从“清白罪人”到“埃特里克牧羊人”——《一个清白罪人的忏悔》中的叙述与个人身份
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摘要
作为小说最重要的特征之一,《一个清白罪人的忏悔》中的双视角叙述一直是批评家们关注的焦点。鉴于小说双视角的特点,以往的批评家关注的大多是二者之间的冲突与对立,笔者在下文中从叙述与个人身份的关系的角度考察两者所达成的主题上的统一。笔者认为,该小说中不同角度的叙事都体现了叙述者利用叙述手段掌控自己或者别人身份的企图,此外,笔者还联系作者詹姆斯·霍格的自身经历,尤其是他与《布莱克伍德杂志》对"埃特里克牧羊人"这一身份的争夺,分析霍格在复杂市场环境下形成的特定创作观——个人身份建构于文字之上,随作者目的与动机的变化而变化。
As one of the most prominent features of the novel,the double narration in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner has always been the center of critical attention. Given the characteristics of the double narration,previous critics focused mostly on the conflicts between the dual perspectives.The present essay turns its attention,instead,to the thematic unity between the dueling perspectives by analyzing how both narrators in the novel attempt to control their own identities or those of others through narration.
As one of the most prominent features of the novel,the double narration in The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner has always been the center of critical attention. Given the characteristics of the double narration,previous critics focused mostly on the conflicts between the dual perspectives.The present essay turns its attention,instead,to the thematic unity between the dueling perspectives by analyzing how both narrators in the novel attempt to control their own identities or those of others through narration.
引文
① Elizabeth Harries, “Duplication and Duplicity: James Hogg’s Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner”, Wordsworth Circle 10.2 (1979), p.191.
② Ismael Velasco, “Paradoxical Readings: Reason, Religion and Tradition in James Hogg’s Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner”, Scottish Studies Review 7.1 (2006), p.38.
③ 事实上,从心理角度解释吉尔马丁的存在是《忏悔》批评史上的一个重要传统(虽然该传统也不乏挑战者),不少批评家还联系作者霍格的个人经历解读吉尔马丁这一人物,对这一传统比较详细的梳理,可参见Douglas Jones, “Double Jeopardy and the Chameleon Art in James Hogg’s Justified Sinner”, Studies in Scottish Literature 23.1 (1988), 164-167页。
④ Jerome Bruner, “Self-Making and World-Making”, in Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture, eds. Jens Brockmeier and Donal Carbaugh (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2001), pp.27-28.
⑤ Suzanne Diamond, “Scripted Subjectivity: The Politics of Personal Disclosure”, in Compelling Confessions: The Politics of Personal Disclosure, ed. Suzanne Diamond (Madison and Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011), p.23.
⑥ Dan P. McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson and Amia Lieblich, “Introduction”, in Identity and Story: Creating Self in Narrative, eds. Dan P. McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson and Amia Lieblich (Washington: American Psychological Association, 2006), p.4.
⑦ James Hogg, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, ed. Adrian Hunter (Peterborough: Broadview, 2001), p.119.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
⑧ Jerome Bruner, Acts of Meaning (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press), p.120.
⑨ Jerome Bruner, Acts of Meaning, p.122.
⑩ John Barrell, “Putting down the Rising”, in Scotland and the Borders of Romanticism, eds. Leith Davis, Ian Duncan and Janet Sorensen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.136.
(11) Karen Fang, Romantic Writing and the Empire of Signs: Periodical Culture and Post-Napoleonic Authorship (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2010), p.66.
(12) David Groves, James Hogg: The Growth of a Writer (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988), p.88.
(13) William Howitt, Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent British Poets (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1850), p.375.
(14) Georges Gusdorf, “Conditions and Limits of Autobiography”, trans. James Olney, in Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical, ed. James Olney (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p.35.
(15) Georges Gusdorf, “Conditions and Limits of Autobiography”, p.42.
(16) James Hogg, “Memoir of the Life of James Hogg”, in The Mountain Bard; Consisting of Legendary Ballads and Tales (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1821), p.ix.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(17) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, revised ed., Vol. 1 (New York: W. J. Widdleton, 1867), p.374.
(18) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, p.263.
(19) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, p.304.
