应国家战略需求而兴起的区域研究——浅析冷战时期美国高校的非洲研究
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- 英文论文题名：Regional studies Meeting the Strategy of the State:African Studies in U.S. Universities and Colleges in the Cold War Era
- 论文作者：王严 ; 刘鸿武
- 英文论文作者：Yan Wang ; African Studies Center ; Yunnan University
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：云南大学非洲研究中心;浙江师范大学非洲研究院;
- 论文关键词：冷战 ; 美国高校 ; 非洲研究
- 英文论文关键词：The Cold War ; U.S.universities ; African studies
- 会议召开时间：2016-01-01
- 会议录名称：非洲研究2015年第2卷（总第7卷）
- 英文会议录名称：African Studies(No.2,2015,Vol.7)
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：G644
- 学会代码：ZDFZ
- 学会名称：浙江师范大学非洲研究院
- 页数：20
- 文件大小：808k
- 原文格式：O
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
冷战时期,为在全球范围内对抗苏俄集团并赢得冷战中的战略优势,美国亟须了解欧洲之外的世界上其他地区,区域研究随着兴起。随着美国国内民权运动的发展、美国与非洲双边关系的发展,非洲研究成为美国高校研究中区域研究的重要组成部分。在洛克菲勒基金会、卡耐基公司以及福特基金会等私人基金会和美国《国防教育法案》第六章的支持下,美国高校的非洲研究迅速发展,并各个高校中呈现出不同的研究聚焦。受到"冷战"这个特定背景的影响,美国高校中的非洲研究具有院校主要集中在白人大学;学科主要集中在语言学、历史学、教育学和法学等人文社会科学学科;集各个学科的所长而建立跨学科的非洲研究项目以及注重建立与非洲本土高校之间的联系等特点。
In order to win the Cold War,the U.S.was eager to learn about the other regions other than Europe.This is why regional studies arose in the U.S.With the development of civil rights movement and U.S.-Africa relations,African studies had taken a lion's share of regional studies in U.S.universities.African studies in U.S.higher education institutions grew fast with the assistance of famous private funds(e.g.the Ford Foundation) and National Defense Education Act.Moreover,universities and colleges developed their own edges in African studies.Due to the Cold War,African studies in the U.S.were primarily located in the white universities.This area of research covered the humanities and social sciences such as linguistics,history,pedagogy and legal science.Furthermore,interdisciplinary programs were set up to promote African studies.U.S.high education institutions also underscored the cooperation with universities an"d colleges in African countries.
In order to win the Cold War,the U.S.was eager to learn about the other regions other than Europe.This is why regional studies arose in the U.S.With the development of civil rights movement and U.S.-Africa relations,African studies had taken a lion's share of regional studies in U.S.universities.African studies in U.S.higher education institutions grew fast with the assistance of famous private funds(e.g.the Ford Foundation) and National Defense Education Act.Moreover,universities and colleges developed their own edges in African studies.Due to the Cold War,African studies in the U.S.were primarily located in the white universities.This area of research covered the humanities and social sciences such as linguistics,history,pedagogy and legal science.Furthermore,interdisciplinary programs were set up to promote African studies.U.S.high education institutions also underscored the cooperation with universities an"d colleges in African countries.
引文
(1)在美国学术界,非洲研究(African Studies),有时候又被称为“黑人研究”(Black Studies)、“非裔美国人研究”(Afro-American Studies)、“非洲志研究”((Africana Studies)或“非洲学”(Afriangology)等,为了行文上的方便,本文一律使用“非洲研究”。
(2)Geiger Roger L.Organized,“Research Units—Their Role in the Development of University Research.”The Journal ofHigher Education,1990,(1):8-9.转引自於荣:《在自由与服务之间徘徊——冷战期间美国大学的学术研究与国家利益关系的历史考察》,《比较教育研究》2008年第7期。
(1)卡尔·施米特:《政治的概念》,刘宗昆等译,上海人民出版社2004年版,第117页。
(2)Alain Touraine,The Academic System in American Society,New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,1997,p.131.
(3)伯顿·克拉克:《研究生教育的科学研究基础》,王承绪译,浙江教育出版社2001年版,第268页。
(4)於荣:《在自由与服务之间徘徊——冷战期间美国大学的学术研究与国家利益关系的历史考察》,《比较教育研究》2008年第7期,第32页。
(5)肯尼斯·普鲁伊特:《社会科学与第三世界:美国的局限性》,罗凤礼译,《国际社会科学杂志》(中文版)1985年第1期,第189页。
(1)相关文章参见牛可《美国“区域研究”的兴起》,《世界知识》2010年第9期,第64—65页;梁志《美国“区域研究”兴起的历史考察》,《世界历史》2010年第1期,第28—39页。
(2)Robert B.Hall,Area Studies,with Special Reference to their implications for Research in the Social Sciences,Social Science Research Council Pamphlet 3,New York:Social Science Research Council,1949.
