京津风沙源区防风固沙功能的时空变化及其区域差异
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摘要
防风固沙功能是京津风沙源治理成效的关键监测指标。以往研究注重局地防风固沙功能的评估,对全区防风固沙功能的时空变化与内部差异揭示不足。基于京津风沙源区多期遥感数据,采用修正风蚀方程与GIS空间统计技术,评估分析了2000-2015年防风固沙功能的整体变化及其区域差异。结果表明:(1)京津风沙源区年均防风固沙量为28.98亿t,防风固沙能力为68.24 t/hm~2,且均随年份变化波动增加,年均增速分别为1.10%和0.71%;(2)京津风沙源区防风固沙能力呈西北高、东南低趋势,有49.06%的区域防风固沙能力高于70 t/hm~2,评估期内有54%的区域防风固沙能力明显提高;(3)浑善达克沙地亚区、典型草原亚区和荒漠草原亚区的防风固沙量累计为全区防风固沙总量的88%,燕山丘陵山地水源保护亚区和晋北山地丘陵亚区的防风固沙能力提升最显著;(4)锡林郭勒盟、赤峰市和乌兰察布市的防风固沙量合计占全区防风固沙量的77%,朔州市与包头市防风固沙能力较高,北京市与天津市防风固沙能力增速较高。因此,未来应重视分区施策治理与西部和北部防风固沙功能提升。
Wind erosion is an important soil degradation process that takes place in arid and semiarid environments, and the sand-fixing service has been used as one of the key indicators of the ecological restoration effects in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region. Over the past few decades, some studies have focused on the sand-fixing service at local areas in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region, but few researchers explored the entire changes and regional differences of sand-fixing service. The inadequate information on the sand-fixing service heterogeneity has hindered the implementation of the diversified measures for land management. This paper investigated the dynamic changes and regional differences of the sandfixing service in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region from 2000 to 2015 through multiperiod RS data and GIS spatial statistical technologies. The annual amount of fixed sand and average amount of fixed sand per hectare of land served as two indicators for the changes and differences of sand-fixing service. The results indicated that, the annual amount of fixed sand nearly reached 2.90 billion tons in the study region, the average capacity of sand-fixing was68.24 t/hm~2, and the two indexes annually increased by 1.10% and 0.71%, respectively. The average sand-fixing ability in the northwest of sandstorm source region has a significantly higher level than the southeast part. Approximately 49.06% of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region generated the sand-fixing capacity higher than 70 t/hm~2, and nearly 54%presented an obvious increase in the sand-fixing ability from 2000 to 2015. The Hunshadake sand subzone, the typical grassland subzone and the desert grassland subzone provided 88% of the total amount of fixed sand in the sandstorm source region, whereas the sand-fixing ability in the Jinbei mountain-hill subzone and the Yanshan mountain-hill-water source protection subzone showed higher annual increase rates. In addition, the accumulated amount of fixed sand in Xilin Gol, Chifeng and Ulanqab exceeded 77% of the total amount of sand-fixing service, however, those regions with higher sand-fixing ability are mainly located in Shuozhou and Baotou, and the lands in Beijing and Tianjin showed higher increase rates in sand-fixing abilities. Therefore, we should take differential strategies in different sand-fixing service restoration zones, and pay more attention to the improvement of sand-fixing service in the western and northern parts of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region.
