Micropropagation of Pinus densiflora and the evaluation of nematode resistance of regenerated microshoots in vitro
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摘要
To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L~(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L~(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L~(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.
To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L~(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L~(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L~(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.
To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L~(-1) 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L~(-1) a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L~(-1) NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.
引文
Abelleira A,Picoaga A,Mansilla JP,Aguin O(2011)Detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,causal agent of pine wilt disease on Pinus pinaster in Northwestern Spain.Plant Dis 95:776
A′lvarez JM,Majada J,Ordás RJ(2009)An improved micropropagation protocol for maritime pine(Pinus pinaster Ait.)isolated cotyledons.Forestry 82(2):175-184
Armijos-González R,Prez-Ruiz C(2016)In vitro germination and shoot proliferation of the threatened species Cinchona officinalis L(Rubiaceae).J For Res 27(6):1229-1236
Chandra R,Kamle M,Bajpai A,Muthukumar M,Kalim S(2010)In vitro selection:a candidate approach for disease resistance breeding in fruit crops.Asian J Plant Sci 9(8):437-446
Choi MS,Lee SG,Park YG,Liu JR(1993)Micropropagation of Pinus densiflora for Erectauyeki.Korean J Plant Tissue Cult20(6):315-320
Cortizo M,de Diego N,Moncaleán P,Ordás RJ(2009)Micropropagation of adult stone pine(Pinus pinea L.).Trees 23(4):83-842
Cuenca B,Fernández MR,Ocaa L,Salinero C,Pintos C,Mansilia JP,Rial C(2010)Selection of Castanea sativa Mill.for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi:testing of selected clones.Acta Hortic 866:111-119
Daub ME(1986)Tissue culture and the selection of resistance to pathogens.Ann Rev Phytopathol 24:159-186
Diegoa ND,Montalbána IA,Moncaleána P(2011)Improved micropropagation protocol for maritime pine using zygotic embryos.Scand J For Res 26(3):202-211
Diner AM,Mott RL(1985)In vitro inoculation of western white pine tissue culture propagules with vegetative hyphae of Cronartium ribicola.Phytopathol 75(10):1130-1131
Elsen A,Stoffelen R,Tuyet NT,BaimeyH Dupr,de Boulois H,De Waele D(2002)In vitro screening for resistance to Radopholus similis in Musa spp.Plant Sci 163:407-416
Faria JMS,Sena I,Silva IV,Ribeiro B,Barbosa P,Ascenso L,Bennett RN,Mota M,Figueiredo AC(2015)In vitro co-cultures of Pinus pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus:a biotechnological approach to study pine wilt disease.Planta241(6):1325-1336
Farjon A,Filer D(2013)An atlas of the world’s conifers:an analysis of their distribution,biogeography,diversity and conservation status.Brill Academic Publisher,Leiden,pp p271-p272
Flores PS,Otoni WC,Dhingra OD,Diniz SPSS,Santos TM,Bruckner CH(2012)In vitro selection of yellow passion fruit genotypes for resistance to Fusarium vascular wilt.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 108:37-45
Forestry Agency(2004)Annual report on trends of forest and forestry-fiscal year 2003(in Japanese).Forestry Agency,The Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries of Japan
Fukuda T,Fujii Y,Kanamitsu K(1989)Production of resistant pine against the nematode disease through tissue culture techniques.J Jpn Wood Res Soc 35:1139-1143
Futai K(2008)Pine wilt in Japan:from first incidence to the present.In:Zhao BG,Futai K,Sutherland JR,Takeuchi Y(eds)Pine wilt disease.Springer,Tokyo,pp 5-12
