Mesoscale SST perturbation-induced impacts on climatological precipitation in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension region,as revealed by the WRF simulations
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摘要
Mesoscale coupling between perturbations of mesoscale sea surface temperature(SST) and lowlevel winds has been extensively studied using available high-resolution satellite observations. However, the climatological impacts of mesoscale SST perturbations(SST_(meso)) on the free atmosphere have not been fully understood. In this study, the rectified ef fect of SST_(meso) on local climatological precipitation in the KuroshioOyashio Extension(KOE) region is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model; two runs are performed, one forced by low-resolution SST fields(almost no mesoscale signals) and another by additional high-resolution SST_(meso) fields extracted from satellite observations. Climatological precipitation response to SST_(meso) is characterized mainly by enhanced precipitation on the warmer flank of three oceanic SST fronts in this region. The results show that the positive correlation between the 10-m wind speed perturbations and SST_(meso) is well captured by the WRF model with a reasonable spatial pattern but relatively weak strength. The addition of SST_(meso) improves the climatological precipitation simulated by WRF with a better representation of fine-scale structures compared with satellite observations. A closer examination on the underlying mechanism suggests that while the pressure adjustment mechanism can explain the climatological precipitation enhancement along the fronts and the relatively high contribution of the convective precipitation, other factors such as synoptic events should also be taken into consideration to account for the seasonality of the precipitation response.
Mesoscale coupling between perturbations of mesoscale sea surface temperature(SST) and lowlevel winds has been extensively studied using available high-resolution satellite observations. However, the climatological impacts of mesoscale SST perturbations(SST_(meso)) on the free atmosphere have not been fully understood. In this study, the rectified ef fect of SST_(meso) on local climatological precipitation in the KuroshioOyashio Extension(KOE) region is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model; two runs are performed, one forced by low-resolution SST fields(almost no mesoscale signals) and another by additional high-resolution SST_(meso) fields extracted from satellite observations. Climatological precipitation response to SST_(meso) is characterized mainly by enhanced precipitation on the warmer flank of three oceanic SST fronts in this region. The results show that the positive correlation between the 10-m wind speed perturbations and SST_(meso) is well captured by the WRF model with a reasonable spatial pattern but relatively weak strength. The addition of SST_(meso) improves the climatological precipitation simulated by WRF with a better representation of fine-scale structures compared with satellite observations. A closer examination on the underlying mechanism suggests that while the pressure adjustment mechanism can explain the climatological precipitation enhancement along the fronts and the relatively high contribution of the convective precipitation, other factors such as synoptic events should also be taken into consideration to account for the seasonality of the precipitation response.
Mesoscale coupling between perturbations of mesoscale sea surface temperature(SST) and lowlevel winds has been extensively studied using available high-resolution satellite observations. However, the climatological impacts of mesoscale SST perturbations(SST_(meso)) on the free atmosphere have not been fully understood. In this study, the rectified ef fect of SST_(meso) on local climatological precipitation in the KuroshioOyashio Extension(KOE) region is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model; two runs are performed, one forced by low-resolution SST fields(almost no mesoscale signals) and another by additional high-resolution SST_(meso) fields extracted from satellite observations. Climatological precipitation response to SST_(meso) is characterized mainly by enhanced precipitation on the warmer flank of three oceanic SST fronts in this region. The results show that the positive correlation between the 10-m wind speed perturbations and SST_(meso) is well captured by the WRF model with a reasonable spatial pattern but relatively weak strength. The addition of SST_(meso) improves the climatological precipitation simulated by WRF with a better representation of fine-scale structures compared with satellite observations. A closer examination on the underlying mechanism suggests that while the pressure adjustment mechanism can explain the climatological precipitation enhancement along the fronts and the relatively high contribution of the convective precipitation, other factors such as synoptic events should also be taken into consideration to account for the seasonality of the precipitation response.
引文
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Bryan F O,Tomas R,Dennis J,Chelton D B,Loeb N,McClean J.2010.Frontal scale air-sea interaction in high-resolution coupled climate models.Journal of Climate,23(23):6 277-6 291,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Chelton D B,Schlax M G,Freilich M H,Millif f R F.2004.Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds.Science,303(5660):978-983,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091901.
Chelton D B,Xie S-P.2010.Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales.Oceanography,23(4):52-69,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.05.
Hayes S P,McPhaden M J,Wallace J M.1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:weekly to monthly variability.Journal of Climate,2(12):1500-1506,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1500:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Huang B,L’Heureux M,Lawrimore J,Liu C Y,Zhang H M,Banzon V,Hu Z-Z,Kumar A.2013.Why did large dif ferences arise in the sea surface temperature datasets across the tropical Pacific during 2012?.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,30(12):2 944-2 953,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00034.1.
