水量和温度年较差是影响岩羊和雪豹空间分布的主要环境变量;海拔最适区间在4 660～4 730 m重叠,最适最干月降水量在2～4 mm重叠,温度年较差在33.7℃～37.0℃重叠。雪豹和岩羊在国家公园内的适宜栖息地面积分别为19 246 km~2和39 977 km~2,分别占公园总面积的15.63%和32.47%;两者重叠的适宜栖息地面积为16 621 km~2,占公园总面积的13.50%,主要位于澜沧江源园区东北部、中部和东部区域以及长江源园区的东南区域。本研究可为制定三江源国家公园内岩羊和雪豹的协同保护管理措施提供理论依据。
Snow leopard(Panthera uncia)is the flagship species of biodiversity conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.They feed mainly on bharal(Pseudois nayaur).Study of the habitat suitabilities of the two species can provide a scientific basis for their population protection in Sanjiangyuan National Park.Based on our extensive survey of Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia distributions in the national park,we used a Maximum Entropy(MaxEnt)model to evaluate Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia habitat suitabilities and their spatial distribution patterns in the food chain,and to investigate the relationship between habitat and the main environmental variables.The results showed that altitude,the precipitation during the driest month,and the annual temperature range were the main environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia.The optimum altitude range of the two overlapped in the range of 4 660-4 730 m,and the precipitation during the driest month and the annual temperature range of the two overlapped in the range of 2-4 mm and 33.7℃-37.0℃,respectively.The areas of the high-and medium-level suitable habitat for Panthera uncia and Pseudois nayaur in the national park were 19 246 km~2 and 39 977 km~2,accounting for 15.63% and 32.47% of the total area of the park,respectively.Meanwhile,the areas of overlap for high-and medium-level suitable habitat was 16 621 km~2,accounting for 13.50% of the total area of the park.These were mainly located in the northeast,central and eastern regions of Lancang river source park and the southeast region of Yangtze river source park.This study can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of protection and management measures for Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia in the ThreeRiver-Source National Park.
Snow leopard(Panthera uncia)is the flagship species of biodiversity conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.They feed mainly on bharal(Pseudois nayaur).Study of the habitat suitabilities of the two species can provide a scientific basis for their population protection in Sanjiangyuan National Park.Based on our extensive survey of Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia distributions in the national park,we used a Maximum Entropy(MaxEnt)model to evaluate Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia habitat suitabilities and their spatial distribution patterns in the food chain,and to investigate the relationship between habitat and the main environmental variables.The results showed that altitude,the precipitation during the driest month,and the annual temperature range were the main environmental factors affecting the spatial distribution of Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia.The optimum altitude range of the two overlapped in the range of 4 660-4 730 m,and the precipitation during the driest month and the annual temperature range of the two overlapped in the range of 2-4 mm and 33.7℃-37.0℃,respectively.The areas of the high-and medium-level suitable habitat for Panthera uncia and Pseudois nayaur in the national park were 19 246 km~2 and 39 977 km~2,accounting for 15.63% and 32.47% of the total area of the park,respectively.Meanwhile,the areas of overlap for high-and medium-level suitable habitat was 16 621 km~2,accounting for 13.50% of the total area of the park.These were mainly located in the northeast,central and eastern regions of Lancang river source park and the southeast region of Yangtze river source park.This study can provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of protection and management measures for Pseudois nayaur and Panthera uncia in the ThreeRiver-Source National Park.
引文
Alexander J S.2015.Advancing research and conservation of snow leopards in the Qilianshan mountains of China:management and methodological implications.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Aryal A,Brunton D,Ji W,Raubenheimer D.2014.Blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal:habitat use,population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards.Integrative Zoology,9(1):34-45.
Cai Z Y,Qin W,Gao H M,Wu T,Chi X W,Yang J D,Miao Z Y,Zhang J J,Song P F,Lian X M,Su J P,Zhang T Z.2018.Species diversity and fauna of mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park.Acta Theriologica Sinica,DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150215.(in Chinese)
Carlos-Junior L A,Neves D M,Barbosa N P,Moulton T P,Creed J C.2015.Occurrence of an invasive coral in the southwest Atlantic and comparison with a congener suggest potential niche expansion.Ecology and Evolution,5(11):2162-2171.