Goto S,Sasaki S(1999)Micropropagation and development of early examination system in vitro for nematode-resistance in Japanese black pine.In:Proceedings of sustainability of pine forests in relation to pine wilt and decline.Proceedings of international symposium,Tokyo,pp 178-180
Gupta PK,Durzan DJ(1985)Shoot multiplication from mature trees of Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii)and sugar pine(Pinus lambertiana).Plant Cell Rep 4:177-179
Hargreaves CL,Grace LJ,van der Maas SA,Menzies MI,Kumar S,Holden DG,Foggo MN,Low CB,Dibley MJ(2005)Comparative in vitro and early nursery performance of adventitious shoots from cryopreserved cotyledons and axillary shoots from epicotyls of the same zygotic embryo of control-pollinated Pinus radiata.Can J For Res 35:2629-2641
Ishii K,Maruyama E,Hosoi Y(2001)Somatic embryogenesis of Japanese conifers.In:Morohoshi N,Komamine T(eds)Molecular breeding of woody plants.Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp 297-304
Isikawa H(1987)Generation of adventitious plant organs by tissue culture methods in forest trees.Bull For For Prod Res Inst343:119-153
Jang JC,Tainter FH(1990)Cellular responses of pine callus to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi.Annu Rev Phytopathol80:1347-1352
Jung J,Han H,Ryu SH,Kim W(2010)Microsatellite variation in the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer)Nicklein South Korea.Genes Genomics 32:151-158
Kalia RK,Arya S,Kalia S,Arya ID(2007)Plantlet regeneration from fascicular buds of seedling shoot apices of Pinus roxburghii Sarg.Biol Plant 51:653-659
Kim YW,Moon HK(2014)Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora).Plant Biotechnol Rep 8:259-266
Kurinobu S(2008)Current status of resistance breeding of Japanese pine species to pine wilt disease.For Sci Technol 12(4):51-57
Lelu-Walter MA,Bernier-Cardou M,Klimaszewska K(2008)Clonal plant production from self-and cross-pollinated seed families of Pinus sylvestris(L.)through somatic embryogenesis.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 92:31-45
Maruyama TE,Hosoi Y(2012)Post-maturation treatment improves and synchronizes somatic embryo germination of three species of Japanese pines.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 110:45-52
Maruyama TE,Hosoi Y,Ishii K(2005)Propagation of Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora Zieb.and Zucc.)via somatic embryogenesis.Propag Ornam Plants 5:199-204
Menzies MI,Holden DG,Klomp BK(2001)Recent trends in nursery practice in New Zealand.New For 22:3-17
Montalbán IA,De Diego N,Moncaleán P(2011)Testing novel cytokinins for improved in vitro adventitious shoots formation and subsequent ex vitro performance in Pinus radiata.Forestry84:363-373
Mota M,Braasch H,Bravo MA,PenasA C,Burgermeister W,Metge K,Sousa E(1999)First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe.Nematology 1:727-734
Nairn BJ(1993)Commercial micropropagation of radiata pine.In:Ahuja MR(ed)Micropropagation of woody plants.Kluwer Academic Publisher,Dordrecht,pp 383-394
Nandwani D,Kumaria S,Tandon P(2001)Micropropagation of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord(Khasi pine).Gartenbauwissenschaft66:68-71
Nose M,Shiraishi S(2008)Breeding for resistance to pine wilt disease.In:Zhao BG,Futai K,Sutherland JR,Takeuchi Y(eds)Pine wilt disease.Springer,Tokyo,pp 334-350
Noshad D,King JN,Ekramoddoullah A(2009)In vitro and in vivo investigation into the characterization of resistance against White Pine Blister Rust.In:Noshad D,Noh E,King J,Sniezko R(eds)Breeding and genetic resources of five-needle pines.Proceedings of the Conference 2008,Korea.Korea Forest Research Institute,pp 79-80
