强制减排交易机制外企业会自愿减排么?
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摘要
强制减排交易机制和自愿减排交易机制都是解决气候变化问题的有效市场手段。目前中国的强制减排交易机制纳入了部分行业进行管制促使企业自主性降低碳排放,在试点范围内,企业整体履约率保持较高水平,碳排放总量和强度呈现双降趋势,但强制减排交易机制外依然存在大量企业,激励这些企业参与自愿减排交易机制主动降低碳排放,有利于国家碳减排目标的顺利实现,有利于推动经济绿色发展和生态文明建设进程。本文从现实背景出发,以强制减排交易机制外企业为研究对象,引进政府强制减排概率和财政补贴参数,构建动态博弈理论模型,分析企业和政府的行为选择,根据不同类型企业市场势力大小,研究促进企业参与自愿减排交易机制的可能策略选择。研究结果发现:①自愿减排交易机制是政府管理部门和企业的成本有效的选择,自愿减排机制可以促进企业降低二氧化碳排放,但企业的市场势力会影响企业执行自愿减排的效率;②自愿减排交易机制下,需要政府管理部门发挥重要作用,促使企业改进自愿减排的效果;③对企业的补贴政策在社会福利损失较小时,可以发挥辅助性作用,提高企业自愿减排的积极性和减排水平。因此,对于强制减排交易机制外的企业,增强企业参与自愿减排的积极性,提高企业自愿减排水平,政府管理部门需要根据企业的行业类型和特点,制定精准、细化的自愿减排减排政策,需要保持一定的潜在管制压力进行协调和引导,在必要的时候还可以借助一定的财政补贴手段来提升企业自愿减排水平。
Mandatory and voluntary emissions trading systems are effective market mechanism to curb climate change. China's mandatory emissions trading mechanism has incorporated some industries to promote enterprises to reduce carbon emissions consciously,the enterprises' compliance rate remains high,and overal carbon emissions and intensity of carbon emissions show a double downward trend within the scope of the pilot,while there are still a great number of enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism,encouraging these enterprises to participate in the voluntary emissions trading mechanism to reduce carbon emissions actively is conducive to realize national carbon emission reduction targets smoothly and to promote green development of economy and construction of ecological civilization. Against the background, taking the enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism as the research object,this paper employs the parameters of government compulsory emissions reduction probability and financial subsidy,constructs the dynamic game theory model,and analyzes the behavior choice of enterprises and governments.According to the market power of different enterprise,this paper explores the possible strategies to promote the participation of enterprises in voluntary emissions trading mechanism. It is proved that: ① Voluntary emissions trading mechanism is cost-effective for both government and enterprises,and it can promote enterprises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However,efficiency of implementing voluntary mechanism may be affected by the enterprises' market power. ② Government should have an important role in voluntary emissions trading mechanism and help enterprises to improve effects of voluntary reduction. ③ Given the social welfare loss is small,subsidy policy could fulfill supporting feature,enhance enthusiasm and reduction level of enterprises in voluntary emissions trading mechanism. Therefore,to enhance enthusiasm of participating in voluntary emission reduction and raise the level of voluntary emission reduction for enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism,government should formulate precise and detailed voluntary emission reduction policies according to the types and characteristics of enterprises,and maintain a certain potential regulatory pressure to coordinate and guide,and if necessary,financial subsidies could be used to improve the level of voluntary emission reduction.
Mandatory and voluntary emissions trading systems are effective market mechanism to curb climate change. China's mandatory emissions trading mechanism has incorporated some industries to promote enterprises to reduce carbon emissions consciously,the enterprises' compliance rate remains high,and overal carbon emissions and intensity of carbon emissions show a double downward trend within the scope of the pilot,while there are still a great number of enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism,encouraging these enterprises to participate in the voluntary emissions trading mechanism to reduce carbon emissions actively is conducive to realize national carbon emission reduction targets smoothly and to promote green development of economy and construction of ecological civilization. Against the background, taking the enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism as the research object,this paper employs the parameters of government compulsory emissions reduction probability and financial subsidy,constructs the dynamic game theory model,and analyzes the behavior choice of enterprises and governments.According to the market power of different enterprise,this paper explores the possible strategies to promote the participation of enterprises in voluntary emissions trading mechanism. It is proved that: ① Voluntary emissions trading mechanism is cost-effective for both government and enterprises,and it can promote enterprises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However,efficiency of implementing voluntary mechanism may be affected by the enterprises' market power. ② Government should have an important role in voluntary emissions trading mechanism and help enterprises to improve effects of voluntary reduction. ③ Given the social welfare loss is small,subsidy policy could fulfill supporting feature,enhance enthusiasm and reduction level of enterprises in voluntary emissions trading mechanism. Therefore,to enhance enthusiasm of participating in voluntary emission reduction and raise the level of voluntary emission reduction for enterprises outside the mandatory emissions trading mechanism,government should formulate precise and detailed voluntary emission reduction policies according to the types and characteristics of enterprises,and maintain a certain potential regulatory pressure to coordinate and guide,and if necessary,financial subsidies could be used to improve the level of voluntary emission reduction.
引文
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[10]LUTSEY N,SPERLING D.Canada’s voluntary agreement on vehicle greenhouse gas emissions:when the details matter[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2007,12(7):474-487.