Chamaill6 L,Tran A,Meunier A,Bourdoiseau G,Ready P,Dedet J P.2010.En,vironmental risk mapping of canine leishmaniasis in France.Parasites&Vectors, 3:31.
Cui D Y.2007.Home Range,Activity Rhythm and Foraging Strategy of Bharal(Pseudois nayaur)in Helan Mountain,China Ph.D thesis.Shanghai:East China Normal University.(in Chinese)
Dagleish M P,Ali Q,Powell R K,Butz D,Woodford M H.2007.Fatal Sarcoptes scabiei infection of blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur)in Pakistan.Journal of Wildlife Diseases,43(3):512-517.
Dong J P.2014.Daytime Activity Budets and Activity Rhythms by Blue Sheep(Pseudois nayaur)with Different Sex Classes in Helan Mountain.Master thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Dupin M,Reynaud P,Jarosík V,Baker R,Brunel S,Eyre D,Pergl J,Makowski D.2011.Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models:application to Diabrolica virgifera virgifera.PLoS ONE,6(6):e20957.
Freeman L A,Kleypas J A,Miller A J.2013.Coral reef habitat response to climate change scenarios.PLoS ONE, 8(12):e82404.
Guevara L,Gerstner B E,Kass J M,Anderson R P.2017.Toward ecologically realistic predictions of species distributions:a cross-time example from tropical montane cloud forests.Global Change Biology,24(4):1511-1522.
Hill N J,Tobin A J,Reside A E,Pepperell J G,Bridge T C.2016.Dynamic habitat suitabilitymodelling reveals rapid polewarddistribution shift in a mobile apex predator.Global Change Biology,22(3):1086-1096.
Jia X,Ma F F,Zhou W M,Zhou L,Yu D P,Qin J,Dai L M.2017.Impacts of climate change on the potential geographical distribution of broadleaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(2):464-473.(in Chinese)
Jiang Y Y,Ma Z Q,Teng L W,Liu Z S.2017.Advance of the population and ecology of Pseudois nayaur.Journal of Economic Animal,21(3):181-183.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Li L L,Hu Y M,Hu H J,Li C W,Ping X G,Luo Z H.2018.Diversity and endemism of ungulates on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:evolution and conservation.Biodiversity Science,26(2):158-170.(in Chinese)
Johnson T L,Bjork J K,Neitzel D F,Dorr F M,Schiffman E K,Eisen R J.2016.Habitat suitability model for the distribution of Ixodes scapularis(Acari:Ixodidae)in Minnesota.Journal of Medical Entomology, 53(3):598-606.
Kumar S,LeBrun E G,Stohlgren T J,Stabach J A,McDonald D L'Oi D H,LaPolla J S.2015.Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of the Tawny Crazyant,Nylanderia fulva.Ecology&Evolution,5(20):4628-4641.
Li C Y,Yang G Y.2017.The sarcoptidosis of wild mammals.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,36(1):104-113.(in Chinese)
Li J.2012.Ecology and conservation strategy of snow leopard(Panthera uncia)in Sanjiangyuan Area on the Tibetan Plateau.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Peking University.(in Chinese)
Li D Q,Li J W.2012.Biodiversity in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve:Scientific Investigation Report.Beijing:Science and technology of China Press.(in Chinese)
Li J,Lu Z.2014.Snow leopard poaching and trade in China.2000-2013.Biological Conservation, 176(4):207-211.
Li J,Wang D,Yin H,Zhaxi D,Jiagong Z,Schaller G B,Mishra C,McCarthy T M,Wang H,Wu L,Xiao L,Basang L,Zhang Y,Zhou Y,Lu Z.2014.Role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation.Conservation Biology,28(1):87-94.
Liu C G,Zheng S W,Ren J R.2003.Research foods and foods source about snow Leopard(Panthera uncia).Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),31(S2),154-159.(in Chinese)
Liu Z S,Gao H,Teng L W,Su Y,Wang X Q,Kong F D.2013.Habitat suitability assessment of blue sheep in Helan Mountain based on MAXENT modeling.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(22):7243-7249.(in Chinese)
Lyngdoh S,Shrotriya Shivam,Loyal S P,Clements H,Hayward M W,Habib B.2014.Prey preferences of the snow leopard(Panthera uncia):regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation.PLoS ONE,9(2):e88349.