Wind erosion is an important soil degradation process that takes place in arid and semiarid environments, and the sand-fixing service has been used as one of the key indicators of the ecological restoration effects in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region. Over the past few decades, some studies have focused on the sand-fixing service at local areas in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region, but few researchers explored the entire changes and regional differences of sand-fixing service. The inadequate information on the sand-fixing service heterogeneity has hindered the implementation of the diversified measures for land management. This paper investigated the dynamic changes and regional differences of the sandfixing service in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region from 2000 to 2015 through multiperiod RS data and GIS spatial statistical technologies. The annual amount of fixed sand and average amount of fixed sand per hectare of land served as two indicators for the changes and differences of sand-fixing service. The results indicated that, the annual amount of fixed sand nearly reached 2.90 billion tons in the study region, the average capacity of sand-fixing was68.24 t/hm~2, and the two indexes annually increased by 1.10% and 0.71%, respectively. The average sand-fixing ability in the northwest of sandstorm source region has a significantly higher level than the southeast part. Approximately 49.06% of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region generated the sand-fixing capacity higher than 70 t/hm~2, and nearly 54%presented an obvious increase in the sand-fixing ability from 2000 to 2015. The Hunshadake sand subzone, the typical grassland subzone and the desert grassland subzone provided 88% of the total amount of fixed sand in the sandstorm source region, whereas the sand-fixing ability in the Jinbei mountain-hill subzone and the Yanshan mountain-hill-water source protection subzone showed higher annual increase rates. In addition, the accumulated amount of fixed sand in Xilin Gol, Chifeng and Ulanqab exceeded 77% of the total amount of sand-fixing service, however, those regions with higher sand-fixing ability are mainly located in Shuozhou and Baotou, and the lands in Beijing and Tianjin showed higher increase rates in sand-fixing abilities. Therefore, we should take differential strategies in different sand-fixing service restoration zones, and pay more attention to the improvement of sand-fixing service in the western and northern parts of the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source region.
引文
[1]张克峰,李宪文,张定祥,等.中国土地资源退化时空变化分析.环境科学, 2006, 27(6):1244-1251.[ZHANG K F, LI X W, ZHANG D X, et al. Spatial-temporal dynamic change of land resource degradation in China. Environmental Science, 2006, 27(6):1244-1251.]
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[4] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and Human Well-Being:Synthesis. Washington, DC:Island Press, 2003.
[5]张力小.关于重大生态建设工程系统整合的思考.中国人口·资源与环境, 2011, 21(12):73-77.[ZHANG L X. Systematic integration of key ecological construction projects in China. China Population, Resources and Environment,2011, 21(12):73-77.]
[6]黄麟,曹巍,徐新良,等.西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的宏观生态效应.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(3):398-411.[HUANG L, CAO W, XU X L, et al. The ecological effects of ecological security barrier protection and construction project in Tibet Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(3):398-411.]
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[8]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估.自然资源学报, 2011,26(1):58-65.[HAN Y W, TUO X S, GAO J X, et al. Assessment on the sand-fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the Heihe River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(1):58-65.]
[9]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.草地覆盖度变化对生态系统防风固沙服务的影响分析:以内蒙古典型草原区为例.地球信息科学学报, 2014, 16(3):426-434.[GONG G L, LIU J Y, SHAO Q Q. Effects of vegetation coverage change on soil conservation of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2014, 16(3):426-434.]
[10]申陆,田美荣,高吉喜,等.浑善达克沙漠化防治生态功能区防风固沙功能的时空变化及驱动力.应用生态学报,2016, 27(1):73-82.[SHEN L, TIAN M R, GAO J X, et al. Spatio-temporal change of sand-fixing function and its driving forces in desertification control ecological function area of Hunshandake, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(1):73-82.]
[11]江凌,肖燚,饶恩明,等.内蒙古土地利用变化对生态系统防风固沙功能的影响.生态学报, 2016, 36(12):3734-3747.[JIANG L, XIAO Y, RAO E M, et al. Effect of land use and cover change(LUCC)on ecosystem sand fixing service in Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):3743-3747.]
[12]吴丹,巩国丽,邵全琴,等.京津风沙源治理工程生态效应评估.干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(11):117-123.[WU D,GONG G L, SHAO Q Q, et al. Ecological effects assessment of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(11):117-123.]
[13]高尚玉,邹学勇,张春来,等.京津风沙源治理工程效益.北京:科学出版社, 2008.[GAO S Y, ZOU X Y, ZHANG C L, et al. Benefits of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. Beijing:Science Press, 2008.]
