断层识别方法综述及研究进展
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摘要
断层解释是地震资料解释的基础与关键,准确合理的断层识别关系到构造图的精度,同时控制着油田的注采关系,对油气开采起着至关重要的作用.随着油田对断层解释精度需求的日益提高,单纯通过人工解释难以达到较高的精度,因此多种断层识别和解释方法应运而生.本文调研国内外大量相关文献,对多种断层识别方法进行分类和总结,并将常用的断层识别技术划分为四类,即:常规识别方法、地震属性识别方法、自动追踪解释方法和图像处理识别方法.重点介绍了目前应用较为广泛的断层识别方法,如相干体技术、曲率属性识别技术、方差体技术、蚂蚁追踪技术以及边缘检测技术.对每种方法的基础原理、发展历程、适用性、优缺点及实际应用效果进行了归纳总结,为其他学者进行断层识别方法研究提供参考.最后对断层识别技术未来的发展趋势做了几点展望:寻找新的对断层具有明显响应的地震属性;针对不同岩性,不同沉积环境下断层识别技术的应用;基于叠前地震数据的断层识别方法.
Fault interpretation is the foundation and key of seismic data interpretation,which plays a very important role in seismic data interpretation. Accurate and reasonable fault identification is very important for oil and gas exploitation related to the accuracy of the seismic structure map what 's more controls the oilfield injectionproduction relationship at the same time. At present,with the oil field's ever-increasing demand of fault interpretation accuracy,it is very difficult to achieve high fault interpretation accuracy by artificial fault identification. For this reason,a variety of fault identification and interpretation methods are born. In this paper,a variety of fault identification methods are classified and summarized by investigating a large number of fault identification literatures at home and abroad,and divide common fault identification techniques into four categories:conventional artificial recognition methods,seismic attribute identification method,automatic tracking interpretation method and image processing recognition method,respectively. This paper emphatically introduced the fault identification methods which have been widely applied at present,such as coherence technique,curvature attribute identify technique,variance cube technique,ant tracking technique and edge detection technique based on image processing technology.This paper summarizes the basic principles,development history,applicability,advantages and disadvantages and actual application results for each of the mentioned methods above, provides a reference for other scholars to carry on fault identification methods research. In the end,the paper makes three predictions about the future development trend of fault identification technology: To find new seismic attributes that have obvious response to faults,The application of different faults identification techniques in different sedimentary environments and different lithologies,Faults identification method based on pre-stack seismic data.
Fault interpretation is the foundation and key of seismic data interpretation,which plays a very important role in seismic data interpretation. Accurate and reasonable fault identification is very important for oil and gas exploitation related to the accuracy of the seismic structure map what 's more controls the oilfield injectionproduction relationship at the same time. At present,with the oil field's ever-increasing demand of fault interpretation accuracy,it is very difficult to achieve high fault interpretation accuracy by artificial fault identification. For this reason,a variety of fault identification and interpretation methods are born. In this paper,a variety of fault identification methods are classified and summarized by investigating a large number of fault identification literatures at home and abroad,and divide common fault identification techniques into four categories:conventional artificial recognition methods,seismic attribute identification method,automatic tracking interpretation method and image processing recognition method,respectively. This paper emphatically introduced the fault identification methods which have been widely applied at present,such as coherence technique,curvature attribute identify technique,variance cube technique,ant tracking technique and edge detection technique based on image processing technology.This paper summarizes the basic principles,development history,applicability,advantages and disadvantages and actual application results for each of the mentioned methods above, provides a reference for other scholars to carry on fault identification methods research. In the end,the paper makes three predictions about the future development trend of fault identification technology: To find new seismic attributes that have obvious response to faults,The application of different faults identification techniques in different sedimentary environments and different lithologies,Faults identification method based on pre-stack seismic data.
引文
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Al-Dossary S,Marfurt K J.2006.3D volumetric multispectral estimates of reflector curvature and rotation[J].Geophysics,71(5):41-51.
Bahorich M S,Farmer S L.1995.3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features:The coherence cube[J].The Leading Edge,14(10):1053-1058.
Bullnheimer B,Hartl R F,Strauss C.1999.Applying the ant system to the vehicle routing problem[A].//VoS,Martello S,Osman I H,et al.eds.Meta-Heuristics[M].Boston,MA:Springer.
Bullnheimer B,Kotsis G,StrauC.1998.Parallelization strategies for the ant system[A].//De Leone R,Murli A,Pardalos P M,et al.eds.High Performance Algorithms and Software in Nonlinear Optimization[M].Boston,MA:Springer.
Cai H P.2008.Improvement of variance cube technique and its application in seismic interpretation[J].Coal Geology&Exploration(in Chinese),36(1):74-76,80.
Candès E,Donoho D.1999.Curvelets-A Surprisingly Effective Nonadaptive Representation for Objects with Edges(in Chinese)[M].Nashville,TN:Vanderbilt University Press.
Chen G F.2015.Fault identification by logging-seismic combination in Lamadian oilfield[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,22(3):131-134.
Chen G F,Lyu S B.2015.Application of RGB frequency division technology in the fault identification of fault-block reservoir[J].Complex Hydrocarbon Reservoirs(in Chinese),8(2):29-32,68.
Chen X H,Yang W,He Z H,et al.2012.The algorithm of 3D multiscale volumetric curvature and its application[J].Applied Geophysics,9(1):65-72.
Colorni A.1991.Distributed optimization by ant colonies[C].//Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Artificial Life,134-142.
Dong S H,Shi Y D,Wang Y.1997.Automatic recognition of small fault by BP artificial nervous network from multiple seismic parameters[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology(in Chinese),26(3):14-18.