Nunes S,Sousa D,Pereira VT,Correia S,Marum L,Santos C,Dias MC(2018)Efficient protocol for in vitro mass micropropagation of slash pine.Vitro Cell Dev-PL 54(2):175-183
Oliveira LF,Quoirin M,Koehler HS,Amano E,Higa AR,Ribas LLF(2013)Propagation from axillary buds and anatomical study of adventitious roots of Pinus taeda L.Afr J Biotechnol12(35):5413-5422
Ostry ME(1997)In vitro screening and selection for disease resistance.In:Klopfenstein NB,Chun YW,Kim MS,Ahuja MR(eds)Micropropagation,genetic engineering,and molecular biology of populus.Rocky Mountain Forest and Range,Fort Collins,pp 155-160
Ostry ME,Pijut PM,Skilling DD(1991)Screening Larch in vitro for resistance to Mycosphaerella laricina.Plant Dis75(12):1222-1224
Parasharami VA,Poonawala IS,Nadgauda RS(2003)Bud break and plantlet regeneration in vitro from mature trees of Pinus roxburghii Sarg.Curr Sci 84:203-208
Ragazzi A,Moricca S,Della Valle I(1995)Growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum on callus tissue from Pinus nigra var.Laricio and Pinus sylvestris.Eur J For Path 25:31-37
Ragonezi C,Klimaszewska K,Castro MR,Lima M,de Oliveira P,Zavattieri MA(2010)Adventitious rooting of conifers:influence of physical and chemical factors.Trees 24(6):975-992
Rodríguez Y,Mosqueda M,Companioni B,Arzola M,Borrás O,Prez MC,Lorenzo JC,Santos R(2002)Bioassay for in vitro differentiation of pineapple cultivar resistance levels to heart rot disease.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 38:613-616
Sharma NK,Skidmore DI(1988)In vitro expression of partial resistance to Phytophthora palmivora by shoot cultures of papaya.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 14(3):187-196
Shoji M,Sato H,Nakagawa R,Funada R,Kubo T,Ogita S(2006)Influence of osmotic pressure on somatic embryo maturation in Pinus densiflora.J For Res 11:449-453
Sobrosa RC,Martins-Corder MP(2001)Genetic and biotechnological breeding for disease resistance in forest species:a review.Crop Breed Appl Biotechnol 1(4):385-398
Stojicˇic′D,Janosˇevic′D,Uzelac B,Cˇokesˇa V,Budimir S(2012)Micropropagation of Pinus peuce.Biol Plant 56(2):362-364
Sul IW,Korban SS(2004)Effects of salt formulations,carbon sources,cytokinins,and auxin on shoot organogenesis from cotyledons of Pinus pinea L.Plant Growth Regul 43:197-205
SˇvábováL,Lebeda A(2005)In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin-producing pathogens.J Phytopathol153:52-64
Taniguchi T(2001)Plant regeneration from somatic embryos in Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora.In:Morohoshi N,Komamine A(eds)Molecular breeding of woody plants.Elsevier Science B V,Amsterdam,pp 319-324
Thomas TD(2008)The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture.Biotechnol Adv 26(6):618-631
Toda T(2004)Studies on the breeding for resistance to the pine wilt disease in Pinus densiflora and P.thunbergii.Bull For Tree Breed Center 20:83-217
Tripathi L,Odipio J,Tripathi JN,Tusiime G(2008)A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt.Eur J Plant Pathol 121:9-19
Utkhede RS(1986)In vitro screening of the world apple germplasm collection for resistance to Phytophthora cactorurn crown rot.Sci Hortic 29:205-210
Wenzel G(1985)Strategies in unconventional breeding for disease resistance.Annu Rev Phytopathol 23:149-172
Wu YL,Yi GJ,Peng XX(2010)Rapid screening of Musa species for resistance to Fusarium wilt in an in vitro bioassay.Eur J Plant Pathol 128:409-415
Zhao L,Mota M,Vieira P,Butcher RA,Sun J(2014)Interspecific communication between pinewood nematode,its insect vector,and associated microbes.Trends Parasitol 30(6):299-308
