冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析
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摘要
利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、卫星、雷达和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年8月22日冷涡背景下华北东北部和黄淮地区同时出现的不同类型强对流天气,对比分析引发不同天气的两种中尺度对流系统的演变过程及冷涡背景下不同强对流天气的成因。具体结论如下:(1)同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部位于冷涡中心外围西南象限和地面冷高压前沿,触发的分散性多单体风暴位于冷涡外围的涡旋云系中,引发以短时强降水为主的强对流天气;黄淮地区位于冷涡后部和地面冷锋前,槽后晴空区的多个对流单体,合并后形成人字形飑线系统引发短时强降水、冰雹和雷暴大风天气;(2)环境热力和水汽的差异为形成不同的强对流天气提供了前提条件:华北东北部受高层暖脊影响,地面高压后部的偏东气流带来水汽输送,整层暖湿的条件利于产生强降水;黄淮地区高层有补充干冷空气,利于热力不稳定条件发展,但黄淮地区低层水汽不足,风雹天气在较干环境场中不易被触发;(3)引发不同强对流天气的对流触发机制不同,两处的初始对流均受同一地面辐合线影响,但华北东北部在地形抬升与辐合线共同作用下不断新生单体;黄淮地区的初始局地热对流形成后,其前沿的辐散出流与环境风形成新的辐合,使原辐合线断裂和转向;(4)出现不同强对流天气时垂直风切变不同,黄淮风雹区的中层垂直风切变更显著,有利于形成持续性的强风暴;强对流天气发生时,华北东北部中低层风场的演变与天气尺度系统的变化有关,黄淮地区中低层风的垂直分布与中尺度对流系统的发生发展有关。
Using conventional meteorological data, automatic weather station data, satellite data, radar data and NCEP reanalysis data, and focusing on the different types of severe convective weather that occurred in the northeast of North China and Huanghuai Region in the background of cold vortex on 22 August 2015,the evolution process of two mesoscale convective systems caused by different weathers and reasons of different severe convective weather with cold vortex are analyzed in this paper. The results show that:(1) With same cold vortex, Northeast of North China is located in southwest quadrant of cold vortex and in front of ground cold high pressure. Dispersive multi-cell storm lies in vortex cloud at the periphery of cold vortex, leading to severe convective weather dominated by short-term heavy rainfall. Huanghuai Region is in the rear of cold vortex and ahead of cold front on ground. Multiple convective cells form in clear sky behind the trough, forming a herringbone squall line which leads to heavy rainfall, thunderstorm and hail.(2) The differences of environmental heat and water vapor provide a condition for the formation of different severe convective weathers. The northeast of North China is affected by high-level warm ridge, and eastward airflow at the back of ground high pressure brings water vapor. The whole layer in warm and humid conditions is conducive to generating intense precipitation. The upper air over Huanghuai Region gets supplementary dry and cold air, which benefits the development of thermal instability.However, the low-level water vapor in the region is not enough, so strong wind and hail are not easily triggered in the dry environment.(3) The convection triggering mechanisms for different severe convections are different. Both initial convections are triggered along the same ground convergence line, but with the terrain lifting, new cells are continuously generated in northeast of North China. After initial local geothermal convection in Huanghuai Region is formed, the divergent outflow at leading edge forms a new convergence with ambient wind, causing the original convergence line to break and turn.(4) When there are different severe convections, the vertical wind shear in the mid level of severe convection over Huanghuai is significant, which is helpful for the formation of a persistent severe storm. When severe convective weather occurs, the evolution of middle and lower winds in northeast of North China is related to the change of synoptic scale systems. The vertical distribution of middle and lower winds in Huanghuai Region is related to the occurrence and development of mesoscale convective system.