Ma M,Bariushaa M,Xu F,Mardan T,Yin S J,Wei S D.2005.Markings as indicator of snow leopard in field survey in Xinjiang.Chinese Journal of Zoology,40(4):34-39.(in Chinese)
Ma Q,Su H L,Li D Q.2003.Investigation of avifauna distribution in the Water Origin of Three Rivers Nature Reserve.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,25(5):51-54.(in Chinese)
Padalia H,Srivastava V,Kushwaha S P.2015.How climate change might influence the potential distribution of weed,bushmint(Hyptis suaveolens), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(4):210.
Phillips S J,Anderson R P,Schapire R E.2006.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions.Ecological Modelling,190(3):231-259.
Phillips S J,Dudik M.2008.Modeling of species distributions with Maxent:new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography,31(2):161-175.
Qi X Z,He S F,Zhao W X,Zhao H L,Wu G S,Zhang D L 2018.The Establishment of wildlife Rescue System in Qinghai Province.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,46(30):89-91.(in Chinese)
Qiao M J,Tang Z,Shi X G,Cheng Y H,Hu Q,Li W J.2017.Habitat suitability assessmernt of snow leopards in Wolong National Nature Reserve based on maxEnt Modeling.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 38(6):1-4.(in Chinese)
Schadt S,Revilla E,Wiegand T,Knauer F,Kaczensky P,Breitenmoser U,Bufka L,Cerveny J,Koubek P,Huber T,Stanisa C,Trepl L.2002.Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx.Journal of Applied Ecology,39(2):189-203.
Soucy J R,Slatculescu A M,Nyiraneza C,Ogden N H,Leighton P A,Kerr J T,Kulkami M A.2018.High-resolution ecological niche modeling of Ixodes scapularis ticks based on passive surveillance Data at the Northern Frontier of Lyme Disease Emergence in North Ameri.ca.Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases,18(5):235-242.
Wang J.2012.Research on snow leopard(Panthera uncia)niche and population assessment in Taxkorgan,Xinjiang,China.Master thesis.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Wang R L,Li Q,Feng C H,Shi Z P.2017.Predicting potential ecological distribution of Locusta migratoria tibetensis in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(24):8556-8566.(in Chinese)
Wang Y S,Xie B Y,Wang F H,Xiao Q M,Dai L Y.2007.Application of ROC curve analysis in evaluating the performance of alien species'potential distribution models.Biodiversity Science,15(4):65-372.(in Chinese)
Wang Y Z,Li C,Wu K M,Wei Y W,Guo W T.2009.Species and geographical distribution of carnivores and small mammals in Sanjiangyuan region.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 20(6):589-590.(in Chinese)
Watts S M,McCarthy T M,Namgail T.2019.Modelling potential habitat for snow leopards(Panthera uncia)in Ladakh,India.PLoS ONE,14(1):e0211509.
Xu W H,Luo C.2010.Application of MAXENT Model in Rhinopithecusroxllanae habitat assessment in Qinling Mountain.Forest Engineering, 26(2):1-3.(in Chinese)
Yao X X.2018.The relationship between the behavior and the social statua of blue sheep(Pesudois nayaur)in Helan Mountains.Master thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y,Bao M,Ma Y G,Zeng Y,Ma J X,Ma Y L,Duan P,Chen Z N.2014.Study on avian diversity in Sanjiangyuan Makehe Reserve Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,33(6):926-930.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y G,He L,Duo HR,Li D Q,Jin K.2009.A preliminary study on the population genetic structure of snow leopard(Unica unica)in Qinghai Province utilizing fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica,29(3):310-315.
Zhao Y.2018.Spring and summer habitat selection of goitred gazelle(Gazella Subgutturosa)in Wulate Mongolia Wild Ass-Saxoul Nature Reserve,Inner Mongolia.Master thesis.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry.(in Chinese)
Zhou Y Y,Feng J Z,Duo H R,Yang H L,Li J,Li D Q,Zhang Y G.2014.Population survey and genetic diversity of snow leopard(Uncia uncia)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as revealed by fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34(2):138-148.(in Chinese)
马鸣,Bariushaa Munkhtsog,徐峰,买尔旦,殷守敬,魏顺德.2005.新疆雪豹调查中的痕迹分析.动物学杂志,40(4):34-39.
