High-pressure investigations on Piplia Kalan eucrite meteorite using in-situ X-ray diffraction and ~(57)Fe Mssbauer spectroscopic technique up to 16 GPa
|
摘要
We report here high-pressure investigations on Piplia Kalan eucrite—a member of HED(Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite) family from asteroid 4-Vesta based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction(up to 16 GPa)and ~(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy(up to 8 GPa).Dominant with anorthite-rich plagioclase,pigeonite-rich pyroxene and clino-ferrosilite,the sample displayed various phase transitions attaining amorphous character at 16 GPa.These phase transitions of individual components could be explained simultaneously through variations in high-pressure XRD patterns and the Mossbauer parameters.Most prominent P2_1/c to C2/c transition of pigeonite and ferrosilite was exhibited both as sudden variation in Mossbauer parameters and population inversion of Fe~(2+) in Ml and M2 sites between 2.9 and 3.8 GPa and variation in intensity profile in XRD patterns at 3.56 GPa.Anorthite seemed to respond more to such impact than other components in the sample.Complete amorphization in anorthite which occurred at lower pressure of- 12 GPa implied residual stress experienced due to shock impact.The presence of high pressure(monoclinic) phase of pigeonite and ferrosilite at ambient condition in this eucrite sample confirmed earlier suggestions of an early shock event.This report is an attempt to emphasize the role of anorthite in the determination of the residual stress due to impact process in the parent body thus to understand the behavioral differences amongst HED members.
We report here high-pressure investigations on Piplia Kalan eucrite—a member of HED(Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite) family from asteroid 4-Vesta based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction(up to 16 GPa)and ~(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy(up to 8 GPa).Dominant with anorthite-rich plagioclase,pigeonite-rich pyroxene and clino-ferrosilite,the sample displayed various phase transitions attaining amorphous character at 16 GPa.These phase transitions of individual components could be explained simultaneously through variations in high-pressure XRD patterns and the Mossbauer parameters.Most prominent P2_1/c to C2/c transition of pigeonite and ferrosilite was exhibited both as sudden variation in Mossbauer parameters and population inversion of Fe~(2+) in Ml and M2 sites between 2.9 and 3.8 GPa and variation in intensity profile in XRD patterns at 3.56 GPa.Anorthite seemed to respond more to such impact than other components in the sample.Complete amorphization in anorthite which occurred at lower pressure of- 12 GPa implied residual stress experienced due to shock impact.The presence of high pressure(monoclinic) phase of pigeonite and ferrosilite at ambient condition in this eucrite sample confirmed earlier suggestions of an early shock event.This report is an attempt to emphasize the role of anorthite in the determination of the residual stress due to impact process in the parent body thus to understand the behavioral differences amongst HED members.
We report here high-pressure investigations on Piplia Kalan eucrite—a member of HED(Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite) family from asteroid 4-Vesta based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction(up to 16 GPa)and ~(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy(up to 8 GPa).Dominant with anorthite-rich plagioclase,pigeonite-rich pyroxene and clino-ferrosilite,the sample displayed various phase transitions attaining amorphous character at 16 GPa.These phase transitions of individual components could be explained simultaneously through variations in high-pressure XRD patterns and the Mossbauer parameters.Most prominent P2_1/c to C2/c transition of pigeonite and ferrosilite was exhibited both as sudden variation in Mossbauer parameters and population inversion of Fe~(2+) in Ml and M2 sites between 2.9 and 3.8 GPa and variation in intensity profile in XRD patterns at 3.56 GPa.Anorthite seemed to respond more to such impact than other components in the sample.Complete amorphization in anorthite which occurred at lower pressure of- 12 GPa implied residual stress experienced due to shock impact.The presence of high pressure(monoclinic) phase of pigeonite and ferrosilite at ambient condition in this eucrite sample confirmed earlier suggestions of an early shock event.This report is an attempt to emphasize the role of anorthite in the determination of the residual stress due to impact process in the parent body thus to understand the behavioral differences amongst HED members.