(3)Ibid.,p.9.
(4)Ibid.,p.22.
(5)Ibid.,pp.22-23.
(6)Matin Staniland,American Intellectuals and African Nationalists,1955-1970,New Haven:Yale University Press,1991,p.30.
(1)国务院:《对非政策与行动方针》(Department of State,Guidelines for Policy and Operation's African),1962年3月,第1页,转引自梁志《美国“区域研究”兴起的历史考察》,《世界历史》2010年第1期,第35页。
(2)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,“African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,”African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec.,1960).p.20.
(3)Ibid.,pp.20-21.
(4)Ibid.,p.21.
(1)Vernon Mckey,Africa In World Politics,New York:Harper&Row,1963.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)Vernon Mckey,Africa In World Politics,New York:Harper&Row,1963,pp.364-367.
(1)William G.Martin,"The Rise of African Studies(USA)and the Transnational Study of African,"African Studies Review,Vol.54,No.1,April 2011,p.61.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.15.
(3)William G.Martin,"The Rise of African Studies(USA)and the Transnational Study of African,"African Studies Review,Vol.54,No.1,April 2011,p.72.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.13.
(2)Ibid..
(3)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9,No.3(Dec,1966),p.66.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,VoL 1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.10.
(2)Ibid.,p.15.
(3)Gerehenhorn,Melville J.Herskovits,pp.181-182.
(1)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair':African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009),p.53.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair':African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009)p.55.
(4)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9,No.3(Dec,1966),p.67.
(5)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair';African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009)p.59.
(6)Ibid.,p.50.
(1)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec,1960).p.17.
(2)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec,1960).p.17.
(3)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec.,1960).p.17.
(1)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9 No.3(Dec.,1966),p.68.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.14.
(3)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3 No.4(Dec,1960),p.18.
(1)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States",African Studies Bulletin,Vol 9 No.3(Dec,1966),p.69.
(2)Ibid.,p.69.
(3)根据David W.Brokensha,African.Studies Bulletin VolumeⅧ,Numberl,April 1965;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,19S8),pp.6-20;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),pp.9-20;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.5,No.1(Mar.,1962),pp.19-28;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.1(Mar.,1963),pp.43-56;David Brokensha,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),pp.12-24;David W.Brokensha,African Studies Bulletin VolumeⅧ,No.1,April 1965,pp.1-28;Norman R.Bennett,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.10,No.1(Apr.,1967),pp.62-105;Norman R.Bennett,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.11,No.1(Apr.,1968),pp.83-127整理.
(1)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.18.
(2)Norman R.Bennett,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.10,No.1(Apr.,1967),p.65.
(1)Robert O.Hampton,Afro-American Studies:Present Trends,June,1972,U.S.Department of Health,Education and Welfare,Office of Education Basic Research,p.52.
(2)Paul Tiyambe Zeleza,"The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States,"AfricanToday,Vol.44,No.2(Apr.-Jun.,1997)p.199.
(3)Ibid.,p.195.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States",African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.13.
(2)Ibid.,p.14.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.1(Mar.,1963),p.44.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.6.
(4)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.I(Mar.,1963),p.43.
(5)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.14.
(6)David W.Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,VolumeⅧ,Number1,April 1965,p.5.
(7)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.18.
(1)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.21.
(2)Geiger Roger L.Organized,“Research Units—Their Role in the Development of University Research.”The Journal ofHigher Education,1990,(1):8-9.转引自於荣:《在自由与服务之间徘徊——冷战期间美国大学的学术研究与国家利益关系的历史考察》,《比较教育研究》2008年第7期。
(1)卡尔·施米特:《政治的概念》,刘宗昆等译,上海人民出版社2004年版,第117页。
(2)Alain Touraine,The Academic System in American Society,New Brunswick:Transaction Publishers,1997,p.131.