马强,苏化龙,李迪强.2003.青海三江源自然保护区鸟类分布状况初步研究.北京林业大学学报,25(5):51-54.
王运生,谢丙炎,万方浩,肖启明,戴良英.2007.ROC曲线分析在评价人侵物种分布模型中的应用.生物多样性,15(4):65-372.
王君.2012.新疆塔什库尔干地区雪豹生态位研究及种群估算.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文.
王茹琳,李庆,封传红,石朝鹏.2017.基于MaxEnt的西藏飞蝗在中国的适生区预测·生态学报,37(24):8556-8566.
乔麦菊,唐卓,施小刚,程跃红,胡强,李文静,张和民.2017.基于MaxEnt模型的卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)适宜栖息地预测.四川林业科技,38(6):1-4.
刘伟,张学元,张胜邦.2016.青海三江源国家级自然保护区常见野生动物.西宁:青海民族出版社.
刘振生,高惠,滕丽微,苏云,王晓勤,孔芳毅.2013.基于MAXENT模型的贺兰山岩羊生境适宜性评价.生态学报,33(22):7243-7249.
刘楚光,郑生武,任军让.2003.雪豹的食性与食源调查研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),31(S2):154-159.
齐新章,何顺福,赵文信,赵海龙,吴国生,张得良.2018.青海省野生动物收容救护体系建设问题分析.安徽农业科学,46(30):89-91.
李迪强,李建文.2012.三江源生物多样性—三江源自然保护区科学考察报告.北京:中国科学技术出版社.
李春燕,杨光友.2017.野生哺乳动物的疥螨病.四川动物,36(1):104-113.
李娟.2012.青藏高原三江源地区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的生态学研究及保护.北京:北京大学硕士学位论文.
汪元忠,李超,吴克梅,魏有文,郭文涛.2009.三江源地区食肉动物和小型兽类的种类与分布.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,20(6):589-590.
张于光,何丽,朵海瑞,李迪强,金崑.2009.基于粪便DNA的青海雪豹种群遗传结构初步研究.兽类学报,19(3):310-315.
张营,鲍敏,马永贵,曾阳,马继雄,马应龙,段培,陈振宁.2014.青海三江源玛可河保护区鸟类多样性研究.四川动物,33(6):926-930.
周芸芸,冯金朝,朵海瑞,杨海龙,李娟,李迪强,张于光.2014.基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析.兽类学报,34(2):138-148.
赵宇.2018.内蒙古乌拉特蒙古野驴—梭梭林国家级自然保护区鹅喉羚春夏季生境选择研究.北京:中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文.
姜莹莹,马忠其,滕丽微,刘振生.2017.中国岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)种群和生态学研究进展.经济动物学报,21(3):181-183.
姚绪新.2018.宁夏贺兰山岩羊发情期行为与其社群状态关系.哈尔滨:东北林业大学硕士学位论文.
贾翔,马芳芳,周旺明,周莉,于大炮,秦静,代力民·2017.气候变化对阔叶红松林潜在地理分布区的影响,生态学报,37(2):464-473.
徐卫华,罗琳.2010.MAXENT模型在秦岭川金丝猴生境评价中的应用.森林工程,26(2):1-3.
崔多英.2007.贺兰山岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的家域、活动规律和采食生态学研究.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文.
蒋志刚,李立立,胡一鸣,胡慧建,李春旺,平晓鸽,罗振华.2018.青藏高原有蹄类动物多样性和特有性:演化与保护.生物多样性,26(2):158-170.
蔡振媛,覃雯,高红梅,吴彤,迟翔文,杨俊东,苗紫燕,张婧捷,宋鹏飞,连新明,苏建平,张同作.2018.三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析.兽类学报,DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150215.
董嘉鹏.2014.贺兰山岩羊不同性别昼间行为时间分配和活动节律研究.哈尔滨:东北林业大学硕士学位论文.
Aryal A,Brunton D,Ji W,Raubenheimer D.2014.Blue sheep in the Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal:habitat use,population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards.Integrative Zoology,9(1):34-45.
Cai Z Y,Qin W,Gao H M,Wu T,Chi X W,Yang J D,Miao Z Y,Zhang J J,Song P F,Lian X M,Su J P,Zhang T Z.2018.Species diversity and fauna of mammals in Sanjiangyuan National Park.Acta Theriologica Sinica,DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150215.(in Chinese)
Carlos-Junior L A,Neves D M,Barbosa N P,Moulton T P,Creed J C.2015.Occurrence of an invasive coral in the southwest Atlantic and comparison with a congener suggest potential niche expansion.Ecology and Evolution,5(11):2162-2171.