[14]石莎,邹学勇,张春来,等.京津风沙源治理工程区植被恢复效果调查.中国水土保持科学, 2009, 7(2):86-92.[SHI S, ZOU X Y, ZHANG C L, et al. Investigation of vegetation restoration in the area of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 7(2):86-92.]
[15]石莎,冯金朝,周芸芸.京津风沙源治理工程区植被地上生物量与净第一性生产力生产力动态.应用基础与工程科学学报, 2010, 18(6):886-894.[SHI S, FENG J C, ZHOU Y Y. Dynamic change of the aboveground biomass and net primary productivity in the areas of Beijing and Tianjin sand source control project. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2010, 18(6):886-894.]
[16] BANGNOLD R A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. London:Methuen, 1941.
[17] WOODRUFF N P, SIDDOWAY F H. A wind erosion equation. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America,1965, 29:602-608.
[18] GREGORY J M, BORRELLI J, FEDLER C B. TEAM:Texas erosion analysis models. Proceeding of 1998 Wind Erosion Conference, Lubbock, 1998:13-88.
[19] BOCHAROV A P. A Description of Devices Used in the Study of Wind Erosion of Soil. New Delhi:Oxbnian Press,1984.
[20] FRYREAR D W, BILBRO J D, SALEH A, et al. RWEQ:Improved wind erosion technology. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 55:183-189.
[21] HAGEN L J. Evaluation of the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS)erosion submodel on cropland fields. Environmental Modelling and Software, 2004, 19:171-176.
[22]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.基于RWEQ的20世纪90年代以来内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀研究.地理科学进展,2014, 33(6):825-834.[GONG G L, LIU J Y, SHAO Q Q, et al. Wind erosion in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia since1990s using the Revised Wind Erosion Equation. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(6):825-834.]
[23]江凌,肖燚,欧阳志云,等.基于RWEQ模型的青海省土壤侵蚀模数估算.水土保持研究, 2015, 22(1):21-25, 32.[JIANG L, XIAO Y, OUYANG Z Y, et al. Estimation of the wind erosion modules in Qinghai province based on RWEQ model. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(1):21-25, 32.]
[24] DU H Q, DOU S T, DENG X H, et al. Assessment of wind and water erosion risk in the watershed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River, China. Ecological Indicators, 2016, 67:117-131.
[25] PI H W, SHARRATT B, FENG G, et al. Evaluation of two empirical wind erosion models in arid and semiarid regions of China and the USA. Environmental Modeling&Software, 2017, 91:28-46.
[26]覃云斌,信忠保,易扬,等.京津风沙源治理工程区沙尘暴时空变化及其与植被恢复关系.农业工程学报, 2012, 28(24):196-204.[QINN Y B, XIN Z B, YI Y, et al. Spatiotemporal variation of sandstorm and its response to vegetation restoration in Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(24):196-204.]
[27] HAGEN I J, SKIDMORE E L, SALEH A. Wind erosion:Prediction of aggregate abrasion coefficients. Transaction of the ASAE, 1992, 35(6):1847-1850.
[28]尚润阳,祁有祥,赵廷宁,等.植被对风及土壤风蚀影响的野外观测研究.水土保持研究, 2006, 13(4):37-39.[SHANG R Y, QI Y X, ZHAO T N, et al. Field investigation on the influence of vegetation on wind and soil erosion. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 13(4):37-39.]
[29]李秀霞,倪晋仁.土壤侵蚀及其影响因素空间相关性分析.地理科学进展, 2009, 8(2):161-166.[LI X X, NI J R. Spatial similarity between soil erosion and its influencing factors based on information entropy theory. Progress in Geography, 2009, 8(2):161-166.]