Huf fman G J,Pendergrass A,National Center for Atmospheric Research Staf f.2017.The Climate Data Guide:TRMM:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/trmm-tropical-rainfallmeasuring-mission.
Iizuka S.2010.Simulations of wintertime precipitation in the vicinity of Japan:sensitivity tofine‐scale distributions of sea surface temperature.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),115(D10):D10107,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012576.
Isoguchi O,Kawamura H,Oka E.2006.Quasi‐stationary jets transporting surface warm waters across the transition zone between the subtropical and the subarctic gyres in the North Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C10):C10003,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003402.
Jiménez P A,Dudhia J,González-Rouco J F,Navarro J,Montávez J P,García-Bustamante E.2012.A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation.Monthly Weather Review,140(3):898-918,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:an update.Journal of Applied Meteorology,43(1):170-181,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2.
Kuwano-Yoshida A,Minobe S,Xie S-P.2010.Precipitation response to the gulf stream in an atmospheric GCM.Journal of Climate,23(13):3 676-3 698,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3261.1.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snowfield in a cloud model.Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,22(6):1 065-1 092,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2.
Lindzen R S,Nigam S.1987.On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,44(17):2 418-2 436,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2.
Ma X H,Chang P,Saravanan R,Montuoro R,Hsieh J-S,Wu DX,Lin X P,Wu L X,Jing Z.2015.Distant influence of Kuroshio eddies on north pacific weather patterns?Scientific Reports,5:17 785,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17785.
Ma X H,Jing Z,Chang P,Liu X,Montuoro R,Small J R,Bryan F O,Greatbatch J R,Brandt P,Wu D X,Lin X P,Wu L X.2016.Western boundary currents regulated by interaction between ocean eddies and the atmosphere.Nature,535(7613):533-537,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18640.
Minobe S,Kuwano-Yoshida A,Komori N,Xie S-P,Small J R.2008.Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere.Nature,452(7184):206-209,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06690.
Minobe S,Miyashita M,Kuwano-Yoshida A,Tokinaga H,Xie S-P.2010.Atmospheric response to the Gulf stream:seasonal variations.Journal of Climate,23(13):3 699-3 719,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3359.1.
Nakamura H,Sampe T,Tanimoto Y,Shimpo A.2004.Observed associations among storm tracks,jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts.In:Wang C,Xie S-P,Carton Jeds.Earth’s Climate:the Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction.American Geophysical Union,Washington,DC.p.329-345,https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM18.
Nonaka M,Xie,S-P.2003.Covariations of sea surface temperature and wind over the Kuroshio and its extension:evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback.Journal of Climate,16(9):1 404-1 413,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1404:COSSTA>2.0.CO;2.
O’Neill L,Chelton D B,Esbensen S K.2012.Covariability of surface wind and stress responses to sea surface temperature fronts.Journal of Climate,25(17):5 916-5 942,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1.
O’Neill L,Chelton D B,Esbensen S.2010b.The ef fects of SST-induced surface wind speed and direction gradients on midlatitude surface vorticity and divergence.Journal of Climate,23(2):255-281,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2613.1.
O’Neill L,Esbensen S,Thum N,Samelson R,Chelton D B.2010a.Dynamical analysis of the boundary layer and surface wind responses to mesoscale SST perturbations.Journal of Climate,23(3):559-581,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2662.1.
Perlin N,de Szoeke S P,Chelton D B,Samelson R,Skyllingstad E,O’Neill L.2014.Modeling the atmospheric boundary layer wind response to mesoscale sea surface temperature perturbations.Monthly Weather Review,142(11):4 284-4 307,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00332.1.
Putrasahan D A,Miller A J,Seo H.2013.Isolating mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Kuroshio Extension region.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,63:60-78,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2013.04.001.
Qiu B,Chen S M,Schneider N.2017.Dynamical links between the decadal variability of the oyashio and kuroshio extensions.Journal of Climate,30(23):9 591-9 605,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0397.1.
Schlax M G,Chelton D B,Freilich M H.2001.Sampling errors in windfields constructed from single and tandem scatterometer datasets.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,18(6):1 014-1 036,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1014:SEIWFC>2.0.CO;2.
Schlax M G,Chelton D B.1992.Frequency domain diagnostics for linear smoothers.Journal of the American Statistical Association,87(420):1 070-1 081,https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.10476262.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,Gill D O,Barker D M,Duda M G,Huang X-Y,Wang W,Powers J G.2008.Adescription of the advanced research WRF version 3.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Small R J,de Szoeke S P,Xie S P,O’Neill L,Seo H,Song Q,Cornillon P,Spall M,Minobe S.2008.Air-sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,45(3-4):274-319,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001.
Song Q T,Chelton D B,Esbensen S K,Thum N,O’Neill L.2009.Coupling between sea surface temperature and low-level winds in mesoscale numerical models.Journal of Climate,22(1):146-164,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2488.1.
