2016年夏季胶州湾表层海水pCO_2的分布及控制机制
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摘要
根据胶州湾2016年夏季6月末和7月初两个航次调查得到的碳酸盐数据和相关水文参数,探讨了两个航次下表层海水pCO_2分布的主要控制机制。结果表明:6月末表层海水pCO_2处于478～1 043μatm之间。其中在湾东北海域,处理后污水DIC直接输入和好氧呼吸使得DIC明显盈余,这是造成这一区域pCO_2最高的主要原因。而在湾西部和湾中海域,初级生产和碳酸钙沉淀引起DIC明显亏损,但由于碳酸钙沉淀释放CO_2强于初级生产消耗,该区域pCO_2最低仍高达500μatm左右,表现为CO_2的源。而到了7月初,降雨过程发生后,湾内初级生产显著增强,pCO_2下降至298～570μatm。但由于同时伴随的碳酸钙沉淀释放CO_2,使得CO_2的汇区主要出现在DO%大于140%的李村河口和湾西部部分区域。7月初初级生产的显著增强可能与湿沉降带来的营养盐输入有关。
Based on carbonate and hydrographic data collected from two cruises,performed in late June and early July,the main mechanisms controlling the surface partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2)and its distribution in Jiaozhou Bay(JZB)were discussed.The results showed that pCO_2 in late June ranged from478 to 1 043μatm.In the northeastern area of JZB,the direct DIC(dissolved inorganic carbon)input from treated sewage and respiration produced obvious DIC additions and the highest pCO_2 value.For the western and central areas,primary production and CaCO3 precipitation led to obvious DIC removal.Due to that the release of CO_2 from CaCO3 precipitation was stronger than the consumption of primary production,the lowest pCO_2 of this region was still up to～500μatm and the region showed a CO_2 source.In early July,after a rainfall,primary production enhanced significantly and pCO_2 showed a great decrease with a range from 298 to 570μatm.However,the release of CO_2 from CaCO3 precipitation led to the CO_2 sink only presenting in the area near the estuary of the Licun River and the western area where DO% were all above 140%.The significant strength of production may be the result of nutrient inputs by wet deposition in early July.
Based on carbonate and hydrographic data collected from two cruises,performed in late June and early July,the main mechanisms controlling the surface partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2)and its distribution in Jiaozhou Bay(JZB)were discussed.The results showed that pCO_2 in late June ranged from478 to 1 043μatm.In the northeastern area of JZB,the direct DIC(dissolved inorganic carbon)input from treated sewage and respiration produced obvious DIC additions and the highest pCO_2 value.For the western and central areas,primary production and CaCO3 precipitation led to obvious DIC removal.Due to that the release of CO_2 from CaCO3 precipitation was stronger than the consumption of primary production,the lowest pCO_2 of this region was still up to～500μatm and the region showed a CO_2 source.In early July,after a rainfall,primary production enhanced significantly and pCO_2 showed a great decrease with a range from 298 to 570μatm.However,the release of CO_2 from CaCO3 precipitation led to the CO_2 sink only presenting in the area near the estuary of the Licun River and the western area where DO% were all above 140%.The significant strength of production may be the result of nutrient inputs by wet deposition in early July.
引文
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[39] Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
[2] Laruelle G G,Lauerwald R,Pfeil B,et al.Regionalized global budget of the CO2exchange at the air-water interface in continental shelf seas[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2015,28(11):1199-1214.
[3] Bauer J E,Cai W J,Raymond P A,et al.The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean[J].Nature,2013,504(7478):61-70.
[4] Borges A V,Schiettecatte L S,Abril G,et al.Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2006,70(3):375-387.
[5] Jiang L Q,Cai W J,Wang Y,et al.Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(2):839-849.
[6] Xu X,Zang K,Zhao H,et al.Monthly CO2,at A4HDYD station in a productive shallow marginal sea(Yellow Sea)with a seasonal thermocline:Controlling processes[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2016,159:89-99.
[7] Xue L,Cai W J,Hu X,et al.Sea surface carbon dioxide at the Georgia time series site(2006-2007):Air-sea flux and controlling processes[J].Progress in Oceanography,2016,140:14-26.
[8] Yates K K,Dufore C,Smiley N,et al.Diurnal variation of oxygen and carbonate system parameters in Tampa Bay and Florida Bay[J].Marine Chemistry,2007,104(1-2):110-124.
[9] Yuan X C,Yin K D,Cai W J,et al.Influence of seasonal monsoons on net primary production and CO2in subtropical Hong Kong coastal waters[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2010,7(4):5621-5647.
[10] Gao Z,Yang D,Qin J,et al.The land-sourced pollution in the Jiaozhou Bay[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Linmology,2008,26(2):229-232.
[11] Shen Z L.Historical changes in nutrient structure and its influences on phytoplantkon composition in Jiaozhou Bay[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2001,52(2):211-224.
[12]青岛市环保局.2014年青岛市环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.qepb.gov.cn,2014.Qingdao Environmental Protection Bureau Report on the state of environment in Qingdao[EB/OL].http://www.qepb.gov.cn,2014.