[11]YAMAGUCHI K.Voluntary CO2emissions reduction scheme:analysis of airline voluntary plan in Japan[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2010,15(1):46-50.
[12]REZESSY S,BERTOLDI P.Voluntary agreements in the field of energy efficiency and emission reduction:review and analysis of experiences in the European Union[J].Energy policy,2011,39(11):7121-7129.
[13]BENESSAIAH K.Carbon and livelihoods in Post-Kyoto:assessing voluntary carbon markets[J].Ecological economics,2012,77:1-6.
[14]ARIⅠ.Voluntary emission trading potential of Turkey[J].Energy policy,2013,62:910-919.
[15]BENTO A,HO B,RAMIREZ-BASORA M.Optimal monitoring and offset prices in voluntary emissions markets[J].Resource and energy economics.2015,41:202-223.
[16]GALLO M,DEL BORGHI A,STRAZZA C,et al.Opportunities and criticisms of voluntary emission reduction projects developed by public administrations:analysis of 143 case studies implemented in Italy[J].Applied energy,2016,179:1269-1282.
[17]KARHUNMAA K.Opening up storylines of co-benefits in voluntary carbon markets:an analysis of household energy technology projects in developing countries[J].Energy research&social science,2016,14:71-79.
[18]PRASAD M,MISHRA T.Low-carbon growth for Indian iron and steel sector:exploring the role of voluntary environmental compliance[J].Energy policy,2017,100:41-50.
[19]LINDER A.Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2018,61:234-245.
[20]丁浩,张朋程,霍国辉.自愿减排对构建国内碳排放交易市场的作用和对策[J].科技进步与对策,2010(22):149-151.
[21]CHEN L,HU A H.Voluntary GHG reduction of industrial sectors in Taiwan[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(9):1074-1082.
[22]陈晓红,胡维,王陟昀.自愿减排碳交易市场价格影响因素实证研究---以美国芝加哥气候交易所(CCX)为例[J].中国管理科学,2013(4):74-81.
[2]寇江泽.少排可以卖配额多排就要掏钱买[N].人民日报,2018-09-15(9).
[3]JIANG J,XIE D,YE B,et al.Research on China’s cap-and-trade carbon emission trading scheme:overview and outlook[J].Applied energy,2016,178:902-917.
[4]张昕,马爱民,张敏思,等.中国温室气体自愿减排交易体系建设[OL].北京:中国社会科学网,2018-02-06[2018-08-07].http://www.cssn.cn/jjx/xkjjx_yyjjx/csqyhlllx/201802/t201806_3842575.shtml.
[5]孙睿,况丹,常冬勤.碳交易的“能源-经济-环境”影响及碳价合理区间测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(7):82-90.
[6]CHANG Y,WANG N.Environmental regulations and emissions trading in China[J].Energy policy,2010,38(7):3356-3364.
[7]孙亚男.碳交易市场中的碳税策略研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014(3):32-40.
[8]解振华.中国碳市场目前不搞期货不考虑碳税[OL].北京:中国新闻网,2017-11-14[2018-08-07].http://www.chinanews.com/ny/2017/11-14/8376511.shtml.
[9]GOULDER L H,MORGENSTERN R D,MUNNINGS C,et al.China’s national carbon dioxide emission trading system:an introduction[J].Economics of energy&environmental policy,2017,6(2).
[10]LUTSEY N,SPERLING D.Canada’s voluntary agreement on vehicle greenhouse gas emissions:when the details matter[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2007,12(7):474-487.
[11]YAMAGUCHI K.Voluntary CO2emissions reduction scheme:analysis of airline voluntary plan in Japan[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2010,15(1):46-50.
[12]REZESSY S,BERTOLDI P.Voluntary agreements in the field of energy efficiency and emission reduction:review and analysis of experiences in the European Union[J].Energy policy,2011,39(11):7121-7129.
[13]BENESSAIAH K.Carbon and livelihoods in Post-Kyoto:assessing voluntary carbon markets[J].Ecological economics,2012,77:1-6.
[14]ARIⅠ.Voluntary emission trading potential of Turkey[J].Energy policy,2013,62:910-919.
[15]BENTO A,HO B,RAMIREZ-BASORA M.Optimal monitoring and offset prices in voluntary emissions markets[J].Resource and energy economics.2015,41:202-223.
[16]GALLO M,DEL BORGHI A,STRAZZA C,et al.Opportunities and criticisms of voluntary emission reduction projects developed by public administrations:analysis of 143 case studies implemented in Italy[J].Applied energy,2016,179:1269-1282.
[17]KARHUNMAA K.Opening up storylines of co-benefits in voluntary carbon markets:an analysis of household energy technology projects in developing countries[J].Energy research&social science,2016,14:71-79.
[18]PRASAD M,MISHRA T.Low-carbon growth for Indian iron and steel sector:exploring the role of voluntary environmental compliance[J].Energy policy,2017,100:41-50.
[19]LINDER A.Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2018,61:234-245.
[20]丁浩,张朋程,霍国辉.自愿减排对构建国内碳排放交易市场的作用和对策[J].科技进步与对策,2010(22):149-151.
[21]CHEN L,HU A H.Voluntary GHG reduction of industrial sectors in Taiwan[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(9):1074-1082.
[22]陈晓红,胡维,王陟昀.自愿减排碳交易市场价格影响因素实证研究---以美国芝加哥气候交易所(CCX)为例[J].中国管理科学,2013(4):74-81.