Dorn G A,James H E.2005.Automatic fault extraction(AFE)of faults and a salt body in a 3-D survey from the Eugene Island area,Gulf of Mexico[C].//AAPG International Conference and Exhibition.Expanded Abstracts.
Estrada R S,Cabrera C,Lievano R,et al.2005.Continuous model update of natural fractures characterization in Sinan field to optimize production[C]//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Dallas,Texas,1-11.
Fang H P,Gu H M.2013.New advances in theory and application of fault identification and quantify interpretation[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics(in Chinese),10(5):609-615.
Gao D L.2013.Integrating 3D seismic curvature and curvature gradient attributes for fracture characterization:Methodologies and interpretational implications[J].Geophysics,78(2):O21-O31.
Gersztenkorn A,Marfurt K J.1999.Eigenstructure-based coherence computations as an aid to 3-D structural and stratigraphic mapping[J].Geophysics,64(5):1468-1479.
Huang H D,Hu G M,He Z H,et al.2000.Carbonate fracture research using multi-scale boundary detection method[J].Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),22(1):21-25.
Kazmi H S,Ahmad S,Shafiq A,et al.2012.Fault characterization using volumetric curvature from continuous phase spectrum[C].//Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,1-5.
Klein P,Richard L,James H.2008.3D curvature attributes:a new approach for seismic interpretation[J].First Break,26:105-112.
Li H X,Liu C,Tao C H.2007.The study of application of edge measuring technique to the detection of phase axis of the seismic setion[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),22(5):1607-1610.
Li X C.2010.Ant colony optimization and application of 3-D seismic information for refined explanation of structure in mining section(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,40-46.
Liu C,Liu H Y,Peng C,et al.2016.Application of the ant colony algorithm based on weighted coherence to fault detection[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(10):3859-3868,doi:10.6038/cjg20161029.
Lu K W,Zhang S W,Xiao H Q.2006.Image enhancement of coherence cube based on coherent filtering[J].Natural Gas Industry(in Chinese),26(5):37-39.
Lu Y,Zhu S J,Zhu P Y,et al.2014.Improved fault automatic identification using signal-to-noise ratio cubes[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),29(1):155-158,doi:10.6038/pg20140120.
LüS B.2015.Identification of fault by integration of well and seismic data and its applications-taking Xingbei oilfield as the example[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),30(5):2200-2205,doi:10.6038/pg20150528.
Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L,Farmer S H,et al.1998.3-D seismic attributes using a semblance-based coherency algorithm[J].Geophysics,63(4):1150-1165.
Middendorf M,Reischle F,Schmeck H.2002.Multi colony ant algorithms[J].Journal of Heuristics,8(3):305-320.
Qasim N A,Kant R,Reddy B.2009.Improving fracture network model of AB reservoir through integration of seismic multi-attributes-A case study from Awali Field Bahrain[C].//SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference.Bahrain,15-18.
Randen T,Monsen E,Signer C,et al.2000.Three-dimensional texture attributes for seismic data analysis[C].//70th Annual Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts,668-671.
Robert A.2001.Curvature attributes and their application to 3Dinterpreted horizons[J].First Break,19(2):85-100.
Song J G,Sun Y Z,Ren D Z.2013.Edge detection technique based on structure-directed gradient attribute[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(10):3561-3571,doi:10.6038/cjg20131031.
Song W Q,Liu J H.2003.The calculation and application of coherence data body of seismic multi-vector attributes[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),27(2):128-130.
Stützle T,Hoos H H.1997.MAX-MIN ant system and local search for the traveling salesman problem[C].//Proceeding of IEEEInternational Conference on Evolutionary Computer and Evolutionary Programming,309-314.
Sun X P,Du S T.2003.Using edge detection technique to image channels and minor faults[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),42(4):469-472,476.
Wang J,Wang R.2016.Fault identification method based on variancecoherence cubes[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics(in Chinese),13(1):46-51.
Wang X W,Su M J,Liu J Y,et al.2002.Computation of seismic coherence cube based on wavelet transform and its application[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),41(3):334-338.
Xiong X J,Yin C,Zhang B L,et al.2004.Small fault automatic identification method based on the fourth-order cumulant[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),39(S1):158-164,170.
Xu H Q,Gui Z X,Sun Z D.2011.Application of edge detection technique in seismic attribute analysis[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(1):126-128.
Yan Z,Gu H M,Cai C G,et al.2011.Fault identification by orientation constraint ant colony algorithm[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(4):614-620.
Yang G Q,Liu Y L,Zhang H W.2015.The calculation method of curvature attributes and its effect analysis[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),30(5):2282-2286,doi:10.6038/pg20150540.
Yin X Y,Gao J H,Zong Z Y.2014.Curvature attribute based on dip scan with eccentric window[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(10):3411-3421,doi:10.6038/cjg20141027.
Zhang R,Wen X T,Li S K et al.2017.Application of frequency division ant-tracking in identifying deep minor fault[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),32(1):350-356,doi:10.6038/pg20170150.
Zheng J J,Yin X Y,Zhang G Z.2009.Multi-scale analysis technique based on Curvelet transform[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),44(5):543-547.
Zhu Z Q,Zeng S H,Lu G Y.2011.Discussion on the edge detection technique for gravity gradient tensor data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(3):482-488.
蔡涵鹏.2008.方差体的改进算法及在地震解释中的应用[J].煤田地质与勘探,36(1):74-76,80.
陈国飞.2015.喇嘛甸油田井震结合断层识别技术[J].特种油气藏,22(3):131-134.
陈国飞,吕双兵.2015.RGB分频技术在断块油藏断层识别中的应用[J].复杂油气藏,8(2):29-32,68.
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