抑制控制在语言转换中的调节作用:来自诱发和感应震荡活动的证据

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• 英文论文题名：Modulatory role of inhibition during language switching:evidence from evoked and induced oscillatory activity
• 论文作者：刘欢欢 ; 梁利娟 ; 张丽 ; 路瑶 ; 陈宝国
• 英文论文作者：Huanhuan Liu ; Lijuan Liang ; Li Zhang ; Yao Lu ; Baoguo Chen ; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology ; School of Psychology ; Beijing Normal University ; School of English and Education ; Guangdong University of Foreign Studies ; Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology ; Peking University
• 年：2015
• 作者机构：北京师范大学心理学院重点应用心理学实验室;广东外语外贸大学英语与教育学院;北京大学心理学部脑与认知科学中心;
• 论文关键词：抑制 ; 语言转换 ; 感应震荡 ; 诱发震荡 ; 双语者
• 英文论文关键词：inhibition ; language switching ; evoked oscillation ; induced oscillation ; bilingualism
• 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
• 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
• 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
• 语种：中文
• 分类号：B842
• 学会代码：ZGXG
• 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
• 会议地点：中国天津
• 主办单位：中国心理学会
• 学会名称：中国心理学会
• 页数：3
• 文件大小：761k
• 原文格式：D
• 会议级别：全国

摘要

已有的多数研究表明熟练度在调节语言转换的效率上发挥着重要的作用(Abutalebi et al.,2013;Costa&Santesteban,2004;Costa et al.,2006;Jackson et al.,2001;Meuter&Allport,1999;Wang et al.,2007).然而,Costa和Santesteban’s(2004)发现高熟练的双语者能够轻松地完成L1和L3(一种弱势语言)的转换。根据双语优势的研究(Bialystok&Martin,2004;Martin-Rhee&Bialystok,2008;Morales,Yudes,Gómez-Ariza,&Bajo,2015;Poarch&van Hell,2012;Soveri,Laine,H?M?L?INEN,&Hugdahl,2011),我们不难推测个体的一些特质而非熟练度可能在语言转换中起着一定的作用。具体来说,高熟练双语者由于在日常生活中频繁地转换语言,这种经历可能培养了他们较高的抑制控制能力,他们可以把这种能力迁移到语L1和L3的转换任务中和其他非语言任务中。而低熟练双语者由于缺少这种语言转换经验,他们使用较低的抑制控制能力完成语言转换任务,从而消耗了更多的时间。这种推测得到了已有研究的支持,比如已有研究使用简单的9个数字作为实验材料(Meuter&Allport,1999;Jackson et al.,2001)或是个词语(Costa&Santesteban,2004;Costa et al.,2006)或18个词语(De Bruin et al.,2014),并且这些词语在实验过程中重复多次。所以被试应该对这些实验词语非常熟悉了,但是低熟练双语者依然表现出转回到L1的反应时大于转换到L2。因此,我们推测被试自身的特质(如抑制控制能力)而非语言熟练度可能在语言转换中发挥着重要的作用。本研究采用脑电技术考察了抑制控制优势是否可以迁移到不同语言的转换任务中,并且与L2学习时间长短无关。采用Simon任务测查80名被试的抑制控制能力,其中20名高抑制和20名低抑制的非熟练双语者完成L1和L2的语言转换任务(即图片命名任务),20名高抑制和20名低抑制的非熟练双语者完成L1和Lnew(新学习的语言)的语言转换任务。收集了反应时和脑电数据,使用时频分析方法计算了诱发和感应震荡活动。结果发现,高抑制控制组表现出转回到L1和转换到L2相似的反应时,而低抑制控制组被试则表现出转回到L1的反应时明显大于转换到L2。与之对应的是高抑制组转换到L2或Lnew时产生了更明显的θ波诱发和感应震荡活动,而低抑制控制组则没有表现出差异。这说明抑制优势能够通过自下而上(诱发震荡)和自上而下(感应震荡)的加工过程,帮助高抑制控制组有效地排除目标词语的干扰。本研究首次提供了θ波在语言转换的词汇选择水平发挥着抑制跨语言干扰的作用。
Most of the prior studies demonstrated that language proficiency plays a crucial role in modulating the performance of language switching(Abutalebi et al., 2013; Costa & Santesteban, 2004; Costa et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2001; Meuter & Allport, 1999; Wang et al., 2007). However, an interesting finding was observed in Costa and Santesteban's(2004) experiment in which highly proficient bilinguals are able to easily accomplish switching between L1 and L3(i.e., a weak language). Following the studies on bilingual advantages(Bialystok & Martin, 2004; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008; Morales, Yudes, Gómez-Ariza, & Bajo, 2015; Poarch & van Hell, 2012; Soveri, Laine, H?M?L?INEN, & Hugdahl, 2011), it is easy to speculate that some individual characteristics, rather than proficiency, may play a role in language switching. Highly proficient bilinguals' daily frequent switching experience may improve their inhibitory control ability, and then they can generalize such ability to language switching and other non-linguistic tasks. Contrarily, low-proficient bilinguals who lack language switching experience have to make do with less strong inhibitory control abilities. Such speculation can be evident by prior studies which employed a small number of simple words as switching materials, such as nine digits(Meuter & Allport, 1999; Jackson et al., 2001), ten words(Costa & Santesteban, 2004; Costa et al., 2006) or eighteen words(De Bruin et al., 2014), and required participants to repeat multiple times. It was expected to see similar naming latencies for switching into L2 and switching back to L1 because these simple words become very familiar even to the low-proficient bilinguals. Yet, the low-proficient bilinguals still exhibited paradoxical language effect. Therefore, we speculated that the individual characteristics(e.g., inhibitory control ability) of bilinguals per se instead of language proficiency may play a more important role during language switching. The present study adopted electroencephalogram(EEG) technique to investigate whether inhibition advantage could modulate different language switches, regardless of the time spent on second language learning. The inhibitory control(IC) ability of 80 low-proficient Chinese(L1)-English(L2) bilinguals was assessed by Simon task. Half of these bilinguals were then subdivided into 20 high- and 20 low-IC participants to perform switching between L1 and L2(L1-L2 switching), and the other half were subdivided into 20 high- and 20 low-IC participants to conduct switching between L1 and Lnew(L1-Lnew switching). All participants were required to name pictures(picture naming task) in their L1 and L2/Lnew in language switching task. Both response latencies and EEG data were obtained, and then evoked and induced oscillations were calculated using time-frequency analysis. The results of language switching showed similar naming latencies for L1 and L2/Lnew switch trials in the high-IC group, whereas the low-IC group showed larger naming latencies for L1 switch trials than L2/Lnew switch trials. In contrast, the high-IC group exhibited larger theta evoked and induced power for L2/Lnew switch trials than L1 switch trials at the lexical selection level, while the low-IC group did not. These findings indicate that inhibition advantage helps the high-IC group to suppress effectively the non-target word via recruiting bottom-up(evoked oscillation) and top-down(induced oscillation) processes. The present study was a first attempt to provide evidence that theta oscillation indicates cross-language interference at the lexical selection level.

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