Zhu LH,Wu XQ,Dai PP,Zhang HY(2010a)In vitro plantlet regeneration from seedling explants of Pinus densiflora.J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed 34(2):11-14(in Chinese)
Zhu LH,Wu XQ,Qu HY,Ji J,Ye JR(2010b)Micropropagation of Pinus massoniana and mycorrhiza formation in vitro.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 102:121-128
Zhu LH,Ye J,Negi S,Xl Xu,Zl Wang(2012)Pathogenicity of aseptic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.PLoS ONE 7(5):e38095.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038095
A′lvarez JM,Majada J,Ordás RJ(2009)An improved micropropagation protocol for maritime pine(Pinus pinaster Ait.)isolated cotyledons.Forestry 82(2):175-184
Armijos-González R,Prez-Ruiz C(2016)In vitro germination and shoot proliferation of the threatened species Cinchona officinalis L(Rubiaceae).J For Res 27(6):1229-1236
Chandra R,Kamle M,Bajpai A,Muthukumar M,Kalim S(2010)In vitro selection:a candidate approach for disease resistance breeding in fruit crops.Asian J Plant Sci 9(8):437-446
Choi MS,Lee SG,Park YG,Liu JR(1993)Micropropagation of Pinus densiflora for Erectauyeki.Korean J Plant Tissue Cult20(6):315-320
Cortizo M,de Diego N,Moncaleán P,Ordás RJ(2009)Micropropagation of adult stone pine(Pinus pinea L.).Trees 23(4):83-842
Cuenca B,Fernández MR,Ocaa L,Salinero C,Pintos C,Mansilia JP,Rial C(2010)Selection of Castanea sativa Mill.for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi:testing of selected clones.Acta Hortic 866:111-119
Daub ME(1986)Tissue culture and the selection of resistance to pathogens.Ann Rev Phytopathol 24:159-186
Diegoa ND,Montalbána IA,Moncaleána P(2011)Improved micropropagation protocol for maritime pine using zygotic embryos.Scand J For Res 26(3):202-211
Diner AM,Mott RL(1985)In vitro inoculation of western white pine tissue culture propagules with vegetative hyphae of Cronartium ribicola.Phytopathol 75(10):1130-1131
Elsen A,Stoffelen R,Tuyet NT,BaimeyH Dupr,de Boulois H,De Waele D(2002)In vitro screening for resistance to Radopholus similis in Musa spp.Plant Sci 163:407-416
Faria JMS,Sena I,Silva IV,Ribeiro B,Barbosa P,Ascenso L,Bennett RN,Mota M,Figueiredo AC(2015)In vitro co-cultures of Pinus pinaster with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus:a biotechnological approach to study pine wilt disease.Planta241(6):1325-1336
Farjon A,Filer D(2013)An atlas of the world’s conifers:an analysis of their distribution,biogeography,diversity and conservation status.Brill Academic Publisher,Leiden,pp p271-p272
Flores PS,Otoni WC,Dhingra OD,Diniz SPSS,Santos TM,Bruckner CH(2012)In vitro selection of yellow passion fruit genotypes for resistance to Fusarium vascular wilt.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 108:37-45
Forestry Agency(2004)Annual report on trends of forest and forestry-fiscal year 2003(in Japanese).Forestry Agency,The Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries of Japan
Fukuda T,Fujii Y,Kanamitsu K(1989)Production of resistant pine against the nematode disease through tissue culture techniques.J Jpn Wood Res Soc 35:1139-1143
Futai K(2008)Pine wilt in Japan:from first incidence to the present.In:Zhao BG,Futai K,Sutherland JR,Takeuchi Y(eds)Pine wilt disease.Springer,Tokyo,pp 5-12
Goto S,Sasaki S(1999)Micropropagation and development of early examination system in vitro for nematode-resistance in Japanese black pine.In:Proceedings of sustainability of pine forests in relation to pine wilt and decline.Proceedings of international symposium,Tokyo,pp 178-180
Gupta PK,Durzan DJ(1985)Shoot multiplication from mature trees of Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii)and sugar pine(Pinus lambertiana).Plant Cell Rep 4:177-179