引文
Alvaro,M.,Nestola,F.,Ballaran.T.B.,Camara,F.,Domeneghetti,M.C.,Tazzoli.V.,2010.High-pressure phase transition of a natural pigeonite.American Mineralogist 95,306-311.
Angel,R.J.,1988.High-pressure structure of anorthite.American Mineralogist 73,1114-1119.
Angel,R.J.,1992.Order-disorder and the high-pressure PⅠ-Ⅱtransition in anorthite.American Mineralogist 77,923-929.
Angel.R.J.,1994.Feldspar at high pressure.In:Parsons,1.(Ed.),Feldspars and Their Reactions.Kluwer,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,pp.271-312.
Angel,R.J.,Hugh-Jones,D.A.,1994.Equation of state and thermodynamic properties of enstatite pyroxenes.Journal of Geophysical Research 99,19777-19783.
Bhandari,N.,Murty,S.V.S.,Shukla,P.N.,Mahajan,R.R.,Shukla,A.D.,Lashkari,G.,Sisodia,M.S.,Tripathi,R.P.,Parthasarathy,G.,Verma,H.C.,Franchi,A.I.,2008.Ararki(L5)chondrite:first meteorite find in Thar desert of India.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 43,761-770.
Bhandari,N.,Murty,S.V.S.,Mahajan,R.R.,Parthasarathy,G.,Shukla,P.N.,Sisodia,M.S.,Rai,V.K.,2009.Kaprada(L5/6)Chondrite:Chemistry,petrography,noble gases,and nuclear tracks.Planetary and Space Sciences 57,2048-2052.
Buchanan,P.C.,Mittlefehldt,D.W.,Hutchison,R.,Koerble,C.1998.Piplia Kalan:Is it a Monomict Eucrite or a Metamorphosed Polymict Eucrite?29th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,March 16-20,1998.Houston.TX abstract no.1350.
Buchanan,P.C.,Mittlefehldt,D.W.,Hutchison,R.,Keoberl,C.,Lindstrom,D.J.,Pandit,M.K.,2000.Petrology of the Indian eucrite Piplia Kalan.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 35,609-615.
Burns,R.G.,1993.Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,p.551.
Chandra,U.,Mudgal,P.,Kumar,M.,Rawat,R.,Parthasarathy,C.Dilawar.N.,Bandhyopadhyay,A.K.,2005.High-pressure Mossbauer measurements on nanocrystalline perovskite(La,Sr)(Mn,Fe)03.Hyperfine Interaction 163,129-141.
Chandra,U.,2007.High-pressure Mossbauer spectroscopy.Indian Journal of Pure&Applied Physics 45,790-794.
Chandra,U.,Sharma,P.,Parthasarathy,C Sreedhar,B.,2010.~(57)Fe M(o|¨)ssbauer spectroscopy and electrical resistivity studies on naturally occurring native iron under high pressure up to 9.1 GPa.American Mineralogist 95,870-875.
Chandra,U.,Parthasarathy.G.,ChandraShekar,N.V.,Sahu,P.Ch,2013.X-ray diffraction,Mossbauer spectroscopic and electrical resistivity studies on Lohawat meteorite under high pressure up to 9 GPa.Chemie der Erde 73(2).197-203.
Daniel.I.,Gillet,P.,McMillan,P.F.,Pruvot,H.,1995a.High pressure behavior of plagioclase feldspars:crystalline phase transition and amorphization.Terra Abstracts:Supplement 1 to Terra Nova 7,75.
Daniel,I.,Gillet,P.,Chose,S.,1995b.A new high pressure phase transition in anorthite(CaAl_2Si_2O_8)revealed by Raman spectroscopy.American Mineralogist80,645-648.
Daniel,I.,Gillet,P.,McMillan,P.F.,Wolf,G.,Verhelst,MA,1997.High-pressure behavior of anorthite:compression and amorphization.Journal of Geophysical Research 102(B5),10313-10325.
DeGrave,E.,Van Alboom,A.,1991.Evaluation of ferrous and ferric Mossbauer fractions.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 18,337-342.
Dewaele,A.,Loubeyre,P.,Mezouar.M.,2004.Equations of state of six metals above94 GPa.Physical Review B 70.094112(1-8).
