跨国公私伙伴关系与美国散居外交——以国际散居约合联盟(IdEA)为例
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- 论文作者：隆德新
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：广东财经大学经济贸易学院;暨南大学国际关系学院;
- 会议召开时间：2015-11-21
- 会议录名称：第八届全国国际关系、国际政治专业博士生学术论坛论文集
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D871.2
- 学会代码：GJZY
- 会议名称：第八届全国国际关系、国际政治专业博士生学术论坛
- 会议地点：中国北京
- 主办单位：北京大学国际关系学院、察哈尔学会、《国际政治研究》编辑部
- 学会名称：《国际政治研究》编辑部
- 页数：22
- 文件大小：160k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
<正>冷战后,美国外交中的散居因素虽然引起了学者的强烈关注,但大部分研究主要集中在散居族群游说、通过外交策略控制散居、散居作为外交政策工具、散居通过跨文化交流输出美国价值观等四个议题上。在研究方法方面,以国家利益至上的理性主义研究方法构成研究散居与美国外交的主要方法与视角。在研究视域上,主要关注散居致力于推进祖籍国利益,在很大程度忽略了其对居住国利益的推进作用。事实上,散居对居住国的经济利
引文
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(2)Joaquin Jay Gonzales III,Diaspora Diplomacy:Philippine Migration and Its Soft Power Influences,Mill City Press,Incorporated,2011.p.4.
(3)Joaquin Jay Gonzales III,Diaspora Diplomacy:Philippine Migration and Its Soft Power Influences,Mill City Press,Incorporated,2011,pp.14-20.
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(5)Makumi Mwagiru,“The African Union’s Diplomacy of the Diaspora:Context,Changllenges and Prospects,”African Journal on Conflict Resolution,Vol.12,No.2,2012,pp.73-85.
(1)Michael Bulwaka,“Diaspora Diplomacy:A Case Study of Uganda,”A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Arts in the University of Malta for the degree of Master in Contemporary Diplomacy,July 2009;pp.65-70.
(2)代表性作品如下:金正昆、臧红岩:《当代中国侨务公共外交探析》,《广西社会科学》2012年第5期;潮龙起:《侨务公共外交:内涵界定与特点辨析》,《东南亚研究》2013年第3期;赵可金,刘思如:《中国侨务公共外交的兴起》,《东北亚论坛》2013年第5期;隆德新,林逢春:《侨务公共外交:理论内核、本体特征与效用函数》,《东南亚研究》2013第5期;孙霞:《中国海外利益的政治风险与侨务公共外交》《华侨华人历史研究》,2012年第2期;陈奕平:《华侨华人与中国软实力:作用、机制与政策思路》,《华侨华人历史研究》2010年第2期;陈遥:《东南亚的软实力与华侨华人的作用--国际关系学和华侨华人学整合的视角》,《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010年第2期;许梅:《东南亚华人在中国软实力提升中的推动作用与制约因素》,《东南亚研究》2010年第6期;丁盛教授撰文强调全球信息化时代的先进媒介为“数字华人”(善用网络工具的华人精英)在支持崛起中国外交与形象的功能作用和存在问题。Ding Sheng,“Digital Diaspora and National Image Building:A New Perspective on Chinese Diaspora Study in the Age of China’s rise,”Pacific Affairs,Volume 80,No.4-Winter 2007-2008.pp.627-648.
(1)Fiona B.Adamson,“Remapping the Boundaries of‘State’and‘National Identity’:Incorporating Diasporas into IR Theorizing,”European Journal of International Relations,2007;Vol.13(4);pp.489-526.
(2)美国国务卿全球伙伴关系办公室的官网:http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/2011/2012/12/10
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(1)Ian Broadwater,Inge Kaul.Global public-private partnerships:The Current Landscape(Study Outline).AUNDP/ODS Background Paper.New York:UNDP.2005.
(2)具体参见Inge Kaul,Exploring the Policy Space Between Markets and States:Global Public-Private Partnerships,in The New Public Finance:Responding to Global Challenges,Edited by Inge Kaul,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,p.21.Tanja A,B?rzel,What's So Special About Policy Networks?-An Exploration of the Concept and Its Usefulness in Studying European Governance,European Intergration Online Papers,1997,016,p.5.;Wolfgang H.Reinick,The other World Wide Web:Global Public Policy Networks,Foreign Policy,No.117(Winter,1999-2000),pp.44-57;Wolfgang H.Reinicke,and Francis Deng,Critical Choices:The United Nations Networks,and the Future of Global Governance.Ottawa:International Development Research Centre.2000;Liliana B.,“Globalization,Agency,and Institutional Innovation:The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance,”Goldfarb Center Working Paper No.2006-004,March 2006.p.1-59;Ronald W.Mc Quaid,The Theory of Partnership:Why have Partnership?In Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and Newyork:Routledeg,2000.p.15.Wolfgang H.Reinicke,The other World Wide Web:Global Public Policy Networks,Foreign Policy,No.117(Winter,1999-2000),pp.44-57.David Lewis,Building’active’Partnerships in aid-recipient countries:Lessons from a rural development project in Bangladesh,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and Newyork:Routledeg,2000.p.254.