Chamaill6 L,Tran A,Meunier A,Bourdoiseau G,Ready P,Dedet J P.2010.En,vironmental risk mapping of canine leishmaniasis in France.Parasites&Vectors, 3:31.
Cui D Y.2007.Home Range,Activity Rhythm and Foraging Strategy of Bharal(Pseudois nayaur)in Helan Mountain,China Ph.D thesis.Shanghai:East China Normal University.(in Chinese)
Dagleish M P,Ali Q,Powell R K,Butz D,Woodford M H.2007.Fatal Sarcoptes scabiei infection of blue sheep(Pseudois nayaur)in Pakistan.Journal of Wildlife Diseases,43(3):512-517.
Dong J P.2014.Daytime Activity Budets and Activity Rhythms by Blue Sheep(Pseudois nayaur)with Different Sex Classes in Helan Mountain.Master thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Dupin M,Reynaud P,Jarosík V,Baker R,Brunel S,Eyre D,Pergl J,Makowski D.2011.Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models:application to Diabrolica virgifera virgifera.PLoS ONE,6(6):e20957.
Freeman L A,Kleypas J A,Miller A J.2013.Coral reef habitat response to climate change scenarios.PLoS ONE, 8(12):e82404.
Guevara L,Gerstner B E,Kass J M,Anderson R P.2017.Toward ecologically realistic predictions of species distributions:a cross-time example from tropical montane cloud forests.Global Change Biology,24(4):1511-1522.
Hill N J,Tobin A J,Reside A E,Pepperell J G,Bridge T C.2016.Dynamic habitat suitabilitymodelling reveals rapid polewarddistribution shift in a mobile apex predator.Global Change Biology,22(3):1086-1096.
Jia X,Ma F F,Zhou W M,Zhou L,Yu D P,Qin J,Dai L M.2017.Impacts of climate change on the potential geographical distribution of broadleaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(2):464-473.(in Chinese)
Jiang Y Y,Ma Z Q,Teng L W,Liu Z S.2017.Advance of the population and ecology of Pseudois nayaur.Journal of Economic Animal,21(3):181-183.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G,Li L L,Hu Y M,Hu H J,Li C W,Ping X G,Luo Z H.2018.Diversity and endemism of ungulates on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:evolution and conservation.Biodiversity Science,26(2):158-170.(in Chinese)
Johnson T L,Bjork J K,Neitzel D F,Dorr F M,Schiffman E K,Eisen R J.2016.Habitat suitability model for the distribution of Ixodes scapularis(Acari:Ixodidae)in Minnesota.Journal of Medical Entomology, 53(3):598-606.
Kumar S,LeBrun E G,Stohlgren T J,Stabach J A,McDonald D L'Oi D H,LaPolla J S.2015.Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of the Tawny Crazyant,Nylanderia fulva.Ecology&Evolution,5(20):4628-4641.
Li C Y,Yang G Y.2017.The sarcoptidosis of wild mammals.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,36(1):104-113.(in Chinese)
Li J.2012.Ecology and conservation strategy of snow leopard(Panthera uncia)in Sanjiangyuan Area on the Tibetan Plateau.Ph.D thesis.Beijing:Peking University.(in Chinese)
Li D Q,Li J W.2012.Biodiversity in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve:Scientific Investigation Report.Beijing:Science and technology of China Press.(in Chinese)
Li J,Lu Z.2014.Snow leopard poaching and trade in China.2000-2013.Biological Conservation, 176(4):207-211.
Li J,Wang D,Yin H,Zhaxi D,Jiagong Z,Schaller G B,Mishra C,McCarthy T M,Wang H,Wu L,Xiao L,Basang L,Zhang Y,Zhou Y,Lu Z.2014.Role of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation.Conservation Biology,28(1):87-94.
