刻板印象威胁对老年人风险决策影响的神经机制
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- 英文论文题名：The neural modulation of stereotype threat on the elderly risky decision-making
- 论文作者：张力元 ; 高倩云 ; 张宝山
- 英文论文作者：Liyuan Zhang ; Qianyun Gao ; Baoshan Zhang ; School of Psychology ; Shaanxi Normal University
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：陕西师范大学心理学院;
- 论文关键词：老年人 ; 刻板印象威胁 ; 风险决策 ; 二十一点 ; 事件相关电位
- 英文论文关键词：the elderly ; stereotype threat ; risky decision making ; blackjack ; ERP
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
- 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
- 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：B844.4
- 学会代码：ZGXG
- 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
- 会议地点：中国天津
- 主办单位：中国心理学会
- 学会名称：中国心理学会
- 页数：2
- 文件大小：777k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
目前存在着很多有关于老年人的消极刻板印象,如记忆、认知及体能下降等,这些消极刻板印象的存在会对老年人产生一定的威胁,进而影响老年人完成相关任务的成绩。以往研究较多关注刻板印象威胁对相关任务的影响,而较少研究对其他更高级认知任务的影响。刻板印象威胁外溢理论认为,个体应对消极刻板印象产生的威胁会消耗大量资源,故而影响其完成后续需要自我控制努力的任务。基于此,本研究认为刻板印象威胁会影响老年人的风险决策表现。研究将老年人随机分配到威胁组和控制组两种实验情境下,使用二十一点风险决策任务及事件相关电位技术,以考察老年刻板印象威胁情境启动(威胁组、控制组)对其完成风险决策(高风险、中风险、低风险)任务的影响,及其相应的神经机制。行为结果显示,两组被试决策的冒险程度都随着风险水平的上升而下降,并且威胁组老年人更冒险;而决策的成绩只受到风险水平的影响,两种情境之间没有差异。ERP结果显示,在250-300ms和350-550ms的时间窗口内,两种情境下的刺激都诱发了一个晚期的负成分N2和一个晚期正成分P3。对两种成分的分析均发现,低风险水平下,决策诱发的成分波幅均大于高风险和中等风险水平,且在额、顶区诱发的波幅要显著大于其他的区域。此外,在刻板印象威胁启动情境下,初始牌刺激的呈现诱发的脑电活动在几个电极点上没有差异;在控制情境下,初始牌刺激的呈现在大脑不同区域诱发的脑电差异显著,其诱发的P300的波幅在顶叶处显著高于其他脑区。以上结果表明,刻板印象威胁情境的启动抑制了老人对刺激加工部位的激活,从而影响老人的决策水平,形成了两组间决策偏好等的差异。
Older adults face pervasive negative stereotypes that memory, cognitive, and physical competence decline with age, and these stereotypes make them vulnerable to age-based stereotype threat, and then underperforms on stereotype relevant tasks. Previous studies paid more attention to the stereotype threat effect on stereotype related tasks, and focused on little other more advanced cognitive tasks. Stereotype threat spillover is a situational predicament in which coping with the stress of stereotype confirmation leaves one in a depleted volitional state and thus less likely to engage in effortful self-control in a variety of domains. In conclusion, this study proposed that stereotype threat can affect the aged people's performance in risky decision making. To examine the effect of aging stereotype threat situation prime(threat group, control group) on the performance of decision task with different risk levels(high, medium and low) and their corresponding neural mechanisms, research randomly assigned the elderly into the two experimental situations, and applied blackjack task with event related potential technology. Behavioral results showed that probability of choosing another card declines as risk level arises, in which the threat group taking more adventure; whereas, decision making performance was only affected by the level of risk, there is no difference between two kinds of situations. ERP results showed that in time window 250~300ms and 350~550ms, a late negative component N2 and a late positive component P3 were induced in both situations. Though analysis, we found that wave amplitude evoked by low risky decision was significantly larger than high and medium risky levels, and wave amplitudes on the forehead and parietal region were significantly larger than other regions. In addition, in stereotype threat condition, there is no difference with the brain activity evoked by the initial stimulus among electrodes; in control condition, the brain activities in diverse regions were significant different, which the amplitudes of P300 in parietal lobe were significantly larger than other regions. Above all, the prime of stereotype threat situation restrains the activation of the areas which aged people used for stimuli processing, thus affects the level of their decision making, and form the difference of decision-making preferences between the two groups.
Older adults face pervasive negative stereotypes that memory, cognitive, and physical competence decline with age, and these stereotypes make them vulnerable to age-based stereotype threat, and then underperforms on stereotype relevant tasks. Previous studies paid more attention to the stereotype threat effect on stereotype related tasks, and focused on little other more advanced cognitive tasks. Stereotype threat spillover is a situational predicament in which coping with the stress of stereotype confirmation leaves one in a depleted volitional state and thus less likely to engage in effortful self-control in a variety of domains. In conclusion, this study proposed that stereotype threat can affect the aged people's performance in risky decision making. To examine the effect of aging stereotype threat situation prime(threat group, control group) on the performance of decision task with different risk levels(high, medium and low) and their corresponding neural mechanisms, research randomly assigned the elderly into the two experimental situations, and applied blackjack task with event related potential technology. Behavioral results showed that probability of choosing another card declines as risk level arises, in which the threat group taking more adventure; whereas, decision making performance was only affected by the level of risk, there is no difference between two kinds of situations. ERP results showed that in time window 250~300ms and 350~550ms, a late negative component N2 and a late positive component P3 were induced in both situations. Though analysis, we found that wave amplitude evoked by low risky decision was significantly larger than high and medium risky levels, and wave amplitudes on the forehead and parietal region were significantly larger than other regions. In addition, in stereotype threat condition, there is no difference with the brain activity evoked by the initial stimulus among electrodes; in control condition, the brain activities in diverse regions were significant different, which the amplitudes of P300 in parietal lobe were significantly larger than other regions. Above all, the prime of stereotype threat situation restrains the activation of the areas which aged people used for stimuli processing, thus affects the level of their decision making, and form the difference of decision-making preferences between the two groups.
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