(3)相互性主要指各个参与者之间的相互依赖,行为体彼此赋予相应的权利与责任,这些权利与责任是为了实现各方最大化利益,但同时又需要兼顾各方目标基础上形成共同目标,因此,在伙伴关系背景下,相互性还需要增加一个“价值平衡”原则,即各个行为体的受益需大体相等,伙伴关系才能持久。在现实操作过程中,相互性意味着决策过程中的平等地位,而不是一方支配着决策过程,各参与者都有机会影响共同目标、决策过程、政策结果与评价标准。组织身份这里不是指组织体系、过程和战略,而是指组织的核心价值和核心支持者。因此,保持组织身份一方面是组织的自身目标、核心价值及支持者的支持程度。从制度视角来看,组织身份主要是指组织特性与或组织类型带来的相对优势与特殊能力。比如政府可以为伙伴关系提供法律和制度性框架,非营利组织在社会动员方面发挥重要作用,私人部门的技术和知识等方面的优势。组织身份及其带来的独特优势是伙伴关系发起的最大推动力,组织身份及独特优势的丧失不仅会影响组织的合法性,而且会导致组织间关系的裂变。同时,相互性与组织身份也是相互影响的,每个行为体相对于另一个行为体的附加价值都根源于其组织任务,另一方面相互性也能影响组织身份,相互依赖性意味着平等的参与机会与公平的决策方式,而这正是参与者保护自身身份和利益的最重要手段。参见Jennifer.M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22.pp 19-30
(1)Ibid.,pp 19-30
(2)Alejandro Ports,“Conclusion:Towards a New World-the Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities,”Ethnic and Racial Studies,Vol.22,No.2,1999,pp.463-477.
(1)这一数据源于国务卿克里2015全球散居周主题演讲与美国人口普查局。http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30;http://www.census.gov/popclock/?intcmp=home_pop/2015/10/30
(2)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(3)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(4)Erik-Hans Klijin and Geert R.Teisman,Governing Public-Private Partnerships,Analysing and Managing the Processes and Institutional Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.90.
(5)Brian Jacobs,Partnerships in Pittsburgh:The Evaluation of Complex Local Initiatives,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.223.
(6)Anne-Marie Slaughte,“America's Edge:Power in the Networked Century,”Foreign Affairs,Dec2008,Vol.30Issue 12,p.8.http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63722/anne-marie-slaughter/americas-edge/2013/12/21
(7)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(1)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(2)Kathleen Mc Laughlin and Stephen P.Osborne,Conclusions:A one-way Street or two-way traffic?Can public-private partnerships impact on the policy-making process?in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.332.
(3)Gavin Drewry,Public-private partnerships:Rethinking the boundary between public and private law,In Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.57.
(4)Klijn,Erik hans,“Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks,A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems,”Administration&Society,1996,pp.90-119.
(5)Idbd.,pp.90-119.
(6)Kickert,W.J.M,and Koppenjan,J.F.M,Public Management and Network Management;An Overview,in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.44.
(7)Idbd.,p.45.
(8)Hanf.K.I and Scharpf,F.W.Interorganizational policy studies:Limits to Coordination and Central Control,London:Sage,1978,p.12.
(1)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006,pp.142-160.
(2)Idbd.,pp.142-160.
(3)Colin Hay and David Richards,“The Tangled Webs of Westminster and Whitehall:The Discourse,Strategy and Practice of Networking Within the British Core Executive,”Public Administration,Volume 78,Issue 1,Spring2000.转引自刘海燕:《政策网络与政策产出:以中国控烟政策网络为例》,北京:中国财政经济出版社2014年版,第44页。
(4)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(5)Colin Hay and David Richards,“The Tangled Webs of Westminster and Whitehall:The Discourse,Strategy and Practice of Networking Within the British Core Executive,”Public Administration,Spring 2000,Vol78,Issue1,pp.1-28.
