Hydrological and economic feasibility of mitigating a stressed coastal aquifer using managed aquifer recharge: a case study of Jamma aquifer, Oman
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摘要
This study explored the hydrological and economic feasibility of managed aquifer recharge(MAR) using tertiary treated wastewater(TWW) to mitigate salinity in the coastal aquifer of Jamma, Oman. A steady-state groundwater flow and transport model, using MODFLOW software, was developed and calibrated. Different managerial scenarios were simulated and the results reveal that the Jamma aquifer will be further deteriorated in the next 20 a if it remains unmanaged. The groundwater table will decline further by more than 3 m on average; and the iso-concentration salinity line of 1500 mg/L will advance 2.7 km inland, which will severely affect the farming activities in the area. However, MAR using TWW when integrated with the management of groundwater abstraction(e.g., using modern irrigation systems to reduce the abstraction rate) becomes hydrologically feasible to augment the aquifer storage and control seawater intrusion, and hence improves the farming activities. The results indicate that:(1) injecting TWW in the vicinity of irrigation wells(Scenario A2);(2) investing in smart water meters and online control of pumping from the wells to reduce the abstraction rate by 25%(Scenario B); and(3) a combination of both(Scenario B2) are feasible scenarios with positive net present values. Recharge in upstream areas is found not economically feasible because of the very high investment cost of the installation of pipes to transport the TWW over a distance of 12.5 km. Because of securing funds are challenging, Scenario B would be the best option and the second-best option is Scenario A2. Scenario B2 has the lowest net benefit investment ratio and is very attractive because it entails integrated demand and supply management of groundwater. It is required to reduce pumping and to invest in injecting TWW to improve groundwater quality in the vicinity of irrigation wells and to form a hydrological barrier to control seawater intrusion in the long run.
This study explored the hydrological and economic feasibility of managed aquifer recharge(MAR) using tertiary treated wastewater(TWW) to mitigate salinity in the coastal aquifer of Jamma, Oman. A steady-state groundwater flow and transport model, using MODFLOW software, was developed and calibrated. Different managerial scenarios were simulated and the results reveal that the Jamma aquifer will be further deteriorated in the next 20 a if it remains unmanaged. The groundwater table will decline further by more than 3 m on average; and the iso-concentration salinity line of 1500 mg/L will advance 2.7 km inland, which will severely affect the farming activities in the area. However, MAR using TWW when integrated with the management of groundwater abstraction(e.g., using modern irrigation systems to reduce the abstraction rate) becomes hydrologically feasible to augment the aquifer storage and control seawater intrusion, and hence improves the farming activities. The results indicate that:(1) injecting TWW in the vicinity of irrigation wells(Scenario A2);(2) investing in smart water meters and online control of pumping from the wells to reduce the abstraction rate by 25%(Scenario B); and(3) a combination of both(Scenario B2) are feasible scenarios with positive net present values. Recharge in upstream areas is found not economically feasible because of the very high investment cost of the installation of pipes to transport the TWW over a distance of 12.5 km. Because of securing funds are challenging, Scenario B would be the best option and the second-best option is Scenario A2. Scenario B2 has the lowest net benefit investment ratio and is very attractive because it entails integrated demand and supply management of groundwater. It is required to reduce pumping and to invest in injecting TWW to improve groundwater quality in the vicinity of irrigation wells and to form a hydrological barrier to control seawater intrusion in the long run.
This study explored the hydrological and economic feasibility of managed aquifer recharge(MAR) using tertiary treated wastewater(TWW) to mitigate salinity in the coastal aquifer of Jamma, Oman. A steady-state groundwater flow and transport model, using MODFLOW software, was developed and calibrated. Different managerial scenarios were simulated and the results reveal that the Jamma aquifer will be further deteriorated in the next 20 a if it remains unmanaged. The groundwater table will decline further by more than 3 m on average; and the iso-concentration salinity line of 1500 mg/L will advance 2.7 km inland, which will severely affect the farming activities in the area. However, MAR using TWW when integrated with the management of groundwater abstraction(e.g., using modern irrigation systems to reduce the abstraction rate) becomes hydrologically feasible to augment the aquifer storage and control seawater intrusion, and hence improves the farming activities. The results indicate that:(1) injecting TWW in the vicinity of irrigation wells(Scenario A2);(2) investing in smart water meters and online control of pumping from the wells to reduce the abstraction rate by 25%(Scenario B); and(3) a combination of both(Scenario B2) are feasible scenarios with positive net present values. Recharge in upstream areas is found not economically feasible because of the very high investment cost of the installation of pipes to transport the TWW over a distance of 12.5 km. Because of securing funds are challenging, Scenario B would be the best option and the second-best option is Scenario A2. Scenario B2 has the lowest net benefit investment ratio and is very attractive because it entails integrated demand and supply management of groundwater. It is required to reduce pumping and to invest in injecting TWW to improve groundwater quality in the vicinity of irrigation wells and to form a hydrological barrier to control seawater intrusion in the long run.
