卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿夏季生境选择
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摘要
2015年7-8月,采用样方法对卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿夏季生境进行了调查。共布设160个样方,其中75个为空白对照样方,85个为利用样方,测量并比较了两类样方中海拔、坡度等15个生境变量,并根据Logistic回归分析及赤池信息标准(Akaike information criterion,AIC)选取出最佳的水鹿夏季生境选择模型。结果表明:影响卧龙水鹿夏季生境选择的主要因素为隐蔽度、坡度、距人为干扰距离和距水源距离。在夏季,卧龙水鹿通常选择隐蔽度较好、缓坡(<20°)、距人为干扰距离远(≥1 000 m)及距离水源近(<500 m)的生境。此外,植被类型对于卧龙水鹿夏季生境选择也有一定的影响(χ~2=11.499,df=4,P=0.021)。有约92%的利用样方分布于各种类型的森林中,仅有约8%的利用样方分布于海拔3 500 m左右的杜鹃及高山栎灌丛带。
From July to August 2015,the quadrat sampling method was used to investigate summer habitat selection by sambar deer in Wolong National Nature Reserve.Fifteen habitat variables,such as elevation and slope gradient were assessed for 160 quadrats.Of the 160 quadrats,85 were sites used by Rusa unicolor and 75 were random sites.An optimal model for habitat selection of Rusa unicolor was chosen according to the results of logistic regression analysis and Akaike information criterion( AIC).The results showed that the key ecological factors affecting the habitat selection of Rusa unicolor in summer were concealment,slope gradient,distance from human disturbance,and distance to water.In summer,Rusa unicolor prefer habitats with good or moderate concealment,gentle slope( < 20°),far from human disturbance( ≥1 000 m) and near water resources( < 500 m).Furthermore,the results also suggested that vegetation type affected habitat selection of Rusa unicolor to some extent( χ~2= 11.499,df = 4,P = 0.021).Around 92% of the sites used by Rusa unicolor were found in all kinds of forests,and only around 8% were found in the shrubland of Rhododendron sp.and Quercus semecarpifolia located at around 3 500 m above sea level.
From July to August 2015,the quadrat sampling method was used to investigate summer habitat selection by sambar deer in Wolong National Nature Reserve.Fifteen habitat variables,such as elevation and slope gradient were assessed for 160 quadrats.Of the 160 quadrats,85 were sites used by Rusa unicolor and 75 were random sites.An optimal model for habitat selection of Rusa unicolor was chosen according to the results of logistic regression analysis and Akaike information criterion( AIC).The results showed that the key ecological factors affecting the habitat selection of Rusa unicolor in summer were concealment,slope gradient,distance from human disturbance,and distance to water.In summer,Rusa unicolor prefer habitats with good or moderate concealment,gentle slope( < 20°),far from human disturbance( ≥1 000 m) and near water resources( < 500 m).Furthermore,the results also suggested that vegetation type affected habitat selection of Rusa unicolor to some extent( χ~2= 11.499,df = 4,P = 0.021).Around 92% of the sites used by Rusa unicolor were found in all kinds of forests,and only around 8% were found in the shrubland of Rhododendron sp.and Quercus semecarpifolia located at around 3 500 m above sea level.
引文
Anderson D R,Burnham K P,Thompson W L.2000.Null hypothesis testing:problems,prevalence,and an alternative.Journal of Wildlife Management,64(4):912-923.
Bagchi S,Goyal S P,Sankar K.2003.Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers(Panthera tigris)in a semi-arid,dry deciduous forest in western India.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,260(3):285-290.
Bi X F,Zhang C L,Yuan X C.2006.Samber resource in Guangdong Province.2006.Chinese Wildlife,27(4):14-16.(in Chinese)
Burnham K P,Anderson D R.2002.Model Selection and Multimodel Inference:A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach.New York:Springer.
Feng L M,Wang L F,Wang B,Smith J L D,Zhang L.2013.Population status of the Indochinese tiger(Panthera tigris cobetti)and density of the three primary ungulate prey species in Shangyong Nature Reserve,Xishuangbanna,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(4):308-318.(in Chinese)
Guo Y Y,Li H L,Wang P,Feng J Z,Xue D Y,Meng X X.2014.Ecological characteristics of autumn preferred habitat of endangered reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(5):892-898.(in Chinese)
He Z,Yang D D,Ma J Z,Li P F,Jiang Z G.2007.Winter habitat selection by milu in Shishou,Hubei.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,26(4):764-768.(in Chinese)
Hu J C,Wang Y Z.1984.Sichuan Fauna Economica(volume 2).Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.(in Chinese)
IUCN.2016.The IUCN red list of threatened species[DB/OL].www.iucnredlist.org.
