济南市典型季节PM_(2.5)中砷形态分析及其风险评估
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摘要
2014年冬季和夏季采集了济南典型居民、商业和交通混合区的PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其砷含量及砷形态配比,同时分析了砷通过吸入式暴露途径所带来的癌症风险。结果表明:采样期间济南市冬季PM_(2.5)含量明显高于夏季,且冬、夏两季PM_(2.5)平均含量均高于环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012)的规定限值。济南市冬季和夏季PM_(2.5)中砷总量的范围分别是4.2~15.5 ng·m~(-3),4.6~11.7ng·m~(-3),冬季和夏季PM_(2.5)中砷总量平均值分别为10.0 ng·m~(-3),7.2 ng·m~(-3)。两个季节PM_(2.5)中砷的浓度均超过了欧盟2004/107号准则对大气中砷浓度的限制标准6 ng·m~(-3)。在济南市PM_(2.5)样品中,As(V)为砷的主要赋存形态,冬季部分样品中可检出As(Ⅲ),未发现有机砷的存在。PM_(2.5)含量是决定PM_(2.5)砷含量的主要因素,且两者具有正相关的关系(P<0.05),风速、气温、相对湿度与PM_(2.5)中砷浓度存在负相关关系。济南市PM_(2.5)中砷引起的癌症风险为2.33×10~(-5)~3.23×10~(-5),说明风险在尚可接受的范围(<1×10~(-4))之内,但是应该引起足够的重视(>1×10~(-6))。
引文
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[2]Gong ZL,Lu XF,Ma MS,et al.Arsenic speciation analysis[J].Talanta,2002,58:77-96.
[3]Hughes MF.Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action[J].Toxicology letters,2002,133:1-16.
[4]Styblo M,Del Razo LM,Vega L,et al.Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells[J].Arch Toxicol,2000,74:289-299.
[5]Petrick JS,Jagadish B,Mash EA,et al.Monomethylarsonous acid(MMAIII)and arsenite:LD50 in hamsters and in vitro inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase[J].Chem Res Toxicol,2001,14:651-656.
[6]程念亮,李云婷,孟凡,等.我国PM_(2.5)污染现状及来源解析研究[J]。安徽农业科学,2014,42(15):4721-4724.
[7]汪玉洁,涂振权,周理,等.大气颗粒物重金属元素分析技术研究进展[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2015,35:1030-1032.
[8]Zhu YG,Sun GX,Lei M,et al.High percentage inorganic arsenic content of mining impacted and nonimpacted Chinese rice[J].Environ Sci Technol,2008,42:5008-5013.
[9]Yin XX,Chen J,Qin J,et al.Biotransformation and volatilization of arsenic by three photosynthetic cyanobacteria[J].Plant physiol,2011,156:1631-1638.
[10]Duan FK,He KB,Ma YL,et al.Mulawa PA.Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5)in Beijing,China:2001-2002[J].Sci Total Environ,2006,355:264-275.
[11]Ye B,Ji X,Yang H,et al.Mulawa PA.Concentration and chemical composition of PM_(2.5)in Shanghai for a 1-year period[J].Atmos Environ,2003,37:499-510.
[12]Gao XM,Yang LX,Cheng SH,et al.Semi-continuous measurement of water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5)in Jinan,China:temporal variations and source apportionments[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45:6048-6056.
[13]Yang G,Ma L,Xu D,et al.Levels and speciation of arsenic in the atmosphere in Beijing,China[J].Chemosphere.2012,87:845-850.
[14]Wang Y,Zhuang G,Xu C,et al.The air pollution caused by the burning of fireworks during the lantern festival in Beijing[J].Atmos Environ,2007,41:417-431.
[15]Matschullat J.Arsenic in the Geosphere[J].Sci Total Environ,2000,249:297-312.
[16]Alvarez FF,Rodriguez MT,Espinosa AF,et al.Physical speciation of arsenic,mercury,lead,cadmium and nickel in inhalable atmospheric particles[J].Anal Chim Acta,2004,524:33-40.
[17]Serbula SM,Antonijevi MM,Milosevi NM,et al.Concentrations of particulate matter and arsenic in Bor(Serbia)[J].J Hazard mater,2010,181:43-51.
[18]Sanchez-Rodas D,de la Campa AMS,de la Rosa JD,et al.Arsenic speciation of atmospheric particulate matter(PM_(10))in an industrialised urban site in southwestern Spain[J].Chemosphere,2007,66:1485-1493.
[19]Erlinda S.Rabano ES,Castillo NT,Torre KJ,Solomon PA.Speciation of Arsenic in Ambient Aerosols Collected in Los Angeles.Air&Waste Management Association.1989,39(1):76-80.
[20]贺婷婷,李柏,徐殿斗,等.磷酸提取-高效液相色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法分析垃圾焚烧飞灰中无机砷形态[J].分析化学,2011,39(4):491-495.
[21]Bikkes M,Polyak K,Hlavay J.Fractionation of elements by particle size and chemical bonding from aerosols followed by ETAAS determination[J].J Anal Atom Spectrom,2001,16:74-81.
[22]Tsopelas F,Tsakanika LA,Ochsenk(u|¨)hn-Petropoulou M.Extraction of arsenic species from airborne particulate filters-application to an industrial area of Greece[J].Microchem J,2008,89:165-170.
[23]Park E,Kim D,Park K.Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul,Korea[J].Environ monit assess,2008,137:441-449.
[24]Hu X,Zhang Y,Luo J,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic,mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city,Nanjing,China[J].Environ Pollut,2011,159;1215-1221.
[25]Hu X,Zhang Y,Ding Z,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mn)in TSP and PM_(2.5)in Nanjing,China[J].Atmos Environ,2012,57:146-52.