引文
Abdalla O.2008.Groundwater discharge mechanism in semi-arid regions and the role of evapotranspiration.Hydrological Processes,22(16):2993-3009.
Abdel-Rahman H A,Abdel-Magid I M.1993.Water conservation in Oman.Water International Journal,18(2):95-102.
Abiye T A,Sulieman H,Ayalew M.2009.Use of treated wastewater for managed aquifer recharge in highly populated urban centers:a case study in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.Environmental Geology,58(1):55-59.
Al-Assa'd T A,Abdulla F A.2010.Artificial groundwater recharge to a semi-arid basin:case study of Mujib aquifer,Jordan.Environmental Earth Sciences,60(4):845-859.
Al Barwani A,Helmi T.2006.Sea water intrusion in a coastal aquifer:a case study for the area between Seeb and Suwaiq Sultanate of Oman.Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences,11(S.I.):55-69.
Asano T,Cotruvo J A.2004.Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater:health and regulatory considerations.Water Research,38(8):1941-1951.
Banta E R.2011.ModelMate-A graphical user interface for model analysis.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E4.Reston,USA.
Dillon P.2005.Future management of aquifer recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,13(1):313-316.
Dillon P,Kumar A,Kookana R,et al.2009.Managed aquifer recharge-risks to groundwater dependent ecosystems-A review.Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report to Land&Water Australia,6-8.
Greenlee L F,Lawler D F,Freeman B D,et al.2009.Reverse osmosis desalination:water sources,technology,and today's challenges.Water Research,43(9):2317-2348.
Harbaugh A W.1990.A computer program for calculating subregional water budgets using results from the U.S.Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model.In:U.S.Geological Survey,Open-File Report90-392.Reston,USA.
Harbaugh A W.2005.MODFLOW-2005,The U.S.Geological survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16.Reston,USA.
Hayder Consulting.2006.Alternative urban water supplies regulatory review,managed aquifer recharge(MAR)technical report.VC02161-01-MAR Rpt Final.Victoria,Australia.
Khan S,Mushtaq S,Hanjra M A,et al.2008.Estimating potential costs and gains from an aquifer storage and recovery program in Australia.Agricultural Water Management,95(4):477-488.
Li Q,Harris B,Aydogan C,et al.2006.Feasibility of recharging reclaimed wastewater to the coastal aquifers of Perth,western Australia.Process Safety and Environmental Protection,84(4):237-246.
Masciopinto C.2013.Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers.Journal of Environmental Management,130:306-312.
Missimer T M,Drewes J E,Amy G,et al.2012.Restoration of wadi aquifers by artificial recharge with treated waste water.Ground Water,50(4):514-527.
Poeter E E,Hill M C,Banta E R,et al.2005.UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis,calibration,and uncertainty evaluation.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11.Reston,USA.
Pyne R D G.1995.Groundwater Recharge and Wells:A Guide to Aquifer Storage Recovery.New York:CRC Press,23-57.
Searle M,Malpas J.1980.Structure and metamorphism of rocks beneath the Semail ophiolite of Oman and their significance in ophiolite obduction.Earth Sciences,71(4):247-262.
Sen Z.2008.Wadi Hydrology.New York:CRC Press,37-107.
Stanger G.1986.The hydrogeology of the Oman Mountains.PhD Dissertation.Milton:Open University.
Voudouris K.2011.Artificial recharge via boreholes using treated wastewater:possibilities and prospects.Water,3(4):965-975.
Walther M,Bilke L,Delfs J O,et al.2014.Assessing the saltwater remediation potential of a three-dimensional,heterogeneous,coastal aquifer system.Environmental Earth Sciences,72(10):3827-3837.
Weyhenmeyer C E,Burns S J,Waber H N,et al.2000.Cool glacial temperatures and changes in moisture source recorded in Oman groundwaters.Science,287(5454):842-845.
Winston R B.2009.ModelMuse-A graphical user interface for MODFLOW-2005 and PHAST.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A29.Reston,USA.
Zekri S.2008.Using economic incentives and regulations to reduce seawater intrusion in the Batinah coastal area of Oman.Agricultural Water Management,95(3):243-252.
Zekri S.2009.Controlling groundwater pumping online.Journal of Environmental Management,90(11):3581-3588.
Zekri S,Ahmed M,Gaffour N,et al.2013.Managed aquifer recharge using Quaternary-treated wastewater:An economic perspective.International Journal of Water Resources Development,30(2):246-261.
Zekri S,Al Harthi S A,Kotagama H,et al.2016.An estimate of the willingness to pay for treated wastewater for irrigation in Oman.Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences,21(1):57-63.
Zekri S,Madani K,Bazargan-Lari M R,et al.2017.Feasibility of adopting smart water meters in aquifer management:An integrated hydro-economic analysis.Agricultural Water Management,181:85-93.
Zheng C,Wang P P.1999.MT3DMS:a modular three-dimensional multi-species transport model for simulation of advection,dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems.Contract Report SERDP-99-1.Alabama,USA.