(6)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(7)Idbd.,pp.142-160.
(8)Erik-Hans Klijin and Geert R.Teisman,Governing Public-Private Partnerships,Analysing and Managing the Processes and Institutional Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.96.
(9)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(1)Marianne Beisheim,Andrea Liese,eds.,Transnational Partnerships:Effectively Providing for Sustainable Development?New York:Palgrave Macmilla,2014,pp.3-45.
(2)参见郦莉:《全球气候治理中的公私合作关系》,北京:时事出版社2013年版,第168。
(3)[英]迈克尔·博兰尼:《自由的逻辑》(冯银江、李雪茹译),长春:吉林人民出版社2002年版,第168-170页。
(4)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(5)Tanja A.B?rzel,“Organizing Babylon:on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks,”Public Administration,1998,Summer,Vol 76,pp.253-273.
(6)宋波,徐飞著:《公私合作制(PPP)研究:基于基础设施项目建设运营过程》,上海:上海交通大学出版社2011年版,第61页。
(7)同上,第62页。
(1)David Lewis,Building‘active’Partnerships in aid-recipient countries:Lessons from a rural development project in Bangladesh,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.254.John Hailey,NGO partners:the Characteristics of effective development partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.315.Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(2)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(3)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(4)Tanja A.B?rzel,“Organizing Babylon:on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks,”Public Administration,1998,Summer,Vol 76,pp.253-273.
(5)王鸣鸣:《外交决策研究中的理性选择模式》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第11期。
(1)Kickert,W.J.M,Klijn,E.H and Koppenjan,J.F.M,Introduction:A Management Perspective on Policy Networks,in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.8.
(2)克利金和特斯曼认为评价公私伙伙伴关系或政府网络这种复杂决策的标准不再能简单归结为公共利益,而应归结为公共利益与私人利益结合一起的联合利益。具体参见Klijn.E.H and Teisman,G.R.Strategies and Games in Networks,in in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.113.
(3)http:diasporaalliance.org/about-us/#diaspora/2014/02/08
(4)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(5)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,Digital Diasporas:Identity and Transnational engagement.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.2009.
(6)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias,ed.Closing the Distance:How Governments Strengthen Ties with Theirs Diasporas.Washinton,DC:Migration Policy Institute,2009.p.23.
(7)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(8)具体参见Inge Kaul,Exploring the Policy Space Between Markets and States:Global Public-Private Partnerships,in The New Public Finance:Responding to Global Challenges,Edited by Inge Kaul,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,p.21.Wolfgang H.Reinicke and Francis Deng,Critical Choices:The United Nations Networks,and the Future of Global Governance.Ottawa:International Development Research Centre.2000;Liliana B.,Globalization,Agency,and Institutional Innovation:The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance,Goldfarb Center Working Paper No.2006-004,March 2006,pp.1-59;Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,Partnerships as a Social Network Mediator for Resolving Global Conflict:The Case of the World Commission on Dams.International Journal of Public Administration,2002,pp.1281-1310.
(1)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias,ed.Closing the Distance:How Governments Strengthen Ties with Theirs Diasporas.Washinton,DC:Migration Policy Institute,2009,p.20.
(2)http://diasporaalliance.org/about-us/#diaspora/2014/11/02
(3)http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224308.pdf/2013/11/10
(4)参见2015年全球散居周克国务卿约翰·福布斯·克里(John Forbes Kerry)致词http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/reports/2015/238828.htm/2015/08/31
(5)Hillary Clinton’s Remarks at the Inaugural Diaspora Forum http://diasporaalliance.org/hillary-clintons-remarks-at-the-inaugural-diaspora-forum/由美国国务院直接管辖的全球伙伴关系计划(S/GPI)成立于2009年,旨在通过建立伙伴关系,运用创造性的措施,开发伙伴资源,加强和深化美国与世界各地的外交关系。S/GPI秘书处是美国国务院与公共机构、私营部门、和民间团体之间合作的切入点。而Id EA正是GPI的最重要伙伴之一,GPI更是直接主办第一次GDF。http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/2011
(1)Liliana B.Andonova,“Public-Private Partnerships for the Earth:Politics and Patterns of Hybrid Authority in the Multilateral System,”Global Environmental Politics,2010.Vol 10,No.2.pp.25-53.
(2)关于约合过程分析受到克利金与特斯曼关于社会知识与社会学习在复杂决策过程中作用分析的启发。具体参见Klijn.E.H and Teisman,G.R.Strategies and Games in Networks,in in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,pp.106-116.