Taguchi B,Nakamura H,Nonaka M,Xie S-P.2009.Influences of the kuroshio/oyashio extensions on air-sea heat exchanges and storm-track activity as revealed in regional atmospheric model simulations for the 2003/04 cold season.Journal of Climate,22(24):6 536-6 560,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2910.1.
Tokinaga H,Tanimoto Y,Xie S-P,Sampe T,Tomita H,Ichikawa H.2009.Ocean frontal ef fects on the vertical development of clouds over the western North Pacific:in situ and satellite observations.Journal of Climate,22(16):4 241-4 260,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2763.1.
Vannière B,Czaja A,Dacre H,Woollings T.2017.A“Cold Path”for Gulf Stream-troposphere connection.Journal of Climate,30(4):1 363-1 379,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0749.1.
Wallace J M,Mitchell T P,Deser C.1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:seasonal and interannual variability.Journal of Climate,2(12):1 492-1 499,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Wei Y Z,Zhang R‐H,Wang H N.2017.Mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling in the Kuroshio extension and its ef fect on the ocean.Journal of Oceanography,73(6):785-798,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0432-2.
Xie S-P.2004.Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,85(2):195-208,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.
Zhang R-H,Li Z X,Zhu J S,Kang X B,Min J Z.2014.Impact of tropical instability waves‐induced SST forcing on the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific,evaluated using CAM5.1.Atmospheric Science Letters,15(3):186-194,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.488.
Zhang R-H.2014.Ef fects of tropical instability wave(TIW)-induced surface wind feedback in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Climate Dynamics,42(1-2):467-485,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1878-6.
Zhou G D,Latif M,Greatbatch R J,Park W.2015.Atmospheric response to the North Pacific enabled by daily sea surface temperature variability.Geophysical Research Letters,42(18):7 732-7 739,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065356.
Bryan F O,Tomas R,Dennis J,Chelton D B,Loeb N,McClean J.2010.Frontal scale air-sea interaction in high-resolution coupled climate models.Journal of Climate,23(23):6 277-6 291,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Chelton D B,Schlax M G,Freilich M H,Millif f R F.2004.Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds.Science,303(5660):978-983,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091901.
Chelton D B,Xie S-P.2010.Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales.Oceanography,23(4):52-69,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.05.
Hayes S P,McPhaden M J,Wallace J M.1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:weekly to monthly variability.Journal of Climate,2(12):1500-1506,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1500:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Huang B,L’Heureux M,Lawrimore J,Liu C Y,Zhang H M,Banzon V,Hu Z-Z,Kumar A.2013.Why did large dif ferences arise in the sea surface temperature datasets across the tropical Pacific during 2012?.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,30(12):2 944-2 953,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00034.1.
Huf fman G J,Pendergrass A,National Center for Atmospheric Research Staf f.2017.The Climate Data Guide:TRMM:Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/trmm-tropical-rainfallmeasuring-mission.
Iizuka S.2010.Simulations of wintertime precipitation in the vicinity of Japan:sensitivity tofine‐scale distributions of sea surface temperature.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),115(D10):D10107,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012576.
Isoguchi O,Kawamura H,Oka E.2006.Quasi‐stationary jets transporting surface warm waters across the transition zone between the subtropical and the subarctic gyres in the North Pacific.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C10):C10003,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003402.
Jiménez P A,Dudhia J,González-Rouco J F,Navarro J,Montávez J P,García-Bustamante E.2012.A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation.Monthly Weather Review,140(3):898-918,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1.
Kain J S.2004.The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization:an update.Journal of Applied Meteorology,43(1):170-181,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2.
Kuwano-Yoshida A,Minobe S,Xie S-P.2010.Precipitation response to the gulf stream in an atmospheric GCM.Journal of Climate,23(13):3 676-3 698,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3261.1.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snowfield in a cloud model.Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology,22(6):1 065-1 092,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2.
Lindzen R S,Nigam S.1987.On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,44(17):2 418-2 436,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2.
Ma X H,Chang P,Saravanan R,Montuoro R,Hsieh J-S,Wu DX,Lin X P,Wu L X,Jing Z.2015.Distant influence of Kuroshio eddies on north pacific weather patterns?Scientific Reports,5:17 785,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17785.
Ma X H,Jing Z,Chang P,Liu X,Montuoro R,Small J R,Bryan F O,Greatbatch J R,Brandt P,Wu D X,Lin X P,Wu L X.2016.Western boundary currents regulated by interaction between ocean eddies and the atmosphere.Nature,535(7613):533-537,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18640.
Minobe S,Kuwano-Yoshida A,Komori N,Xie S-P,Small J R.2008.Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere.Nature,452(7184):206-209,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06690.
Minobe S,Miyashita M,Kuwano-Yoshida A,Tokinaga H,Xie S-P.2010.Atmospheric response to the Gulf stream:seasonal variations.Journal of Climate,23(13):3 699-3 719,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3359.1.