Using conventional meteorological data, automatic weather station data, satellite data, radar data and NCEP reanalysis data, and focusing on the different types of severe convective weather that occurred in the northeast of North China and Huanghuai Region in the background of cold vortex on 22 August 2015,the evolution process of two mesoscale convective systems caused by different weathers and reasons of different severe convective weather with cold vortex are analyzed in this paper. The results show that:(1) With same cold vortex, Northeast of North China is located in southwest quadrant of cold vortex and in front of ground cold high pressure. Dispersive multi-cell storm lies in vortex cloud at the periphery of cold vortex, leading to severe convective weather dominated by short-term heavy rainfall. Huanghuai Region is in the rear of cold vortex and ahead of cold front on ground. Multiple convective cells form in clear sky behind the trough, forming a herringbone squall line which leads to heavy rainfall, thunderstorm and hail.(2) The differences of environmental heat and water vapor provide a condition for the formation of different severe convective weathers. The northeast of North China is affected by high-level warm ridge, and eastward airflow at the back of ground high pressure brings water vapor. The whole layer in warm and humid conditions is conducive to generating intense precipitation. The upper air over Huanghuai Region gets supplementary dry and cold air, which benefits the development of thermal instability.However, the low-level water vapor in the region is not enough, so strong wind and hail are not easily triggered in the dry environment.(3) The convection triggering mechanisms for different severe convections are different. Both initial convections are triggered along the same ground convergence line, but with the terrain lifting, new cells are continuously generated in northeast of North China. After initial local geothermal convection in Huanghuai Region is formed, the divergent outflow at leading edge forms a new convergence with ambient wind, causing the original convergence line to break and turn.(4) When there are different severe convections, the vertical wind shear in the mid level of severe convection over Huanghuai is significant, which is helpful for the formation of a persistent severe storm. When severe convective weather occurs, the evolution of middle and lower winds in northeast of North China is related to the change of synoptic scale systems. The vertical distribution of middle and lower winds in Huanghuai Region is related to the occurrence and development of mesoscale convective system.
引文
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蔡雪薇,谌芸,沈新勇,等,2018.冷涡对两类对流系统结构演变作用的个例模拟对比分析[J].气象,44(6):790-801.Cai X W,Chen Y,Shen X Y,et al,2018. Comparative simulation analysis of the effect of cold vortex on structural evolution of two types of mesoscale convective systems[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(6):790-801(in Chinese).
陈涛,代刊,张芳华,2013.一次华北飑线天气过程中环境条件与对流发展机制研究[J].气象,39(8):945-954, Chen T,Dai K,Zhang F H,2013. Study on ambient condition and initialization mechanism of convection in a severe squall line storm event in NorthChina[J]. Meteor Mon,39(8):945-954(in Chinese).
丁一汇,李鸿洲,章名立,等,1982.我国飑线发生条件的研究[J].大气科学,6(1):18-27. Ding Y H,Li HZ,Zhang M L,et al,1982.A study of the genesis conditions of squall-line in China[J]. Sci Atmos Sin,6(1):18-27(in Chinese).
方翀,郑永光,林隐静,等,2014.导致区域性雷暴大风天气的云型分类及统计特征分析[J],气象,40(8):905-915. Fang C,Zheng Y G,Lin Y J,et al,2014. Classification and characteristics of cloud patterns triggering regional thunderstorm high winds[J]. Meteor Mon,40(8):905-915(in Chinese).
费海燕,王秀明,周小刚,等,2016.中国强雷暴大风的气候特征和环境参数分析[J].气象,42(12):1513-1521.Fei H Y,Wang X M,Zhou X G,et al,2016. Climatic characteristics and environmental parameters of severe thunderstorm gales in China[J]. Meteor Mon,42(12):1513-1521(in Chinese).
雷蕾,孙继松,魏东,2011.利用探空资料判别北京地区夏季强对流的天气类别[J].气象,37(2):136-141. Lei L, Sun J S, Wei D,2011. Distinguishing the category of the summer convective weather by sounding data in Beijing[J]. Meteor Mon, 37(2):136-141(in Chinese).
李云川,张迎新,崔粉娥,2008.两次东北冷涡天气异同的成因分析[J].气象,34(12):54-62. Li Y C,Zhang Y X,Cui F E,2008. A composite diagnostic study of the weather differences caused by northeast cold vortex[J]. Meteor Mon,34(12):54-62(in Chinese).