(20) Scott Hess, Authoring the Self: Self-Representation, Authorship, and the Print Market in British Poetry from Pope through Wordsworth (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), p.40.
(21) Jon Klancher, The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790-1832 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), p.172.
(22) Manushag Powell, “Introduction”, Performing Authorship in Eighteenth-Century English Periodicals (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2012), pp.3-4.
(23) 参见 E. J. Clery, Caroline Franklin, and Peter Garside, “Introduction”, in Authorship, Commerce and the Public: Scenes of Writing, 1750-1850, eds. E. J. Clery, Caroline Franklin and Peter Garside (Basingstroke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 4页。
(24) 《苏格兰人杂志》在1804至1805年间陆续刊载了六篇有关“埃特里克牧羊人”的匿名信,分别为《关于埃特里克牧羊人的疑问》(Inquiry concerning the Ettrick Shepherd, 1804年8月刊)、《关于埃特里克牧羊人的一些信息》(Some Information respecting the Ettrick Shepherd, 1804年10月刊)、《埃特里克牧羊人简传》(Biographical Sketches of the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年1月刊)、《关于埃特里克牧羊人的进一步探索》(Farther Inquires respecting the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年3月刊)、《有关“埃特里克牧羊人”詹姆斯·霍格的更多生活细节》(Farther Particulars of the Life of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年7月刊),以及《有关“埃特里克牧羊人”詹姆斯·霍格的最终生活细节》(Concluding Particulars of the Life of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年11月刊)。
(25) 参见Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson, “Scottish Romanticism and the Working-Class Author: An Introduction”, in James Hogg and the Literary Marketplace: Scottish Romanticism and the Working-Class Author, eds. Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson (Surrey: Ashgate, 2009), 1-20页。
(26) 参见Tom Mole, “Blackwood’s ‘Personalities’”, in Romanticism and Blackwood’s Magazine, eds. Robert Morrison and Daniel Roberts (London and New York: Macmillan, 2013), 90-92页。
(27) Robert Morrison, “Aggressive Intimacy: Mass Markets and the Blackwood’s Magazine Coterie”, in Reevaluating the Literary Coterie, 1580-1830: From Sidney to Blackwood’s, eds. Will Bowers and Hannah Leah Crumme (London and New York: Macmillan, 2016), p.182.
(28) 比如,霍格在1832年随《沃特雷夫故事集》(Altrive Tales)出版的自传(该版本是在前两版基础上的进一步扩充)中提到:布莱克伍德“已经将我逼到了忍无可忍的地步,他的那本杂志经常把一些我深以为耻的话及观点按在我的头上,这给我的家人以及亲朋好友们造成了很大的伤害,而且他在反复书面承诺了不会再如此乱来之后还这么做”。参见The Ettrick Shepherd, “Memoir of the Author”, in Altrive Tales: Collected among the Peasantry of Scotland, and from Foreign Adventures (London: James Cochrane and Co., 1832), cvii页。
② Ismael Velasco, “Paradoxical Readings: Reason, Religion and Tradition in James Hogg’s Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner”, Scottish Studies Review 7.1 (2006), p.38.
③ 事实上,从心理角度解释吉尔马丁的存在是《忏悔》批评史上的一个重要传统(虽然该传统也不乏挑战者),不少批评家还联系作者霍格的个人经历解读吉尔马丁这一人物,对这一传统比较详细的梳理,可参见Douglas Jones, “Double Jeopardy and the Chameleon Art in James Hogg’s Justified Sinner”, Studies in Scottish Literature 23.1 (1988), 164-167页。
④ Jerome Bruner, “Self-Making and World-Making”, in Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture, eds. Jens Brockmeier and Donal Carbaugh (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2001), pp.27-28.
⑤ Suzanne Diamond, “Scripted Subjectivity: The Politics of Personal Disclosure”, in Compelling Confessions: The Politics of Personal Disclosure, ed. Suzanne Diamond (Madison and Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011), p.23.
⑥ Dan P. McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson and Amia Lieblich, “Introduction”, in Identity and Story: Creating Self in Narrative, eds. Dan P. McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson and Amia Lieblich (Washington: American Psychological Association, 2006), p.4.
⑦ James Hogg, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, ed. Adrian Hunter (Peterborough: Broadview, 2001), p.119.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
⑧ Jerome Bruner, Acts of Meaning (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press), p.120.