Dowty,E.,Lindsley.D.H.,1973.M6ssbauer spectra of synthertic hedenbergite-ferrosilite pyroxenes.American Mineralogist 58,850-868.
Drake,M.J.,2000.Accretion and primary differentiation of the Earth:a personal journey.Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 64,2363-2370.
Eackhout,S.G.,De Grave,E.,2003.Evaluation of ferrous and ferric M(o|¨)ssbauer fractions-partⅡ.Physics and Chemistry of Mineral 30,142-146.
Hammersley,A.P.,Svensson,S.O.,Hanfland,M.,Fitch,A.N.,Hausermann,D.,1996.Two dimensional detector software:from real detector to idealized image or two theta scan.High Pressure Research 14,235-248.
Jernberg,P.,Sundquist,T.,1990.Report UUIP-1090.Institute of Physics,University of Uppsala.
Kanzaki,M.,1991.Ortho/clinoenstatite transition.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17,726-730.
Klima,R.L.,Pieters,C.M.,Dyar,M.D.,2008.Characterization of the 1.2μm M1 pyroxene band:extracting cooling history from near-IR spectra of pyroxene and pyroxene-dominant rocks.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 43(10),1591-1604.
Lunning,N.G.,McSween Jr.,H.Y.,Tenner,T.J.,Kita,N.T.,Bodnar,R.J.,2015.Olivine and pyroxene from the mantle of asteroid 4 Vesta.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 418,126-135.
McCammon,C.A.,Tennant,C.,1996.High Pressure M(o|¨)ssbauer Study of Synthetic Clinoferrosilite,FeSiO_3.In:Mineral Spectroscopy:A Tribute to Roger G.Burns.Geochemical Society Special Publication No.5,pp.281-288.
McSween,H.Y.,Binzel,R.P.,De Sanctis,M.C.,Ammannito,E.,Prettyman,T.H.,Beck,A.W.,Reddy,R.,Le Corre,L.,Gaffey,M.J.,McCord,T.B.,Raymond,C.A.,Russell,C.T.,2013.Dawn,the Vesta-HED connection;and the geologic context for eucrite,diogenites,and howardites.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 48,2090-2104.
Miyahara,M.,Ohtani,E.,Yamaguchi,A.,Ozama,A.,Sakai,T.,Hirao,N.,2014.Discovery of Coesite and Stishovite in eucrite.PNAS 111(30),10939-10942.Spring-8 report 15 July 2014-BL10XU beam line(HP research).
Nestola,F.,Ballaran,T.B.,Tribaudino,M.,Bruno,E.,2004.High-pressure phase transition in Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8)Al_2Si_2O_8 feldspar.American Mineralogist 89,1474-1479.
Norton,O.R.,2002.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites.Cambridge University Press.Cambridge p.347.
Pandey,K.K.,Poswal,H.K.,Mishra,A.K.,Dwivedi,A.,Vasanthi,R.,Garg,N.,Sharma,S.M.,2013.Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction beamline at Indus-2synchrotron source.Pramana-Journal of Physics 80(4),607-619.
Polyakov,V.B.,2009.Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation at core-mantle boundary conditions.Science 323(5916),912-914.
Redfern,S.A.T.,1996.Length scale dependence of high pressure amorphization:the static amorphization of anorthite.Mineralogical Magazine 60,493-498.
Ross,N.L.,Reynard,B.,1999.The effect of iron on the P2_1/c to C2/c transition in the(Mg,Fe)SiO_3 clinopyroxenes.European Journal of Mineralogy 11,585-589.
Sharp,T.G.,DeCarli,Paul S.,2006.Shock Effects in Meteorites in Meteorites and the Early Solar SystemⅡ.The University of Arizona Press,pp.653-677.
Shukla,A.D.,Shukla,P.N.,Suthari,K.M.,Bhandari,N.,Vaya,K.,Sisodia,M.S.,Sinha,Roy S.,Rao,K.N.,Rajawat,R.S.,1997.Piplia Kalan eucrite:fall,petrography and chemical characteristics.Meteoritic&Planetary Sciences 32,611-615.