Liu C G,Zheng S W,Ren J R.2003.Research foods and foods source about snow Leopard(Panthera uncia).Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),31(S2),154-159.(in Chinese)
Liu Z S,Gao H,Teng L W,Su Y,Wang X Q,Kong F D.2013.Habitat suitability assessment of blue sheep in Helan Mountain based on MAXENT modeling.Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(22):7243-7249.(in Chinese)
Lyngdoh S,Shrotriya Shivam,Loyal S P,Clements H,Hayward M W,Habib B.2014.Prey preferences of the snow leopard(Panthera uncia):regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation.PLoS ONE,9(2):e88349.
Ma M,Bariushaa M,Xu F,Mardan T,Yin S J,Wei S D.2005.Markings as indicator of snow leopard in field survey in Xinjiang.Chinese Journal of Zoology,40(4):34-39.(in Chinese)
Ma Q,Su H L,Li D Q.2003.Investigation of avifauna distribution in the Water Origin of Three Rivers Nature Reserve.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,25(5):51-54.(in Chinese)
Padalia H,Srivastava V,Kushwaha S P.2015.How climate change might influence the potential distribution of weed,bushmint(Hyptis suaveolens), Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(4):210.
Phillips S J,Anderson R P,Schapire R E.2006.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions.Ecological Modelling,190(3):231-259.
Phillips S J,Dudik M.2008.Modeling of species distributions with Maxent:new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography,31(2):161-175.
Qi X Z,He S F,Zhao W X,Zhao H L,Wu G S,Zhang D L 2018.The Establishment of wildlife Rescue System in Qinghai Province.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,46(30):89-91.(in Chinese)
Qiao M J,Tang Z,Shi X G,Cheng Y H,Hu Q,Li W J.2017.Habitat suitability assessmernt of snow leopards in Wolong National Nature Reserve based on maxEnt Modeling.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 38(6):1-4.(in Chinese)
Schadt S,Revilla E,Wiegand T,Knauer F,Kaczensky P,Breitenmoser U,Bufka L,Cerveny J,Koubek P,Huber T,Stanisa C,Trepl L.2002.Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx.Journal of Applied Ecology,39(2):189-203.
Soucy J R,Slatculescu A M,Nyiraneza C,Ogden N H,Leighton P A,Kerr J T,Kulkami M A.2018.High-resolution ecological niche modeling of Ixodes scapularis ticks based on passive surveillance Data at the Northern Frontier of Lyme Disease Emergence in North Ameri.ca.Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases,18(5):235-242.
Wang J.2012.Research on snow leopard(Panthera uncia)niche and population assessment in Taxkorgan,Xinjiang,China.Master thesis.Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Wang R L,Li Q,Feng C H,Shi Z P.2017.Predicting potential ecological distribution of Locusta migratoria tibetensis in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(24):8556-8566.(in Chinese)
Wang Y S,Xie B Y,Wang F H,Xiao Q M,Dai L Y.2007.Application of ROC curve analysis in evaluating the performance of alien species'potential distribution models.Biodiversity Science,15(4):65-372.(in Chinese)
Wang Y Z,Li C,Wu K M,Wei Y W,Guo W T.2009.Species and geographical distribution of carnivores and small mammals in Sanjiangyuan region.Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 20(6):589-590.(in Chinese)
Watts S M,McCarthy T M,Namgail T.2019.Modelling potential habitat for snow leopards(Panthera uncia)in Ladakh,India.PLoS ONE,14(1):e0211509.
Xu W H,Luo C.2010.Application of MAXENT Model in Rhinopithecusroxllanae habitat assessment in Qinling Mountain.Forest Engineering, 26(2):1-3.(in Chinese)
Yao X X.2018.The relationship between the behavior and the social statua of blue sheep(Pesudois nayaur)in Helan Mountains.Master thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y,Bao M,Ma Y G,Zeng Y,Ma J X,Ma Y L,Duan P,Chen Z N.2014.Study on avian diversity in Sanjiangyuan Makehe Reserve Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,33(6):926-930.(in Chinese)
Zhang Y G,He L,Duo HR,Li D Q,Jin K.2009.A preliminary study on the population genetic structure of snow leopard(Unica unica)in Qinghai Province utilizing fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica,29(3):310-315.