Hargreaves CL,Grace LJ,van der Maas SA,Menzies MI,Kumar S,Holden DG,Foggo MN,Low CB,Dibley MJ(2005)Comparative in vitro and early nursery performance of adventitious shoots from cryopreserved cotyledons and axillary shoots from epicotyls of the same zygotic embryo of control-pollinated Pinus radiata.Can J For Res 35:2629-2641
Ishii K,Maruyama E,Hosoi Y(2001)Somatic embryogenesis of Japanese conifers.In:Morohoshi N,Komamine T(eds)Molecular breeding of woody plants.Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp 297-304
Isikawa H(1987)Generation of adventitious plant organs by tissue culture methods in forest trees.Bull For For Prod Res Inst343:119-153
Jang JC,Tainter FH(1990)Cellular responses of pine callus to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi.Annu Rev Phytopathol80:1347-1352
Jung J,Han H,Ryu SH,Kim W(2010)Microsatellite variation in the pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer)Nicklein South Korea.Genes Genomics 32:151-158
Kalia RK,Arya S,Kalia S,Arya ID(2007)Plantlet regeneration from fascicular buds of seedling shoot apices of Pinus roxburghii Sarg.Biol Plant 51:653-659
Kim YW,Moon HK(2014)Enhancement of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora).Plant Biotechnol Rep 8:259-266
Kurinobu S(2008)Current status of resistance breeding of Japanese pine species to pine wilt disease.For Sci Technol 12(4):51-57
Lelu-Walter MA,Bernier-Cardou M,Klimaszewska K(2008)Clonal plant production from self-and cross-pollinated seed families of Pinus sylvestris(L.)through somatic embryogenesis.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 92:31-45
Maruyama TE,Hosoi Y(2012)Post-maturation treatment improves and synchronizes somatic embryo germination of three species of Japanese pines.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 110:45-52
Maruyama TE,Hosoi Y,Ishii K(2005)Propagation of Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora Zieb.and Zucc.)via somatic embryogenesis.Propag Ornam Plants 5:199-204
Menzies MI,Holden DG,Klomp BK(2001)Recent trends in nursery practice in New Zealand.New For 22:3-17
Montalbán IA,De Diego N,Moncaleán P(2011)Testing novel cytokinins for improved in vitro adventitious shoots formation and subsequent ex vitro performance in Pinus radiata.Forestry84:363-373
Mota M,Braasch H,Bravo MA,PenasA C,Burgermeister W,Metge K,Sousa E(1999)First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe.Nematology 1:727-734
Nairn BJ(1993)Commercial micropropagation of radiata pine.In:Ahuja MR(ed)Micropropagation of woody plants.Kluwer Academic Publisher,Dordrecht,pp 383-394
Nandwani D,Kumaria S,Tandon P(2001)Micropropagation of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gord(Khasi pine).Gartenbauwissenschaft66:68-71
Nose M,Shiraishi S(2008)Breeding for resistance to pine wilt disease.In:Zhao BG,Futai K,Sutherland JR,Takeuchi Y(eds)Pine wilt disease.Springer,Tokyo,pp 334-350
Noshad D,King JN,Ekramoddoullah A(2009)In vitro and in vivo investigation into the characterization of resistance against White Pine Blister Rust.In:Noshad D,Noh E,King J,Sniezko R(eds)Breeding and genetic resources of five-needle pines.Proceedings of the Conference 2008,Korea.Korea Forest Research Institute,pp 79-80
Nunes S,Sousa D,Pereira VT,Correia S,Marum L,Santos C,Dias MC(2018)Efficient protocol for in vitro mass micropropagation of slash pine.Vitro Cell Dev-PL 54(2):175-183
Oliveira LF,Quoirin M,Koehler HS,Amano E,Higa AR,Ribas LLF(2013)Propagation from axillary buds and anatomical study of adventitious roots of Pinus taeda L.Afr J Biotechnol12(35):5413-5422
