车辆碾压作用下戈壁地表起尘浓度
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摘要
通过野外观测车辆碾压作用下戈壁地表PM10释放浓度,探讨其主要影响因素。针对戈壁区砾石、砂砾、砂质和砂土4种路面类型,应用TSI粉尘仪多次重复观测车辆碾压产生的PM10浓度,进而阐明碾压次数、车速和地表水分等因素对起尘浓度的影响。结果表明:4种路面的平均起尘浓度依次为5.339、9.089、16.944、50.251 mg·m-3,是自然状态下的5～50倍;起尘浓度随碾压次数增多而增大,其中砂土路情况下的增长最显著;随土层厚度的增大呈现出幂函数的增长趋势;降雨后路面起尘浓度显著减小,且降雨量会影响降雨后起尘浓度的变化趋势。最后提出了针对性的建议和措施以减弱车辆碾压导致的戈壁地表起尘。
Field experiments were conducted in gobi area to investigate the effects of vehicle crushing on dust emission and influencing factors. PM10 concentration were measured repeatedly with Dust Trak( TSI) on four kinds of road,specifically gravelly,gravelly and sandy,sandy,silty road surface in gobi area. We also investigated the influences of crushing time,speed and surface moisture on dust concentration. It is revealed that the average PM10 concentration of four kinds of road surface after vehicle crushing was 5.339,9.089,16.944,50.251 mg·m-3,respectively,which was about 5-50 times of the natural state. The PM10 concentration increased with the crushing time,and the most significant increase can be seen from silty road surface data. The PM10 concentration increases with soil thickness,following power function relationship. There is a remarkable decrease of dust emission after the rainfall,and the precipitation can affect the trend of dust emission after rainfall. Based on the above results,some suggestion and measurements are represented in order to reduce the dust emission by vehicle crushing on gobi in the end of this paper.
Field experiments were conducted in gobi area to investigate the effects of vehicle crushing on dust emission and influencing factors. PM10 concentration were measured repeatedly with Dust Trak( TSI) on four kinds of road,specifically gravelly,gravelly and sandy,sandy,silty road surface in gobi area. We also investigated the influences of crushing time,speed and surface moisture on dust concentration. It is revealed that the average PM10 concentration of four kinds of road surface after vehicle crushing was 5.339,9.089,16.944,50.251 mg·m-3,respectively,which was about 5-50 times of the natural state. The PM10 concentration increased with the crushing time,and the most significant increase can be seen from silty road surface data. The PM10 concentration increases with soil thickness,following power function relationship. There is a remarkable decrease of dust emission after the rainfall,and the precipitation can affect the trend of dust emission after rainfall. Based on the above results,some suggestion and measurements are represented in order to reduce the dust emission by vehicle crushing on gobi in the end of this paper.
引文
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[20] Kuhns H,Etyemezian V,Green M,et al. Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement—Part II:effect of precipitation,w intertime road sanding,and street sw eepers on inferred PM10,emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(32):4573-4582.
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[22] Goossens D,Buck B.Dust emission by off-road driving:experiments on 17 arid soil types,Nevada,USA[J]. Geomorphology,2009,107(3):118-138.
[23]陈杰.浅谈路面的等级与分类[J].黑龙江交通科技,2011(6):49-49.
[24] Wentworth C K.A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments[J].Journal of Geology,1922,30(5):377-392.
[25]沈志宝,申彦波,杜明远,等.沙尘暴期间戈壁沙地起沙率的观测结果[J].高原气象,2003,22(6):545-550.
[2] Knippertz P,Stuut J B W. Mineral Dust:A Key Player in the Earth System[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2014.
[3] Zhang X Y,Arimoto R,An Z S. Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1997,102(23):28041-28047.
[4]宣捷.中国北方地面起尘总量分布[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):426-430.
[5]车慧正,张小曳,李杨,等.DPM模型计算中国北方沙漠地区粉尘释放通量[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(5):49-55.
[6]崔梦淳,鹿化煜,Mark S,等.便携式粉尘观测仪测定腾格里沙漠和毛乌素沙地PM1 0释放通量[J].科学通报,2015,60(17):1621-1630.
[7]梅凡民,Rajot J,Alfaro S,等.毛乌素沙地的粉尘释放通量观测及DPM模型的野外验证[J].科学通报,2006,51(11):1326-1332.
[8]梅凡民,张小曳,曹军骥,等.定量评价中国北方粉尘源区地表覆盖类型对表土风蚀强度的影响[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2004,24(1):119-124.
[9] Wang X,Dong Z,Zhang J,et al.Modern dust storms in China:an overview[J]. Journal of Arid Environments,2004,58(4):559-574.
[10] Chen S Y,Huang J P,Jingxin L I,et al.Comparison of dust emissions,transport,and deposition betw een the Taklimakan Desert and Gobi Desert from 2007 to 2011[J].中国科学(地球科学),2017(7):1-18.
[11]王贵勇,董光荣,李森,等.试论戈壁面及指相意义[J].中国沙漠,1995,15(2):124-130.
[12]И.Π.格拉西莫夫,王乃樑,陈静生,等.戈壁荒漠[J].地理学报,1955,21(2):129-140.
[13]王涛,陈广庭.西部地标:中国的沙漠戈壁[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2008:216-224.
[14] M.Π.彼得罗夫.世界荒漠[M].胡孟春,李耀明译.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010:5-18.
[15] Pye K.Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits[M].New York,USA:Academic Press,1987.
[16] Tan L,Zhang W,Qu J,et al.Aeolian sediment transport over gobi:field studies atop the M ogao Grottoes,China[J].Aeolian Research,2016,21:53-60.
[17] Yi W,Lei T,Zhan W,et al. Aeolian sand transport over gobi w ith different gravel coverages under limited sand supply:a mobile w ind tunnel investigation[J]. Aeolian Research,2013,11(4):67-74.
[18] Berger J.Dispersion and Emission Modelling of Traffic Induced Road Dust[D].Oslo,Norw ay:University of Oslo,2010.
[19]胡霞,刘连友,孙永亮,等.交通对干草原土壤物理性质影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):215-219.
[20] Kuhns H,Etyemezian V,Green M,et al. Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement—Part II:effect of precipitation,w intertime road sanding,and street sw eepers on inferred PM10,emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(32):4573-4582.
[21] Etyemezian V,Kuhns H,Gillies J,et al.Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement(Ⅲ):road dust emissions in the Treasure Valley,ID[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(32):4583-4593.
[22] Goossens D,Buck B.Dust emission by off-road driving:experiments on 17 arid soil types,Nevada,USA[J]. Geomorphology,2009,107(3):118-138.
[23]陈杰.浅谈路面的等级与分类[J].黑龙江交通科技,2011(6):49-49.
[24] Wentworth C K.A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments[J].Journal of Geology,1922,30(5):377-392.
[25]沈志宝,申彦波,杜明远,等.沙尘暴期间戈壁沙地起沙率的观测结果[J].高原气象,2003,22(6):545-550.
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