Abdel-Rahman H A,Abdel-Magid I M.1993.Water conservation in Oman.Water International Journal,18(2):95-102.
Abiye T A,Sulieman H,Ayalew M.2009.Use of treated wastewater for managed aquifer recharge in highly populated urban centers:a case study in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia.Environmental Geology,58(1):55-59.
Al-Assa'd T A,Abdulla F A.2010.Artificial groundwater recharge to a semi-arid basin:case study of Mujib aquifer,Jordan.Environmental Earth Sciences,60(4):845-859.
Al Barwani A,Helmi T.2006.Sea water intrusion in a coastal aquifer:a case study for the area between Seeb and Suwaiq Sultanate of Oman.Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences,11(S.I.):55-69.
Asano T,Cotruvo J A.2004.Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater:health and regulatory considerations.Water Research,38(8):1941-1951.
Banta E R.2011.ModelMate-A graphical user interface for model analysis.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E4.Reston,USA.
Dillon P.2005.Future management of aquifer recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,13(1):313-316.
Dillon P,Kumar A,Kookana R,et al.2009.Managed aquifer recharge-risks to groundwater dependent ecosystems-A review.Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Report to Land&Water Australia,6-8.
Greenlee L F,Lawler D F,Freeman B D,et al.2009.Reverse osmosis desalination:water sources,technology,and today's challenges.Water Research,43(9):2317-2348.
Harbaugh A W.1990.A computer program for calculating subregional water budgets using results from the U.S.Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model.In:U.S.Geological Survey,Open-File Report90-392.Reston,USA.
Harbaugh A W.2005.MODFLOW-2005,The U.S.Geological survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16.Reston,USA.
Hayder Consulting.2006.Alternative urban water supplies regulatory review,managed aquifer recharge(MAR)technical report.VC02161-01-MAR Rpt Final.Victoria,Australia.
Khan S,Mushtaq S,Hanjra M A,et al.2008.Estimating potential costs and gains from an aquifer storage and recovery program in Australia.Agricultural Water Management,95(4):477-488.
Li Q,Harris B,Aydogan C,et al.2006.Feasibility of recharging reclaimed wastewater to the coastal aquifers of Perth,western Australia.Process Safety and Environmental Protection,84(4):237-246.
Masciopinto C.2013.Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers.Journal of Environmental Management,130:306-312.
Missimer T M,Drewes J E,Amy G,et al.2012.Restoration of wadi aquifers by artificial recharge with treated waste water.Ground Water,50(4):514-527.
Poeter E E,Hill M C,Banta E R,et al.2005.UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis,calibration,and uncertainty evaluation.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11.Reston,USA.
Pyne R D G.1995.Groundwater Recharge and Wells:A Guide to Aquifer Storage Recovery.New York:CRC Press,23-57.
Searle M,Malpas J.1980.Structure and metamorphism of rocks beneath the Semail ophiolite of Oman and their significance in ophiolite obduction.Earth Sciences,71(4):247-262.
Sen Z.2008.Wadi Hydrology.New York:CRC Press,37-107.
Stanger G.1986.The hydrogeology of the Oman Mountains.PhD Dissertation.Milton:Open University.
Voudouris K.2011.Artificial recharge via boreholes using treated wastewater:possibilities and prospects.Water,3(4):965-975.
Walther M,Bilke L,Delfs J O,et al.2014.Assessing the saltwater remediation potential of a three-dimensional,heterogeneous,coastal aquifer system.Environmental Earth Sciences,72(10):3827-3837.
Weyhenmeyer C E,Burns S J,Waber H N,et al.2000.Cool glacial temperatures and changes in moisture source recorded in Oman groundwaters.Science,287(5454):842-845.
Winston R B.2009.ModelMuse-A graphical user interface for MODFLOW-2005 and PHAST.U.S.Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A29.Reston,USA.
Zekri S.2008.Using economic incentives and regulations to reduce seawater intrusion in the Batinah coastal area of Oman.Agricultural Water Management,95(3):243-252.
Zekri S.2009.Controlling groundwater pumping online.Journal of Environmental Management,90(11):3581-3588.
Zekri S,Ahmed M,Gaffour N,et al.2013.Managed aquifer recharge using Quaternary-treated wastewater:An economic perspective.International Journal of Water Resources Development,30(2):246-261.
Zekri S,Al Harthi S A,Kotagama H,et al.2016.An estimate of the willingness to pay for treated wastewater for irrigation in Oman.Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences,21(1):57-63.
Zekri S,Madani K,Bazargan-Lari M R,et al.2017.Feasibility of adopting smart water meters in aquifer management:An integrated hydro-economic analysis.Agricultural Water Management,181:85-93.
Zheng C,Wang P P.1999.MT3DMS:a modular three-dimensional multi-species transport model for simulation of advection,dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems.Contract Report SERDP-99-1.Alabama,USA.