Srinivasan,G.,Papanastassiou,D.A.,Wasserburg,G.J.,Bhandari.N.,Goswami,J.N.,1999.~(26)Al-~(26)Mg and~(53)Mn-~(53)Cr systematic in the Piplia Kalan eucrite.Lunar and Planetary science,30~(th)Annual Lunar and Planetary science conference,March15-19,1999,Houston,Texas,LPI contribution no.964,abstract no.1730.
Srivastava,R.,2013.Petrography and petrogenesis of some Indian basaltic achondritics derived from HED parent body:insights from electron microprobe analysis.Journal of Earth System Science 122(3),729-741.
Tripathi,R.P.,Sharma,S.K.,Srivastava,K.L.,Verma,H.C.,2000.Mossbauer spectroscopic studies of the Piplia Kalan(eucrite)and Lohawat(howardite)meteorites.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 35,201-204.
Vaya,K.,Mehta,S.,Bafna,C.,Sisodia,M.S.,Shrivastava,K.L.,1996.The Piplia meteor shower:a preliminary study.Current Science 71,253-355.
Woodland,A.B.,McCammon,C.,Angel,R.J.,1997.Intersite partitioning of Mg and Fe in Ca-free high pressure C2/c clinopyroxene.American Mineralogist 82,923-930.
Yu,Y.G.,Wentzcovich,R.M.,Angel,R.J.,2010.First principle study of thermodynamics and phase transition in low-pressure(P2_1/c)to and high-pressure(C2/c)clinoenstatite MgSiO_3.Journal of Geophysical Research 115,B02201-B02210.
Zhang,L.,Hafner,S.S.,1992.High pressure~(57)Feγresonance and compressibility of Ca(Fe,Mg)Si_2O_6 clinopyroxenes.American Mineralogist 77,462-473.
Zhang,D.,Jackson,J.M.,Sturhahn,W.,Xiao,Y.,2011.Local structure variations observed in orthoenstatite at high pressure.American Mineralogist 96,1585-1592.
Angel,R.J.,1988.High-pressure structure of anorthite.American Mineralogist 73,1114-1119.
Angel,R.J.,1992.Order-disorder and the high-pressure PⅠ-Ⅱtransition in anorthite.American Mineralogist 77,923-929.
Angel.R.J.,1994.Feldspar at high pressure.In:Parsons,1.(Ed.),Feldspars and Their Reactions.Kluwer,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,pp.271-312.
Angel,R.J.,Hugh-Jones,D.A.,1994.Equation of state and thermodynamic properties of enstatite pyroxenes.Journal of Geophysical Research 99,19777-19783.
Bhandari,N.,Murty,S.V.S.,Shukla,P.N.,Mahajan,R.R.,Shukla,A.D.,Lashkari,G.,Sisodia,M.S.,Tripathi,R.P.,Parthasarathy,G.,Verma,H.C.,Franchi,A.I.,2008.Ararki(L5)chondrite:first meteorite find in Thar desert of India.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 43,761-770.
Bhandari,N.,Murty,S.V.S.,Mahajan,R.R.,Parthasarathy,G.,Shukla,P.N.,Sisodia,M.S.,Rai,V.K.,2009.Kaprada(L5/6)Chondrite:Chemistry,petrography,noble gases,and nuclear tracks.Planetary and Space Sciences 57,2048-2052.
Buchanan,P.C.,Mittlefehldt,D.W.,Hutchison,R.,Koerble,C.1998.Piplia Kalan:Is it a Monomict Eucrite or a Metamorphosed Polymict Eucrite?29th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,March 16-20,1998.Houston.TX abstract no.1350.
Buchanan,P.C.,Mittlefehldt,D.W.,Hutchison,R.,Keoberl,C.,Lindstrom,D.J.,Pandit,M.K.,2000.Petrology of the Indian eucrite Piplia Kalan.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 35,609-615.
Burns,R.G.,1993.Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,p.551.