Khadka K K,James D A.2016.Habitat selection by endangered Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster)and impacts of livestock grazing in Nepal Himalaya:implications for conservation.Journal for Nature Conservation,31:38-42.
Kushwaha S P S,Khan A,Habib B,Quadri A,Singh A.2004.E-valuation of sambar and muntjak habitats using geostatistical modeling.Current Science,86(10):1390-1400.
Liu Z S,Cao L R,Zhai H,Hu T H,Wang X M.2004.Winter habitat selection by red deer(Cervus elaphus alxaicus)in Helan Mountain,China.Zoological Research,25(5):403-409.(in Chinese)
Meng X X,Pan S X,Hui C Y,Zhang X Y,Pan S C,Feng J Z.2011.Habitat utilization of alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)during autumn in northwestern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(3):412-417.(in Chinese)
Pant A,Chavan S G,Roy P S,Das K K.1999.Habitat analysis for sambar in Corbett National Park using remote sensing and GIS.Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,27(3):133-139.
Podchong S,Schmidt-Vogt D,Honda K.2009.An improved approach for identifying suitable habitat of Sambar deer(Cervus unicolor Kerr)using ecological niche analysis and environmental categorization:case study at Phu-Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand.Ecological Modelling,220(17):2103-2114.
Porwal M C,Roy P S,Chellamuthu V.1996.Wildlife habitat analysis for'sambar'(Cervus unicolor)in Kanha National Park using remote sensing.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(14):2683-2697.
Sheng H L.1992.The Deer in China.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press.(in Chinese)
Simcharoen A,Savini T,Gale G A,Roche E,Chaimchome V,Smith J L D.2014.Ecological factors that influence sambar(Rusa unicolor)distribution and abundance in western Thailand:implications for tiger conservation.Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,62:100-106.
Smith A T,Xie Y.2009.A Guide to the Mammals of China.Changsha:Hunan Education Press.(in Chinese)
Trisurat Y,Pattanavibool A,Gale G A,Reed D H.2010.Improving the viability of large-mammal populations by using habitat and landscape models to focus conservation planning.Wildlife Research,37(5):401-412.
Wang X M,Sheng H L.1995.The status of sambar deer(Cervus unicolor)in China.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,(3):7-8.(in Chinese)
Wang X M,Ying S Q,Xia S Z,Jin H Y.2000.The time budget of captive sambar(Cervus unicolor)in seminatural area.Chinese Journal of Zoology,35(2):50-53.(in Chinese)
Wang X M,Ying S Q.1998.A preliminary study of sambar's winter habitat in Jinggangshan,Jiangxi Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,18(3):168-172.(in Chinese)
Wei F W,Feng Z J,Wang Z W,Hu J C.2000.Habitat use and separation between the giant panda and the red panda.Journal of Mammalogy,81(2):448-445.
Wolong Nature Reserve,Sichuan Normal College.1992.The Animal and Plant Resources and Protection of Wolong Nature Reserve.Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.(in Chinese)
Xu Y,Yang N,Wang Y,Yue B S,Ran J H.2010.Roosting behavior and roost selection by buff-throated partridges Tetraophasis szechenyii during the breeding season.Zoological Studies,49(4):461-469.
You Z Q,Tang Z H,Yang Y B,Yang L H,Shi H Y,Liu H,Gan X,Zheng T C,Jiang Z G.2014.Summer habitat selection by white-lipped deer(Cervus albirostris)in Chaqingsongduo Whitelipped Deer National Nature Reserve.Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(1):46-53.(in Chinese)
Yuan X C,Wang B L.1993.Sambar deer of Hainan Island.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,(6):37-39.(in Chinese)
Zhang M H,Li Y K.2005.The temporal and spatial scales in animal habitat selection research.Acta Theriologica Sinica,25(4):395-401.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z J,Swaisgood R R,Zhang S N,Nordstrom L A,Wang H J,Gu X D,Hu J C,Wei F W.2011.Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need.Biology Letters,7(3):403-406.
Smith A T,解焱.2009.中国兽类野外手册.长沙:湖南教育出版社.
王小明,盛和林.1995.中国水鹿的现状.野生动物,(3):7-8.
王小明,应韶荃,宋玉赞.1998.水鹿冬季生境选择的初步分析.兽类学报,18(3):168-172.
王小明,应韶荃,夏述忠,金慧宇.2000.半圈养条件下秋冬季水鹿行为时间分配的研究.动物学杂志,35(2):50-53.
冯利民,王利繁,王斌,Smith J L D,张立.2013.西双版纳尚勇自然保护区野生印支虎及其三种主要有蹄类猎物种群现状调查.兽类学报,33(4):308-318.