Zhao Y.2018.Spring and summer habitat selection of goitred gazelle(Gazella Subgutturosa)in Wulate Mongolia Wild Ass-Saxoul Nature Reserve,Inner Mongolia.Master thesis.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry.(in Chinese)
Zhou Y Y,Feng J Z,Duo H R,Yang H L,Li J,Li D Q,Zhang Y G.2014.Population survey and genetic diversity of snow leopard(Uncia uncia)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as revealed by fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34(2):138-148.(in Chinese)
马鸣,Bariushaa Munkhtsog,徐峰,买尔旦,殷守敬,魏顺德.2005.新疆雪豹调查中的痕迹分析.动物学杂志,40(4):34-39.
马强,苏化龙,李迪强.2003.青海三江源自然保护区鸟类分布状况初步研究.北京林业大学学报,25(5):51-54.
王运生,谢丙炎,万方浩,肖启明,戴良英.2007.ROC曲线分析在评价人侵物种分布模型中的应用.生物多样性,15(4):65-372.
王君.2012.新疆塔什库尔干地区雪豹生态位研究及种群估算.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文.
王茹琳,李庆,封传红,石朝鹏.2017.基于MaxEnt的西藏飞蝗在中国的适生区预测·生态学报,37(24):8556-8566.
乔麦菊,唐卓,施小刚,程跃红,胡强,李文静,张和民.2017.基于MaxEnt模型的卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)适宜栖息地预测.四川林业科技,38(6):1-4.
刘伟,张学元,张胜邦.2016.青海三江源国家级自然保护区常见野生动物.西宁:青海民族出版社.
刘振生,高惠,滕丽微,苏云,王晓勤,孔芳毅.2013.基于MAXENT模型的贺兰山岩羊生境适宜性评价.生态学报,33(22):7243-7249.
刘楚光,郑生武,任军让.2003.雪豹的食性与食源调查研究.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),31(S2):154-159.
齐新章,何顺福,赵文信,赵海龙,吴国生,张得良.2018.青海省野生动物收容救护体系建设问题分析.安徽农业科学,46(30):89-91.
李迪强,李建文.2012.三江源生物多样性—三江源自然保护区科学考察报告.北京:中国科学技术出版社.
李春燕,杨光友.2017.野生哺乳动物的疥螨病.四川动物,36(1):104-113.
李娟.2012.青藏高原三江源地区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的生态学研究及保护.北京:北京大学硕士学位论文.
汪元忠,李超,吴克梅,魏有文,郭文涛.2009.三江源地区食肉动物和小型兽类的种类与分布.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,20(6):589-590.
张于光,何丽,朵海瑞,李迪强,金崑.2009.基于粪便DNA的青海雪豹种群遗传结构初步研究.兽类学报,19(3):310-315.
张营,鲍敏,马永贵,曾阳,马继雄,马应龙,段培,陈振宁.2014.青海三江源玛可河保护区鸟类多样性研究.四川动物,33(6):926-930.
周芸芸,冯金朝,朵海瑞,杨海龙,李娟,李迪强,张于光.2014.基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析.兽类学报,34(2):138-148.
赵宇.2018.内蒙古乌拉特蒙古野驴—梭梭林国家级自然保护区鹅喉羚春夏季生境选择研究.北京:中国林业科学研究院硕士学位论文.
姜莹莹,马忠其,滕丽微,刘振生.2017.中国岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)种群和生态学研究进展.经济动物学报,21(3):181-183.
姚绪新.2018.宁夏贺兰山岩羊发情期行为与其社群状态关系.哈尔滨:东北林业大学硕士学位论文.
贾翔,马芳芳,周旺明,周莉,于大炮,秦静,代力民·2017.气候变化对阔叶红松林潜在地理分布区的影响,生态学报,37(2):464-473.
徐卫华,罗琳.2010.MAXENT模型在秦岭川金丝猴生境评价中的应用.森林工程,26(2):1-3.
崔多英.2007.贺兰山岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)的家域、活动规律和采食生态学研究.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文.
蒋志刚,李立立,胡一鸣,胡慧建,李春旺,平晓鸽,罗振华.2018.青藏高原有蹄类动物多样性和特有性:演化与保护.生物多样性,26(2):158-170.
蔡振媛,覃雯,高红梅,吴彤,迟翔文,杨俊东,苗紫燕,张婧捷,宋鹏飞,连新明,苏建平,张同作.2018.三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析.兽类学报,DOI:10.16829/j.slxb.150215.
董嘉鹏.2014.贺兰山岩羊不同性别昼间行为时间分配和活动节律研究.哈尔滨:东北林业大学硕士学位论文.