[30]李军,游松财,黄敬峰.基于GIS的中国陆地表面粗糙度长度的空间分布.上海交通大学学报:农业科学版, 2006, 24(2):185-189.[LI J, YOU S C, HUANG J F. Spatial distribution of ground roughness length based on GIS in China.Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University:Agricultural Science, 2006, 24(2):185-189.]
[31]滑永春,彭道黎,陈鹏飞.基于MODIS NDVI的京津风沙源工程治理区荒漠化动态监测.西北林学院学报, 2010, 25(6):210-215.[HUA Y C, PENG D L, CHEN P F. MODIS NDVI based on dynamic monitoring of desertification in the sandstorm sources control project area around Beijing and Tianjin. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2010, 25(6):210-215.]
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[33]邹学勇,张春来,程宏,等.土壤风蚀模型中的影响因子分类与表达.地球科学进展, 2014, 29(8):875-889.[ZOU X Y, ZHANG C L, CHENG H, et al. Classification and representation of factors affecting soil erosion in a model. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(8):875-889.]
[2]屠志方,李梦先,孙涛.第五次全国荒漠化和沙化监测结果及分析.林业资源管理, 2016,(1):1-5, 13.[TU Z F, LI M X, SUN T. The status and trend analysis of desertification and sandification. Forest Resources Management, 2016,(1):1-5, 13.]
[3]沈国舫,吴斌,张守攻,等.新时期国家生态保护和建设研究.北京:科学出版社, 2017.[SHEN G F, WU B, ZHANG S G, et al. Research on the State Ecological Protection and Development in the New Era. Beijing:Science Press, 2017.]
[4] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and Human Well-Being:Synthesis. Washington, DC:Island Press, 2003.
[5]张力小.关于重大生态建设工程系统整合的思考.中国人口·资源与环境, 2011, 21(12):73-77.[ZHANG L X. Systematic integration of key ecological construction projects in China. China Population, Resources and Environment,2011, 21(12):73-77.]
[6]黄麟,曹巍,徐新良,等.西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程的宏观生态效应.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(3):398-411.[HUANG L, CAO W, XU X L, et al. The ecological effects of ecological security barrier protection and construction project in Tibet Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(3):398-411.]
[7]京津风沙源治理工程二期规划思路研究项目组.京津风沙源治理工程二期规划思路研究.北京:中国林业出版社,2013.[The Study Team of the Second Stage of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. The Planning Thoughts on the Second Stage of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 2013.]
[8]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估.自然资源学报, 2011,26(1):58-65.[HAN Y W, TUO X S, GAO J X, et al. Assessment on the sand-fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the Heihe River. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(1):58-65.]
[9]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.草地覆盖度变化对生态系统防风固沙服务的影响分析:以内蒙古典型草原区为例.地球信息科学学报, 2014, 16(3):426-434.[GONG G L, LIU J Y, SHAO Q Q. Effects of vegetation coverage change on soil conservation of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2014, 16(3):426-434.]
[10]申陆,田美荣,高吉喜,等.浑善达克沙漠化防治生态功能区防风固沙功能的时空变化及驱动力.应用生态学报,2016, 27(1):73-82.[SHEN L, TIAN M R, GAO J X, et al. Spatio-temporal change of sand-fixing function and its driving forces in desertification control ecological function area of Hunshandake, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(1):73-82.]
[11]江凌,肖燚,饶恩明,等.内蒙古土地利用变化对生态系统防风固沙功能的影响.生态学报, 2016, 36(12):3734-3747.[JIANG L, XIAO Y, RAO E M, et al. Effect of land use and cover change(LUCC)on ecosystem sand fixing service in Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(12):3743-3747.]
[12]吴丹,巩国丽,邵全琴,等.京津风沙源治理工程生态效应评估.干旱区资源与环境, 2016, 30(11):117-123.[WU D,GONG G L, SHAO Q Q, et al. Ecological effects assessment of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016, 30(11):117-123.]