(1)国际散居约合联盟由多元性的行为体、制度安排、相互依赖性和行为体之间关系构成。其制度安排与行为体关系前面已有论述,这里不再赘述。
(2)Erik hans Klijn,“Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks,A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems,”Administration&Society,1996,pp.90-119.
(1)经济社会学家马克·格兰诺维特(Mark Granovetter)弱联结为那些活跃于彼此不同的社会圈、互动频率低的弱联结反而能提供新的不同的有价值信息。通过弱联结,网络将迥然不同且无联系的群体的紧张状态与差异取得效用最大化。弱联结较之于强联结有更好的信息传播效果,因此,两个不同且联系较少的团体之间的“桥”必然是弱联结。罗家德著:《社会网分析讲义》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2010年,第62页。由于跨越不同团体的桥的存在,当信息传递是透过弱联结而非强联结时,这意味着不管什么样的传播都能触及更多的人,以及穿更大的社会距离。而强联结连接的都是共同的朋友,信息往往被限制在少数人的小团体之中。马克·格兰诺维特,《弱联结的优势》,载《镶嵌:社会网与经济行动》(罗家德译),北京:社会科学文献出版社,第75页。强联结连接的都是共同的朋友,信息往往被限制在少数人的小团体之中。
(1)负责公共外交的国务次卿索南夏恩(Tara Sonenshine)认为由于散居通晓祖籍国与居住国文化、具有参与祖籍国事务的动机、特殊的技巧及影响力,因此,他们就像美国公共外交得力助手“和平队”(Peace Corps)一样极其有力量。www.diasporaidea.org/2013/6/5 Peace Corps。索南夏恩在2012年全球散居论坛发言中指出:“当一个社团的人们帮助另一个国家社团的人们,这意味着两个国家建立了联系,这就是我们所说的公共外交。”“当你考虑到在美国有超过六千二百万的第一或第二代成员散居,你就会发现散居处在公共外交的中心位置,所以我们的任务是使用创新的方法,并同时加强现有的方式,来支持建立不同国家之间的人与人的关系。”Tara Sonenshine,Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs at the U.S.Department of State,highlights the enormous potential for diaspora communities to engage in public diplomacy.http://diasporaalliance.org/tara-sonenshines-remarks-at-the-2012-global-diaspora-forum/2012/08/11Tara Sonenshine,Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs at the U.S.Department of State,highlights the enormous potential for diaspora communities to engage in public diplomacy.http://diasporaalliance.org/tara-sonenshines-remarks-at-the-2012-global-diaspora-forum/2012/08/11
(2)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland,Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development-A handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries,Publisher:International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute,2012,pp.34-35.
(1)周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年,第177页
(2)Fowler,A.“Authentic NGO Partnerships in the New Policy Agenda for International Aid,”Development and Change,Vol 1,No 29.pp.137-159.
(3)参见戴晶斌编著:《现代城市公私伙伴关系概论》,上海:上海交通大学出版社2008年版,第17页
(4)Robert D.Putnam,“Bowling Alone:America’s Declining Social Capital,”Journal of Democracy,199pp.63-68.
(5)周红云:《社会资本布迪厄、科尔曼和帕特南的比较》,《经济社会体制比较》2003年第4期。
(6)Kingsley Aikins,Nicola White,Global Diaspra Strategies Toolkit:Harnessing the Power of Global diasporas,2011,Dublin:Gateway House,p59.
