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论普兰丁格的模态本体论证明
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摘要
普兰丁格的模态本体论证明建立在他的现实主义模态形而上学的基础上,一方面,用可能主义理论重构传统本体论证明也可以得到一个有效的证明版本,普兰丁格的现实主义版本并不是我们唯一的选择;另一方面,普兰丁格证明的背景理论中包含的一些困难把他的本体论证明拖进难以消解的困境之中。
Actualism is the basic theory on which Plantinga developed a "victorious" modal version of ontological argument.In this article,I will present two arguments.The first argument shows that it is possible to provide another justified version of ontological argument if we reconstruct the argument on the basis of " possibilism".Hence Plantinga' s argument is not the only option.The second argument shows that the real problem in Plantinga's ontological argument lies in some unsolvable problems in his theory of actualism.
引文
[1]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974,p.45.
    [2]很明显,至少有一个可能世界获得,它对应于我们所处的这个具体世界的各种事态。根据包含和排斥原则得出:至多有一个可能世界获得。因为如果有两个世界是获得的,又因为对于同一个事态,它被一个世界包含,同时被一个世界排斥,那么这个事态就既是获得的又是没
    [1]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974,p.45.
    [1]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford;Oxford University Press,1974,p.64.
    [1]我尽量保留他原来的论证,只是增加了一些与背景理论相关的关键步骤。详情见Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford;Oxford University Press,1974,pp.214-216.
    [1][美]彼得·范·因瓦根:《形而上学》,宫睿译,北京:北京大学出版社,2007,第160-161页。
    [2]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford;Oxford University Press,1974,pp.217-218.
    [1]Graham Oppy,"Natural Theology",Alvin Plantinga,Deane-Peter Baker(ed.),Cambridge;Cambridge University Press,2007,pp.22-23.
    [2]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974,p.210.
    [1]David Lewis,"Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic",The Possible and the Actual,Michael J.Loux(ed.),Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1979,pp.110-112.
    [2]John Divers在Possible Worlds的第八章对应者理论中探讨了这个理论所面对的主要批评并一一作出回应,与其他理论相比,这个模态理论具有强大的竞争力。详情参见John Divers,Possible Worlds,Oxon:Routledge,pp.122-148.
    [1]James F.Ross,"The Crash of Modal Metaphysics",The Review of Metaphysics,Vol.43,No.2(Dec,1989),pp.251-279.Javier Kalhat,"Primitive Modality and Possible Worlds".Philosophy,Vol.83,No.326(Oct.,2008),pp.497-517.Paul Sheely,"Theism and Modal Realism".Religious Studies,Vol.42,No.3(Sep.,2006),pp.315-328.John Harthome,Gabriel Uzquiano,"How Many Angels Can Dance on The Point of a Needle?Transcendental Theology Meets Modal Metaphysics",Mind,Vol.120,No.477(Jan.,2011),pp.53-81.
    [2]John Divers,Possible Worlds,Oxon:Routledge,2002,p.174.
    [3]Alvin Plantinga,The Nature of Necessity,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974,p.61.

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