廖晓农,于波,卢丽华,2009.北京雷暴大风气候特征及短时临近预报方法[J].气象,35(9):18-28. Liao X N,Yu B,Lu L H,2009. Climatology and nowcasting methods for thunderstorm gale in Beijing[J]. Meteor Mon,35(9):18-28(in Chinese).
罗玲,胡亮,何金海,等,2011.东北冷涡背景下浙江省两次强降水过程的对比分析[J].气象与环境学报,27(6):35-42. Luo L,Hu L,He J H,et al,2011. Comparison of two rainstorm processes in Zhejiang Province caused by northeast cold vortex[J]. J Meteor Environ,27(6):35-42(in Chinese).
郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲,2014.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报,72(5):1054-1068. Qie X S,Liu D X,Sun Z L,2014. Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology[J]. Acta Meteor Sin,72(5):1054-1068(in Chinese).
孙继松,戴建华,何立富,等,2014.强对流天气预报的基本原理与技术方法——中国强对流天气预报手册[M].北京:气象出版社:84-95. Sun J S,Dai J H,He L F,et al,2014. Basic Principles and Technical Methods of Strong Convective Weather ForecastingChina Strong Convective Weather Forecast Manual[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:84-95(in Chinese).
孙力,郑秀雅,王琪,1994.东北冷涡的时空分布特征及其与东亚大型环流系统之间的关系[J].应用气象学报,5(3):297-303. Sun L,Zheng X Y,Wang Q,1994. The climatological characteristics of northeast cold vortex in China[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,5(3):297-303(in Chinese).
王华,孙继松,李津,2007. 2005年北京城区两次强冰雹天气的对比分析[J].气象,33(2):49-56. Wang H,Sun J S,Li J,2007. Acomparative analysis on two severe hail events in Beijing urban district in 2005[J]. Meteor Mon,33(2):49-56(in Chinese).
王磊,谌芸,张仙,等,2013.冷涡背景下MCS的统计分析[J].气象,39(11):1385-1392. Wang L,Chen Y,Zhang X,et al,2013. Statistical analysis of mesoscale convective system in the context of cold vortex[J]. Meteor Mon,39(11):1385-1392(in Chinese).
王秀明,俞小鼎,周小刚,等,2012.“6·3”区域致灾雷暴大风形成及维持原因分析[J].高原气象,31(2):504-514. Wang X M,Yu X D,Zhou X G,et al,2012. Study on the formation and evolution of'6·3'damage wind[J]. Plateau Meteor,31(2):504-514(in Chinese).
魏东,孙继松,雷蕾,等,2011.三种探空资料在各类强对流天气中的应用对比分析[J].气象,37(4):412-422. Wei D,Sun J S,Lei L,et al,2011. Comparative analysis of three kinds of sounding data in the application of the severe convective weather[J]. Meteor Mon,37(4):412-422(in Chinese).
杨珊珊,谌芸,李晟祺,等,2016.冷涡背景下飑线过程统计分析[J].气象,42(9):1079-1089. Yang S S,Chen Y,Li S Q,et al,2016.Analysis of squall lines under the background of cold vortex[J].Meteor Mon,42(9):1079-1089(in Chinese).
杨新林,孙建华,鲁蓉,等,2017.华南雷暴大风天气的环境条件分布特征[J].气象,43(7):769-780. Yang X L,Sun J H,Lu R,et al,2017. Environmental characteristics of severe convective wind over South China[J]. Meteor Mon,43(7):769-780(in Chinese).
易笑园,李泽椿,李云,等,2010.长生命史冷涡影响下持续对流性天气的环境条件[J].气象,36(1):17-25. Yi X Y,Li Z C,Li Y,et al,2010. Analysis of environmental conditions of continuous severe convective weather events caused by long life cold vortex[J]. Meteor Mon,36(1):17-25(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等,2006.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M],北京,气象出版社:122. Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al,2006. Doppler Weather Radar Principle and Application[M],Beijing:China Meteorological Press:122(in Chinese).
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