Nakamura H,Sampe T,Tanimoto Y,Shimpo A.2004.Observed associations among storm tracks,jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts.In:Wang C,Xie S-P,Carton Jeds.Earth’s Climate:the Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction.American Geophysical Union,Washington,DC.p.329-345,https://doi.org/10.1029/147GM18.
Nonaka M,Xie,S-P.2003.Covariations of sea surface temperature and wind over the Kuroshio and its extension:evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback.Journal of Climate,16(9):1 404-1 413,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1404:COSSTA>2.0.CO;2.
O’Neill L,Chelton D B,Esbensen S K.2012.Covariability of surface wind and stress responses to sea surface temperature fronts.Journal of Climate,25(17):5 916-5 942,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00230.1.
O’Neill L,Chelton D B,Esbensen S.2010b.The ef fects of SST-induced surface wind speed and direction gradients on midlatitude surface vorticity and divergence.Journal of Climate,23(2):255-281,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2613.1.
O’Neill L,Esbensen S,Thum N,Samelson R,Chelton D B.2010a.Dynamical analysis of the boundary layer and surface wind responses to mesoscale SST perturbations.Journal of Climate,23(3):559-581,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2662.1.
Perlin N,de Szoeke S P,Chelton D B,Samelson R,Skyllingstad E,O’Neill L.2014.Modeling the atmospheric boundary layer wind response to mesoscale sea surface temperature perturbations.Monthly Weather Review,142(11):4 284-4 307,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-13-00332.1.
Putrasahan D A,Miller A J,Seo H.2013.Isolating mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Kuroshio Extension region.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,63:60-78,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2013.04.001.
Qiu B,Chen S M,Schneider N.2017.Dynamical links between the decadal variability of the oyashio and kuroshio extensions.Journal of Climate,30(23):9 591-9 605,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0397.1.
Schlax M G,Chelton D B,Freilich M H.2001.Sampling errors in windfields constructed from single and tandem scatterometer datasets.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,18(6):1 014-1 036,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1014:SEIWFC>2.0.CO;2.
Schlax M G,Chelton D B.1992.Frequency domain diagnostics for linear smoothers.Journal of the American Statistical Association,87(420):1 070-1 081,https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.10476262.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,Gill D O,Barker D M,Duda M G,Huang X-Y,Wang W,Powers J G.2008.Adescription of the advanced research WRF version 3.NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR,https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH.
Small R J,de Szoeke S P,Xie S P,O’Neill L,Seo H,Song Q,Cornillon P,Spall M,Minobe S.2008.Air-sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,45(3-4):274-319,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001.
Song Q T,Chelton D B,Esbensen S K,Thum N,O’Neill L.2009.Coupling between sea surface temperature and low-level winds in mesoscale numerical models.Journal of Climate,22(1):146-164,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2488.1.
Taguchi B,Nakamura H,Nonaka M,Xie S-P.2009.Influences of the kuroshio/oyashio extensions on air-sea heat exchanges and storm-track activity as revealed in regional atmospheric model simulations for the 2003/04 cold season.Journal of Climate,22(24):6 536-6 560,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2910.1.
Tokinaga H,Tanimoto Y,Xie S-P,Sampe T,Tomita H,Ichikawa H.2009.Ocean frontal ef fects on the vertical development of clouds over the western North Pacific:in situ and satellite observations.Journal of Climate,22(16):4 241-4 260,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2763.1.
Vannière B,Czaja A,Dacre H,Woollings T.2017.A“Cold Path”for Gulf Stream-troposphere connection.Journal of Climate,30(4):1 363-1 379,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0749.1.
Wallace J M,Mitchell T P,Deser C.1989.The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific:seasonal and interannual variability.Journal of Climate,2(12):1 492-1 499,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:TIOSST>2.0.CO;2.
Wei Y Z,Zhang R‐H,Wang H N.2017.Mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling in the Kuroshio extension and its ef fect on the ocean.Journal of Oceanography,73(6):785-798,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-017-0432-2.
Xie S-P.2004.Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,85(2):195-208,https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.
Zhang R-H,Li Z X,Zhu J S,Kang X B,Min J Z.2014.Impact of tropical instability waves‐induced SST forcing on the atmosphere in the tropical Pacific,evaluated using CAM5.1.Atmospheric Science Letters,15(3):186-194,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.488.
Zhang R-H.2014.Ef fects of tropical instability wave(TIW)-induced surface wind feedback in the tropical Pacific Ocean.Climate Dynamics,42(1-2):467-485,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1878-6.
Zhou G D,Latif M,Greatbatch R J,Park W.2015.Atmospheric response to the North Pacific enabled by daily sea surface temperature variability.Geophysical Research Letters,42(18):7 732-7 739,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065356.