Chandra,U.,Mudgal,P.,Kumar,M.,Rawat,R.,Parthasarathy,C.Dilawar.N.,Bandhyopadhyay,A.K.,2005.High-pressure Mossbauer measurements on nanocrystalline perovskite(La,Sr)(Mn,Fe)03.Hyperfine Interaction 163,129-141.
Chandra,U.,2007.High-pressure Mossbauer spectroscopy.Indian Journal of Pure&Applied Physics 45,790-794.
Chandra,U.,Sharma,P.,Parthasarathy,C Sreedhar,B.,2010.~(57)Fe M(o|¨)ssbauer spectroscopy and electrical resistivity studies on naturally occurring native iron under high pressure up to 9.1 GPa.American Mineralogist 95,870-875.
Chandra,U.,Parthasarathy.G.,ChandraShekar,N.V.,Sahu,P.Ch,2013.X-ray diffraction,Mossbauer spectroscopic and electrical resistivity studies on Lohawat meteorite under high pressure up to 9 GPa.Chemie der Erde 73(2).197-203.
Daniel.I.,Gillet,P.,McMillan,P.F.,Pruvot,H.,1995a.High pressure behavior of plagioclase feldspars:crystalline phase transition and amorphization.Terra Abstracts:Supplement 1 to Terra Nova 7,75.
Daniel,I.,Gillet,P.,Chose,S.,1995b.A new high pressure phase transition in anorthite(CaAl_2Si_2O_8)revealed by Raman spectroscopy.American Mineralogist80,645-648.
Daniel,I.,Gillet,P.,McMillan,P.F.,Wolf,G.,Verhelst,MA,1997.High-pressure behavior of anorthite:compression and amorphization.Journal of Geophysical Research 102(B5),10313-10325.
DeGrave,E.,Van Alboom,A.,1991.Evaluation of ferrous and ferric Mossbauer fractions.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 18,337-342.
Dewaele,A.,Loubeyre,P.,Mezouar.M.,2004.Equations of state of six metals above94 GPa.Physical Review B 70.094112(1-8).
Dowty,E.,Lindsley.D.H.,1973.M6ssbauer spectra of synthertic hedenbergite-ferrosilite pyroxenes.American Mineralogist 58,850-868.
Drake,M.J.,2000.Accretion and primary differentiation of the Earth:a personal journey.Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 64,2363-2370.
Eackhout,S.G.,De Grave,E.,2003.Evaluation of ferrous and ferric M(o|¨)ssbauer fractions-partⅡ.Physics and Chemistry of Mineral 30,142-146.
Hammersley,A.P.,Svensson,S.O.,Hanfland,M.,Fitch,A.N.,Hausermann,D.,1996.Two dimensional detector software:from real detector to idealized image or two theta scan.High Pressure Research 14,235-248.
Jernberg,P.,Sundquist,T.,1990.Report UUIP-1090.Institute of Physics,University of Uppsala.
Kanzaki,M.,1991.Ortho/clinoenstatite transition.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17,726-730.
Klima,R.L.,Pieters,C.M.,Dyar,M.D.,2008.Characterization of the 1.2μm M1 pyroxene band:extracting cooling history from near-IR spectra of pyroxene and pyroxene-dominant rocks.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 43(10),1591-1604.
Lunning,N.G.,McSween Jr.,H.Y.,Tenner,T.J.,Kita,N.T.,Bodnar,R.J.,2015.Olivine and pyroxene from the mantle of asteroid 4 Vesta.Earth and Planetary Science Letters 418,126-135.
McCammon,C.A.,Tennant,C.,1996.High Pressure M(o|¨)ssbauer Study of Synthetic Clinoferrosilite,FeSiO_3.In:Mineral Spectroscopy:A Tribute to Roger G.Burns.Geochemical Society Special Publication No.5,pp.281-288.
McSween,H.Y.,Binzel,R.P.,De Sanctis,M.C.,Ammannito,E.,Prettyman,T.H.,Beck,A.W.,Reddy,R.,Le Corre,L.,Gaffey,M.J.,McCord,T.B.,Raymond,C.A.,Russell,C.T.,2013.Dawn,the Vesta-HED connection;and the geologic context for eucrite,diogenites,and howardites.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 48,2090-2104.