(3)伯顿·克拉克:《研究生教育的科学研究基础》,王承绪译,浙江教育出版社2001年版,第268页。
(4)於荣:《在自由与服务之间徘徊——冷战期间美国大学的学术研究与国家利益关系的历史考察》,《比较教育研究》2008年第7期,第32页。
(5)肯尼斯·普鲁伊特:《社会科学与第三世界:美国的局限性》,罗凤礼译,《国际社会科学杂志》(中文版)1985年第1期,第189页。
(1)相关文章参见牛可《美国“区域研究”的兴起》,《世界知识》2010年第9期,第64—65页;梁志《美国“区域研究”兴起的历史考察》,《世界历史》2010年第1期,第28—39页。
(2)Robert B.Hall,Area Studies,with Special Reference to their implications for Research in the Social Sciences,Social Science Research Council Pamphlet 3,New York:Social Science Research Council,1949.
(3)Ibid.,p.9.
(4)Ibid.,p.22.
(5)Ibid.,pp.22-23.
(6)Matin Staniland,American Intellectuals and African Nationalists,1955-1970,New Haven:Yale University Press,1991,p.30.
(1)国务院:《对非政策与行动方针》(Department of State,Guidelines for Policy and Operation's African),1962年3月,第1页,转引自梁志《美国“区域研究”兴起的历史考察》,《世界历史》2010年第1期,第35页。
(2)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,“African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,”African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec.,1960).p.20.
(3)Ibid.,pp.20-21.
(4)Ibid.,p.21.
(1)Vernon Mckey,Africa In World Politics,New York:Harper&Row,1963.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)Vernon Mckey,Africa In World Politics,New York:Harper&Row,1963,pp.364-367.
(1)William G.Martin,"The Rise of African Studies(USA)and the Transnational Study of African,"African Studies Review,Vol.54,No.1,April 2011,p.61.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.15.
(3)William G.Martin,"The Rise of African Studies(USA)and the Transnational Study of African,"African Studies Review,Vol.54,No.1,April 2011,p.72.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.13.
(2)Ibid..
(3)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9,No.3(Dec,1966),p.66.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,VoL 1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.10.
(2)Ibid.,p.15.
(3)Gerehenhorn,Melville J.Herskovits,pp.181-182.
(1)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair':African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009),p.53.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair':African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009)p.55.
(4)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9,No.3(Dec,1966),p.67.
(5)Jerry Gershenhorn,"'Not an Academic Affair';African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States,1942-1960,"The Journal of African American History,Vol.94.1,No.1(2009)p.59.
(6)Ibid.,p.50.
(1)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec,1960).p.17.
(2)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec,1960).p.17.
(3)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3,No.4(Dec.,1960).p.17.
(1)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.9 No.3(Dec.,1966),p.68.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.14.
(3)Kenneth W.Mildenberger,"African Studies and the National Defense Education Act,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.3 No.4(Dec,1960),p.18.
(1)Carol A.Dressel,"The Development of African Studies in the United States",African Studies Bulletin,Vol 9 No.3(Dec,1966),p.69.
(2)Ibid.,p.69.
(3)根据David W.Brokensha,African.Studies Bulletin VolumeⅧ,Numberl,April 1965;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,19S8),pp.6-20;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),pp.9-20;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin.Vol.5,No.1(Mar.,1962),pp.19-28;African Studies Association,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.1(Mar.,1963),pp.43-56;David Brokensha,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),pp.12-24;David W.Brokensha,African Studies Bulletin VolumeⅧ,No.1,April 1965,pp.1-28;Norman R.Bennett,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.10,No.1(Apr.,1967),pp.62-105;Norman R.Bennett,African Studies in the United States,African Studies Bulletin,Vol.11,No.1(Apr.,1968),pp.83-127整理.
(1)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.18.
(2)Norman R.Bennett,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.10,No.1(Apr.,1967),p.65.
(1)Robert O.Hampton,Afro-American Studies:Present Trends,June,1972,U.S.Department of Health,Education and Welfare,Office of Education Basic Research,p.52.
(2)Paul Tiyambe Zeleza,"The Perpetual Solitudes and Crises of African Studies in the United States,"AfricanToday,Vol.44,No.2(Apr.-Jun.,1997)p.199.
(3)Ibid.,p.195.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States",African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.13.
(2)Ibid.,p.14.
(1)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.1(Mar.,1963),p.44.
(2)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.4,No.2(May,1961),p.9.
(3)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.1,No.1(Apr.,1958),p.6.
(4)African Studies Association,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.6,No.I(Mar.,1963),p.43.
(5)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.14.
(6)David W.Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,VolumeⅧ,Number1,April 1965,p.5.
(7)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.18.
(1)David Brokensha,"African Studies in the United States,"African Studies Bulletin,Vol.7,No.1(Mar.,1964),p.21.
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