毕肖锋,张春兰,袁喜才.2006.广东省的水鹿资源.野生动物杂志,27(4):14-16.
刘振生,曹丽荣,翟昊,胡天华,王小明.2004.贺兰山区马鹿对冬季生境的选择性.动物学研究,25(5):403-409.
何振,杨道德,马建章,李鹏飞,蒋志刚.2007.湖北石首麋鹿的冬季生境选择.四川动物,26(4):764-768.
胡锦矗,王酉之.1984.四川资源动物志(第二卷兽类).成都:四川科学技术出版社.
张明海,李言阔.2005.动物生境选择研究中的时空尺度.兽类学报,25(4):395-401.
卧龙自然保护区,四川师范学院.1992.卧龙自然保护区动植物资源及保护.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
孟秀祥,潘世秀,惠岑怿,张学炎,潘世成,冯金朝.2011.甘肃兴隆山自然保护区濒危马麝(Moschus sifanicus)秋季利用生境特征.应用与环境生物学报,17(3):412-417.
袁喜才,王宝琳.1983.海南岛的水鹿.野生动物,(6):37-39.
郭妍妍,李红亮,王朋,冯金朝,薛达元,孟秀祥.2014.濒危驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)秋季偏好生境的生态特征.应用与环境生物学报,20(5):892-898.
盛和林.1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
游章强,唐中海,杨远斌,杨丽红,石红艳,刘昊,甘潇,郑天才,蒋志刚.2014.察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区白唇鹿对夏季生境的选择.兽类学报,34(1):46-53.
Bagchi S,Goyal S P,Sankar K.2003.Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers(Panthera tigris)in a semi-arid,dry deciduous forest in western India.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,260(3):285-290.
Bi X F,Zhang C L,Yuan X C.2006.Samber resource in Guangdong Province.2006.Chinese Wildlife,27(4):14-16.(in Chinese)
Burnham K P,Anderson D R.2002.Model Selection and Multimodel Inference:A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach.New York:Springer.
Feng L M,Wang L F,Wang B,Smith J L D,Zhang L.2013.Population status of the Indochinese tiger(Panthera tigris cobetti)and density of the three primary ungulate prey species in Shangyong Nature Reserve,Xishuangbanna,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,33(4):308-318.(in Chinese)
Guo Y Y,Li H L,Wang P,Feng J Z,Xue D Y,Meng X X.2014.Ecological characteristics of autumn preferred habitat of endangered reindeer(Rangifer tarandus)in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,20(5):892-898.(in Chinese)
He Z,Yang D D,Ma J Z,Li P F,Jiang Z G.2007.Winter habitat selection by milu in Shishou,Hubei.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,26(4):764-768.(in Chinese)
Hu J C,Wang Y Z.1984.Sichuan Fauna Economica(volume 2).Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.(in Chinese)
IUCN.2016.The IUCN red list of threatened species[DB/OL].www.iucnredlist.org.
Khadka K K,James D A.2016.Habitat selection by endangered Himalayan musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster)and impacts of livestock grazing in Nepal Himalaya:implications for conservation.Journal for Nature Conservation,31:38-42.
Kushwaha S P S,Khan A,Habib B,Quadri A,Singh A.2004.E-valuation of sambar and muntjak habitats using geostatistical modeling.Current Science,86(10):1390-1400.
Liu Z S,Cao L R,Zhai H,Hu T H,Wang X M.2004.Winter habitat selection by red deer(Cervus elaphus alxaicus)in Helan Mountain,China.Zoological Research,25(5):403-409.(in Chinese)
Meng X X,Pan S X,Hui C Y,Zhang X Y,Pan S C,Feng J Z.2011.Habitat utilization of alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)during autumn in northwestern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(3):412-417.(in Chinese)
Pant A,Chavan S G,Roy P S,Das K K.1999.Habitat analysis for sambar in Corbett National Park using remote sensing and GIS.Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing,27(3):133-139.
Podchong S,Schmidt-Vogt D,Honda K.2009.An improved approach for identifying suitable habitat of Sambar deer(Cervus unicolor Kerr)using ecological niche analysis and environmental categorization:case study at Phu-Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary,Thailand.Ecological Modelling,220(17):2103-2114.
Porwal M C,Roy P S,Chellamuthu V.1996.Wildlife habitat analysis for'sambar'(Cervus unicolor)in Kanha National Park using remote sensing.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(14):2683-2697.
Sheng H L.1992.The Deer in China.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press.(in Chinese)
Simcharoen A,Savini T,Gale G A,Roche E,Chaimchome V,Smith J L D.2014.Ecological factors that influence sambar(Rusa unicolor)distribution and abundance in western Thailand:implications for tiger conservation.Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,62:100-106.