Ostry ME(1997)In vitro screening and selection for disease resistance.In:Klopfenstein NB,Chun YW,Kim MS,Ahuja MR(eds)Micropropagation,genetic engineering,and molecular biology of populus.Rocky Mountain Forest and Range,Fort Collins,pp 155-160
Ostry ME,Pijut PM,Skilling DD(1991)Screening Larch in vitro for resistance to Mycosphaerella laricina.Plant Dis75(12):1222-1224
Parasharami VA,Poonawala IS,Nadgauda RS(2003)Bud break and plantlet regeneration in vitro from mature trees of Pinus roxburghii Sarg.Curr Sci 84:203-208
Ragazzi A,Moricca S,Della Valle I(1995)Growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum on callus tissue from Pinus nigra var.Laricio and Pinus sylvestris.Eur J For Path 25:31-37
Ragonezi C,Klimaszewska K,Castro MR,Lima M,de Oliveira P,Zavattieri MA(2010)Adventitious rooting of conifers:influence of physical and chemical factors.Trees 24(6):975-992
Rodríguez Y,Mosqueda M,Companioni B,Arzola M,Borrás O,Prez MC,Lorenzo JC,Santos R(2002)Bioassay for in vitro differentiation of pineapple cultivar resistance levels to heart rot disease.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 38:613-616
Sharma NK,Skidmore DI(1988)In vitro expression of partial resistance to Phytophthora palmivora by shoot cultures of papaya.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 14(3):187-196
Shoji M,Sato H,Nakagawa R,Funada R,Kubo T,Ogita S(2006)Influence of osmotic pressure on somatic embryo maturation in Pinus densiflora.J For Res 11:449-453
Sobrosa RC,Martins-Corder MP(2001)Genetic and biotechnological breeding for disease resistance in forest species:a review.Crop Breed Appl Biotechnol 1(4):385-398
Stojicˇic′D,Janosˇevic′D,Uzelac B,Cˇokesˇa V,Budimir S(2012)Micropropagation of Pinus peuce.Biol Plant 56(2):362-364
Sul IW,Korban SS(2004)Effects of salt formulations,carbon sources,cytokinins,and auxin on shoot organogenesis from cotyledons of Pinus pinea L.Plant Growth Regul 43:197-205
SˇvábováL,Lebeda A(2005)In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin-producing pathogens.J Phytopathol153:52-64
Taniguchi T(2001)Plant regeneration from somatic embryos in Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora.In:Morohoshi N,Komamine A(eds)Molecular breeding of woody plants.Elsevier Science B V,Amsterdam,pp 319-324
Thomas TD(2008)The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture.Biotechnol Adv 26(6):618-631
Toda T(2004)Studies on the breeding for resistance to the pine wilt disease in Pinus densiflora and P.thunbergii.Bull For Tree Breed Center 20:83-217
Tripathi L,Odipio J,Tripathi JN,Tusiime G(2008)A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt.Eur J Plant Pathol 121:9-19
Utkhede RS(1986)In vitro screening of the world apple germplasm collection for resistance to Phytophthora cactorurn crown rot.Sci Hortic 29:205-210
Wenzel G(1985)Strategies in unconventional breeding for disease resistance.Annu Rev Phytopathol 23:149-172
Wu YL,Yi GJ,Peng XX(2010)Rapid screening of Musa species for resistance to Fusarium wilt in an in vitro bioassay.Eur J Plant Pathol 128:409-415
Zhao L,Mota M,Vieira P,Butcher RA,Sun J(2014)Interspecific communication between pinewood nematode,its insect vector,and associated microbes.Trends Parasitol 30(6):299-308
Zhu LH,Wu XQ,Dai PP,Zhang HY(2010a)In vitro plantlet regeneration from seedling explants of Pinus densiflora.J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed 34(2):11-14(in Chinese)
Zhu LH,Wu XQ,Qu HY,Ji J,Ye JR(2010b)Micropropagation of Pinus massoniana and mycorrhiza formation in vitro.Plant Cell,Tissue Organ Cult 102:121-128
Zhu LH,Ye J,Negi S,Xl Xu,Zl Wang(2012)Pathogenicity of aseptic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.PLoS ONE 7(5):e38095.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038095