[13] Wang B,Wang Z.Long-term variations in chlorophyll aand primary productivity in Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Journal of Marine Biology,2011:1-7.
[14] Zhang L,Xue M,Liu Q.Distribution and seasonal variation in the partial pressure of CO2during autumn and winter in Jiaozhou Bay,a region of high urbanization[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(1):56-65.
[15]龚信宝,韩萍,张龙军,等.胶州湾春季4月份表层海水pCO2分布及控制因素分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(4):95-102.Gong X,Han P,Zhang L,et al.Distribution and contrdling factors of sea surface partial pressure of CO2in Jiaozhou Bay during April[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(4):95-102.
[16]邓雪,胡玉斌,刘春颖,等.胶州湾表层海水碳酸盐体系的季节变化[J].海洋与湖沼,2016,47(1):234-244.Deng X,Hou Y,Liu C,et al.Distributions and seasonal variations of carbonate system in the Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2016,47(1):234-244.
[17] Li Y,Yang X,Han P,et al.Controlling mechanisms of surface partial pressure of CO2,in Jiaozhou Bay during summer and the influence of heavy rain[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2017,173:49-59.
[18] Chen C,Ji R,Zheng L,et al.Influences of physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay:A coupled physical and biological model experiment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,1999,104(C12):29925-29949.
[19] Liu Z,Zhang L,Cai W J,et al.Removal of issolved inorganic carbon in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Limnology&Oceanography,2014,59(2):413-426.
[20] Lewis E and Wallace D W R.Program Developed for CO2Systems Calculations[M].Oak Ridge:Tennessee Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,Oak Ridge National Laboratory US Department of Energy,1998.
[21] Mehrbach C,Culberson C H,Hawley J E,et al.Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1939,18(18):897-907.
[22] Dickson A G,Millero F J.A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media[J].Deep Sea Research Part A Oceanographic Research Papers,1987,34(10):1733-1743.
[23] Mucci A.The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities,temperatures,and one atmosphere total pressure[J].American Journal of Science,1983,283(7):14-27.
[24] Millero F J.The thermodynamics of the carbonate system in seawater[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1979,43(10):213-217.
[25]青岛市气象局.青岛市内气象站观测数据[R].青岛:青岛市气象局.http://qdqx.qingdao.gov.cn,2016.Qingdao Meteorological Bureau.Observation of Qingdao Meteorological Station[R].Qingdao:Qingdao Meteorological Bureau.http://qdqx.qingdao.gov.cn,2016.
[26] Takahashi T,Olafsson J,Goddard J G,et al.Seasonal variation of CO2and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans:A comparative study[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):843-878.
[27] Zhai W D,Zang K P,Huo C,et al.Occurrence of aragonite corrosive water in the North Yellow Sea,near the Yalu River estuary,during a summer flood[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2015,166:199-208.
[28] Cai W J,Dai M,Wang Y,et al.The biogeochemistry of inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Pearl River estuary and the adjacent Northern South China Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,2004,24(12):1301-1319.
[29] Jiao N.Interactions between ammonium uptake and nitrate uptake by natural phytoplankton assemblages[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology&Limnology,1993,11(2):97-107.
[30] Redfield A C.The influence of organisms on the composition of sea-water[J].Sea,1963,40(6):640-644.
[31] Fagan K E,Mackenzie F T.Air-sea CO2,exchange in a subtropical estuarine-coral reef system,Kaneohe Bay,Oahu,Hawaii[J].Marine Chemistry,2007,106(1-2):174-191.
[32] Lejart M,Clavier J,Chauvaud L,et al.Respiration and calcification of Crassostrea gigas:Contribution of an intertidal invasive species to coastal ecosystem CO2fluxes[J].Estuaries&Coasts,2012,35(2):622-632.
[33] Mistri M,Munari C.The invasive bag mussel Arcuatula senhousiais a CO2generator in near-shore coastal ecosystems[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2013,440(1):164-168.
[34] Jiang Z,Li J,Qiao X,et al.The budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the shellfish and seaweed integrated mariculture area of Sanggou Bay,Shandong,China[J].Aquaculture,2015,446:167-174.
[35] Zhang J,Liu M G,Zhang J,et al.Observations on nutrient elements and sulphate in atmospheric wet depositions over the northwest Pacific coastal oceans-Yellow Sea[J].Marine Chemistry,1994,47(2):173-189.
[36] Zhang G,Zhang J,Liu S.Characterization of nutrients in the atmospheric wet and dry deposition observed at the two monitoring sites over Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2007,57(1):41-57.
[37] Zou L,Chen H T,Zhang J.Experimental examination of the effects of atmospheric wet deposition on primary production in the Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2000,249(1):111-121.
[38]袁业立,钟亮,路应贤,等.胶州湾及邻近海岸带功能区划[M].北京:海洋出版社,1996.Yuan Y,Zhong L,Lu Y,et al.Report on the Function Deployment of Jiaozhou Bay and Its Adjacent Coastline[M].Beijing:Ocean Press,1996.
[39] Wanninkhof R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,1992,97(C5):7373-7382.