Smith A T,Xie Y.2009.A Guide to the Mammals of China.Changsha:Hunan Education Press.(in Chinese)
Trisurat Y,Pattanavibool A,Gale G A,Reed D H.2010.Improving the viability of large-mammal populations by using habitat and landscape models to focus conservation planning.Wildlife Research,37(5):401-412.
Wang X M,Sheng H L.1995.The status of sambar deer(Cervus unicolor)in China.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,(3):7-8.(in Chinese)
Wang X M,Ying S Q,Xia S Z,Jin H Y.2000.The time budget of captive sambar(Cervus unicolor)in seminatural area.Chinese Journal of Zoology,35(2):50-53.(in Chinese)
Wang X M,Ying S Q.1998.A preliminary study of sambar's winter habitat in Jinggangshan,Jiangxi Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,18(3):168-172.(in Chinese)
Wei F W,Feng Z J,Wang Z W,Hu J C.2000.Habitat use and separation between the giant panda and the red panda.Journal of Mammalogy,81(2):448-445.
Wolong Nature Reserve,Sichuan Normal College.1992.The Animal and Plant Resources and Protection of Wolong Nature Reserve.Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology.(in Chinese)
Xu Y,Yang N,Wang Y,Yue B S,Ran J H.2010.Roosting behavior and roost selection by buff-throated partridges Tetraophasis szechenyii during the breeding season.Zoological Studies,49(4):461-469.
You Z Q,Tang Z H,Yang Y B,Yang L H,Shi H Y,Liu H,Gan X,Zheng T C,Jiang Z G.2014.Summer habitat selection by white-lipped deer(Cervus albirostris)in Chaqingsongduo Whitelipped Deer National Nature Reserve.Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(1):46-53.(in Chinese)
Yuan X C,Wang B L.1993.Sambar deer of Hainan Island.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,(6):37-39.(in Chinese)
Zhang M H,Li Y K.2005.The temporal and spatial scales in animal habitat selection research.Acta Theriologica Sinica,25(4):395-401.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z J,Swaisgood R R,Zhang S N,Nordstrom L A,Wang H J,Gu X D,Hu J C,Wei F W.2011.Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need.Biology Letters,7(3):403-406.
Smith A T,解焱.2009.中国兽类野外手册.长沙:湖南教育出版社.
王小明,盛和林.1995.中国水鹿的现状.野生动物,(3):7-8.
王小明,应韶荃,宋玉赞.1998.水鹿冬季生境选择的初步分析.兽类学报,18(3):168-172.
王小明,应韶荃,夏述忠,金慧宇.2000.半圈养条件下秋冬季水鹿行为时间分配的研究.动物学杂志,35(2):50-53.
冯利民,王利繁,王斌,Smith J L D,张立.2013.西双版纳尚勇自然保护区野生印支虎及其三种主要有蹄类猎物种群现状调查.兽类学报,33(4):308-318.
毕肖锋,张春兰,袁喜才.2006.广东省的水鹿资源.野生动物杂志,27(4):14-16.
刘振生,曹丽荣,翟昊,胡天华,王小明.2004.贺兰山区马鹿对冬季生境的选择性.动物学研究,25(5):403-409.
何振,杨道德,马建章,李鹏飞,蒋志刚.2007.湖北石首麋鹿的冬季生境选择.四川动物,26(4):764-768.
胡锦矗,王酉之.1984.四川资源动物志(第二卷兽类).成都:四川科学技术出版社.
张明海,李言阔.2005.动物生境选择研究中的时空尺度.兽类学报,25(4):395-401.
卧龙自然保护区,四川师范学院.1992.卧龙自然保护区动植物资源及保护.成都:四川科学技术出版社.
孟秀祥,潘世秀,惠岑怿,张学炎,潘世成,冯金朝.2011.甘肃兴隆山自然保护区濒危马麝(Moschus sifanicus)秋季利用生境特征.应用与环境生物学报,17(3):412-417.
袁喜才,王宝琳.1983.海南岛的水鹿.野生动物,(6):37-39.
郭妍妍,李红亮,王朋,冯金朝,薛达元,孟秀祥.2014.濒危驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)秋季偏好生境的生态特征.应用与环境生物学报,20(5):892-898.
盛和林.1992.中国鹿类动物.上海:华东师范大学出版社.
游章强,唐中海,杨远斌,杨丽红,石红艳,刘昊,甘潇,郑天才,蒋志刚.2014.察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区白唇鹿对夏季生境的选择.兽类学报,34(1):46-53.