Miyahara,M.,Ohtani,E.,Yamaguchi,A.,Ozama,A.,Sakai,T.,Hirao,N.,2014.Discovery of Coesite and Stishovite in eucrite.PNAS 111(30),10939-10942.Spring-8 report 15 July 2014-BL10XU beam line(HP research).
Nestola,F.,Ballaran,T.B.,Tribaudino,M.,Bruno,E.,2004.High-pressure phase transition in Ca_(0.2)Sr_(0.8)Al_2Si_2O_8 feldspar.American Mineralogist 89,1474-1479.
Norton,O.R.,2002.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites.Cambridge University Press.Cambridge p.347.
Pandey,K.K.,Poswal,H.K.,Mishra,A.K.,Dwivedi,A.,Vasanthi,R.,Garg,N.,Sharma,S.M.,2013.Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction beamline at Indus-2synchrotron source.Pramana-Journal of Physics 80(4),607-619.
Polyakov,V.B.,2009.Equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation at core-mantle boundary conditions.Science 323(5916),912-914.
Redfern,S.A.T.,1996.Length scale dependence of high pressure amorphization:the static amorphization of anorthite.Mineralogical Magazine 60,493-498.
Ross,N.L.,Reynard,B.,1999.The effect of iron on the P2_1/c to C2/c transition in the(Mg,Fe)SiO_3 clinopyroxenes.European Journal of Mineralogy 11,585-589.
Sharp,T.G.,DeCarli,Paul S.,2006.Shock Effects in Meteorites in Meteorites and the Early Solar SystemⅡ.The University of Arizona Press,pp.653-677.
Shukla,A.D.,Shukla,P.N.,Suthari,K.M.,Bhandari,N.,Vaya,K.,Sisodia,M.S.,Sinha,Roy S.,Rao,K.N.,Rajawat,R.S.,1997.Piplia Kalan eucrite:fall,petrography and chemical characteristics.Meteoritic&Planetary Sciences 32,611-615.
Srinivasan,G.,Papanastassiou,D.A.,Wasserburg,G.J.,Bhandari.N.,Goswami,J.N.,1999.~(26)Al-~(26)Mg and~(53)Mn-~(53)Cr systematic in the Piplia Kalan eucrite.Lunar and Planetary science,30~(th)Annual Lunar and Planetary science conference,March15-19,1999,Houston,Texas,LPI contribution no.964,abstract no.1730.
Srivastava,R.,2013.Petrography and petrogenesis of some Indian basaltic achondritics derived from HED parent body:insights from electron microprobe analysis.Journal of Earth System Science 122(3),729-741.
Tripathi,R.P.,Sharma,S.K.,Srivastava,K.L.,Verma,H.C.,2000.Mossbauer spectroscopic studies of the Piplia Kalan(eucrite)and Lohawat(howardite)meteorites.Meteoritic&Planetary Science 35,201-204.
Vaya,K.,Mehta,S.,Bafna,C.,Sisodia,M.S.,Shrivastava,K.L.,1996.The Piplia meteor shower:a preliminary study.Current Science 71,253-355.
Woodland,A.B.,McCammon,C.,Angel,R.J.,1997.Intersite partitioning of Mg and Fe in Ca-free high pressure C2/c clinopyroxene.American Mineralogist 82,923-930.
Yu,Y.G.,Wentzcovich,R.M.,Angel,R.J.,2010.First principle study of thermodynamics and phase transition in low-pressure(P2_1/c)to and high-pressure(C2/c)clinoenstatite MgSiO_3.Journal of Geophysical Research 115,B02201-B02210.
Zhang,L.,Hafner,S.S.,1992.High pressure~(57)Feγresonance and compressibility of Ca(Fe,Mg)Si_2O_6 clinopyroxenes.American Mineralogist 77,462-473.
Zhang,D.,Jackson,J.M.,Sturhahn,W.,Xiao,Y.,2011.Local structure variations observed in orthoenstatite at high pressure.American Mineralogist 96,1585-1592.