⑨ Jerome Bruner, Acts of Meaning, p.122.
⑩ John Barrell, “Putting down the Rising”, in Scotland and the Borders of Romanticism, eds. Leith Davis, Ian Duncan and Janet Sorensen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.136.
(11) Karen Fang, Romantic Writing and the Empire of Signs: Periodical Culture and Post-Napoleonic Authorship (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2010), p.66.
(12) David Groves, James Hogg: The Growth of a Writer (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988), p.88.
(13) William Howitt, Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent British Poets (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1850), p.375.
(14) Georges Gusdorf, “Conditions and Limits of Autobiography”, trans. James Olney, in Autobiography: Essays Theoretical and Critical, ed. James Olney (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p.35.
(15) Georges Gusdorf, “Conditions and Limits of Autobiography”, p.42.
(16) James Hogg, “Memoir of the Life of James Hogg”, in The Mountain Bard; Consisting of Legendary Ballads and Tales (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1821), p.ix.(以后引用,在正文中随文标注页码。)
(17) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, revised ed., Vol. 1 (New York: W. J. Widdleton, 1867), p.374.
(18) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, p.263.
(19) John Wilson et al., Noctes Ambrosianae, p.304.
(20) Scott Hess, Authoring the Self: Self-Representation, Authorship, and the Print Market in British Poetry from Pope through Wordsworth (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), p.40.
(21) Jon Klancher, The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790-1832 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), p.172.
(22) Manushag Powell, “Introduction”, Performing Authorship in Eighteenth-Century English Periodicals (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2012), pp.3-4.
(23) 参见 E. J. Clery, Caroline Franklin, and Peter Garside, “Introduction”, in Authorship, Commerce and the Public: Scenes of Writing, 1750-1850, eds. E. J. Clery, Caroline Franklin and Peter Garside (Basingstroke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 4页。
(24) 《苏格兰人杂志》在1804至1805年间陆续刊载了六篇有关“埃特里克牧羊人”的匿名信,分别为《关于埃特里克牧羊人的疑问》(Inquiry concerning the Ettrick Shepherd, 1804年8月刊)、《关于埃特里克牧羊人的一些信息》(Some Information respecting the Ettrick Shepherd, 1804年10月刊)、《埃特里克牧羊人简传》(Biographical Sketches of the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年1月刊)、《关于埃特里克牧羊人的进一步探索》(Farther Inquires respecting the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年3月刊)、《有关“埃特里克牧羊人”詹姆斯·霍格的更多生活细节》(Farther Particulars of the Life of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年7月刊),以及《有关“埃特里克牧羊人”詹姆斯·霍格的最终生活细节》(Concluding Particulars of the Life of James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, 1805年11月刊)。
(25) 参见Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson, “Scottish Romanticism and the Working-Class Author: An Introduction”, in James Hogg and the Literary Marketplace: Scottish Romanticism and the Working-Class Author, eds. Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson (Surrey: Ashgate, 2009), 1-20页。
(26) 参见Tom Mole, “Blackwood’s ‘Personalities’”, in Romanticism and Blackwood’s Magazine, eds. Robert Morrison and Daniel Roberts (London and New York: Macmillan, 2013), 90-92页。
(27) Robert Morrison, “Aggressive Intimacy: Mass Markets and the Blackwood’s Magazine Coterie”, in Reevaluating the Literary Coterie, 1580-1830: From Sidney to Blackwood’s, eds. Will Bowers and Hannah Leah Crumme (London and New York: Macmillan, 2016), p.182.
(28) 比如,霍格在1832年随《沃特雷夫故事集》(Altrive Tales)出版的自传(该版本是在前两版基础上的进一步扩充)中提到:布莱克伍德“已经将我逼到了忍无可忍的地步,他的那本杂志经常把一些我深以为耻的话及观点按在我的头上,这给我的家人以及亲朋好友们造成了很大的伤害,而且他在反复书面承诺了不会再如此乱来之后还这么做”。参见The Ettrick Shepherd, “Memoir of the Author”, in Altrive Tales: Collected among the Peasantry of Scotland, and from Foreign Adventures (London: James Cochrane and Co., 1832), cvii页。