[13]高尚玉,邹学勇,张春来,等.京津风沙源治理工程效益.北京:科学出版社, 2008.[GAO S Y, ZOU X Y, ZHANG C L, et al. Benefits of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. Beijing:Science Press, 2008.]
[14]石莎,邹学勇,张春来,等.京津风沙源治理工程区植被恢复效果调查.中国水土保持科学, 2009, 7(2):86-92.[SHI S, ZOU X Y, ZHANG C L, et al. Investigation of vegetation restoration in the area of Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 7(2):86-92.]
[15]石莎,冯金朝,周芸芸.京津风沙源治理工程区植被地上生物量与净第一性生产力生产力动态.应用基础与工程科学学报, 2010, 18(6):886-894.[SHI S, FENG J C, ZHOU Y Y. Dynamic change of the aboveground biomass and net primary productivity in the areas of Beijing and Tianjin sand source control project. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2010, 18(6):886-894.]
[16] BANGNOLD R A. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. London:Methuen, 1941.
[17] WOODRUFF N P, SIDDOWAY F H. A wind erosion equation. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America,1965, 29:602-608.
[18] GREGORY J M, BORRELLI J, FEDLER C B. TEAM:Texas erosion analysis models. Proceeding of 1998 Wind Erosion Conference, Lubbock, 1998:13-88.
[19] BOCHAROV A P. A Description of Devices Used in the Study of Wind Erosion of Soil. New Delhi:Oxbnian Press,1984.
[20] FRYREAR D W, BILBRO J D, SALEH A, et al. RWEQ:Improved wind erosion technology. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2000, 55:183-189.
[21] HAGEN L J. Evaluation of the wind erosion prediction system(WEPS)erosion submodel on cropland fields. Environmental Modelling and Software, 2004, 19:171-176.
[22]巩国丽,刘纪远,邵全琴.基于RWEQ的20世纪90年代以来内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀研究.地理科学进展,2014, 33(6):825-834.[GONG G L, LIU J Y, SHAO Q Q, et al. Wind erosion in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia since1990s using the Revised Wind Erosion Equation. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(6):825-834.]
[23]江凌,肖燚,欧阳志云,等.基于RWEQ模型的青海省土壤侵蚀模数估算.水土保持研究, 2015, 22(1):21-25, 32.[JIANG L, XIAO Y, OUYANG Z Y, et al. Estimation of the wind erosion modules in Qinghai province based on RWEQ model. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(1):21-25, 32.]
[24] DU H Q, DOU S T, DENG X H, et al. Assessment of wind and water erosion risk in the watershed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River, China. Ecological Indicators, 2016, 67:117-131.
[25] PI H W, SHARRATT B, FENG G, et al. Evaluation of two empirical wind erosion models in arid and semiarid regions of China and the USA. Environmental Modeling&Software, 2017, 91:28-46.
[26]覃云斌,信忠保,易扬,等.京津风沙源治理工程区沙尘暴时空变化及其与植被恢复关系.农业工程学报, 2012, 28(24):196-204.[QINN Y B, XIN Z B, YI Y, et al. Spatiotemporal variation of sandstorm and its response to vegetation restoration in Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(24):196-204.]
[27] HAGEN I J, SKIDMORE E L, SALEH A. Wind erosion:Prediction of aggregate abrasion coefficients. Transaction of the ASAE, 1992, 35(6):1847-1850.
[28]尚润阳,祁有祥,赵廷宁,等.植被对风及土壤风蚀影响的野外观测研究.水土保持研究, 2006, 13(4):37-39.[SHANG R Y, QI Y X, ZHAO T N, et al. Field investigation on the influence of vegetation on wind and soil erosion. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 13(4):37-39.]
[29]李秀霞,倪晋仁.土壤侵蚀及其影响因素空间相关性分析.地理科学进展, 2009, 8(2):161-166.[LI X X, NI J R. Spatial similarity between soil erosion and its influencing factors based on information entropy theory. Progress in Geography, 2009, 8(2):161-166.]
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