(7)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/reports/2015/238828.htm/2015/08/31
(1)http://diasporaalliance.org/about-us/2015/08/01
(2)http://diasporaalliance.org/global-diaspora-forum-2012/2012/12/14在首次“全球散居论坛”(Global Diaspora Forum)上,美国国务卿克林顿·希拉里与美国国际开发署执行长官拉杰夫·沙罕博士出席了会议开幕式并分别发表主题为“海外散居与外交”、“美国国务院与散居社群建立新伙伴”关系的演讲,强调国际散居约合联盟的目的在在于促进美国散居团体与私人企业、非政府组织以及政府机构之间建立新型的合作伙伴关系,加强他们与祖籍国在经济、政治和文化多领域及国家、地方和个人多层次的联系,以此促进美国外交政策目标的实现。
(3)Jan M.Witte,and Wolfgang H.Reinncke.2005转引自Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(4)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(1)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/eligibility-criteria-adm-iii#show more content/2015/08/31
(2)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/general-restrictions-and-prohibitions/2015/08/31非洲散居市场限制与禁止条例规定(ADM General Restrictions and Prohibitions):1、以下商品或服务不能获得非洲散居市场资助:军用设备、监控设备、支持警察或其他执法活动的商品和服务、堕胎设备和服务、奢侈品和赌博设备、人工影响天气设备和杀虫剂。2、下列货物和服务的采购需要详细的理由、法律依据和成本信息且只有通过ADM批准才能采购:农产品、汽车、医药、二手设备、美国政府拥有的闲置设备、肥料等。3、不能与美国政府列举恐怖主义名单内的恐怖主义组织进行交易、提供商品、资源和服务。4、ADM所有活动必须依照美国法律、规定和政策,包括美国财政部外国资产控制办公室的规定。5、不能对对国会人员进行游说等影响活动。6、不能涉及资金转移等活动。7、ADM资助经费不允许被用来转移美国企业或减少美国就业率的外包或相关工作。8、开展以下活动将需要额外的审查,以确保他们不促使美国企业迁移:通过技术援助与美国企业建立合作关系;建立投资机构;在撒哈拉以南非洲东道国举行投资研讨会、贸易展览会、进行融资活动、展览、涉及到出口加工区的活动、股权基金投资、目标涉及撒哈拉以南非洲东道国促进投资活动、在美国的媒体宣传活动、派投资促进团到美国等。9、此外,不得违反劳工权利、环境条例等规定。
(3)http://www.diasporaalliance.org/african-diaspora-marketplace/2015/08/30
(4)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/adm-iii-evaluation-process-and-criteria-and-post-award-activities#show more content/2015/08/30
(5)相关分析可参见Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(1)Young,O.R.The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes:Casual Connections and Behavioural Mechanisms.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1997.p.3.
(2)Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(3)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.111.
(4)Homkes Rebecca,Analysing the role of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance:Institutional Dynamics,Variation and Effect,the doctoral paper of The London School of Economics and Political Science,2011,p.88.
(5)Ibid.,p.104.
(6)http://www.diasporaalliance.org/global-diaspora-week/2015/08/31
(7)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.112.
(8)http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224308.pdf/2015/08/31
(9)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/achievements/202394.htm/2015/08/31
(10)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/achievements/202394.htm/2015/08/31
11Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland,Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development-A handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries,Publisher:International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute,2012p.44.
(1)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.112.
(2)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(3)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/updates/african-diaspora-marketplace-has-supported-sme-development-thro ughout-africa/2015/08/31
(4)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(5)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(6)http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/03/238689.htm/2015/09/10
(1)参见王逸舟:《创造性介入:中国外交新取向》,北京大学出版社2011年版。
(2)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/tunisia/releases/179784.htm/2015/10/10.美国国务院助理国务卿迈克尔·罕美尔(Michael Hammer)、国务院全球伙伴关系倡议特别代表克丽斯·巴尔德森(Kris Balderson)、美国国务次卿汤姆·里德(Tom Nides)、美国海外私人投资公司(overseas private investment corporation)CEO伊利莎白·利特菲尔德(Elizabeth Littlefield)、突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamedselah Tekaya)、突尼斯外国投资部部长努尔丁·齐克里(Nourredine Zekri)及散居社群相关代表如突尼斯美国青年专业协会(美国最有影响力突尼斯散居社群)主席穆罕默德·马卢赫(Mohamed Maluche)及其它相关媒体与企业负责人出席了在美国乔治·马歇尔中心举行的突尼斯伙伴关系论坛,以促进美国国务院、美国企业、美国突尼散居社群与突尼斯国内社会力量建立跨国公私伙伴关系机制以推动突尼斯革命后的经济复苏、社会稳定、民主选举与宪法制定等。突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamed selah Tekaya)、突尼斯外国投资部部长努尔丁·齐克里(Nourredine Zekri)指出由于受社会不稳定等因素的影响,许多外国投资者在突尼斯撤资,但突尼斯散居在革命后(突尼斯茉莉花革命激发美国突尼斯散居的身份意识与爱国热情)主动参与突尼斯的经济投资与社会发展,积极帮助突尼斯企业与美国企业之间建立联系。突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamed selah Tekaya)突尼斯革命后,突尼斯与美国关系得以重建,散居参与突尼斯与美国经济、政治、社会和文化交流的积极性进一步得以释放,将在双边关系建设过程中发挥更加重要作用。
(3)Paul Sharp,Diplomacy in International Relations Theory and Other Disciplinary Perspectives,in n Kerr,Pauline and Wiseman,Geoffrey,Diplomacy in a Globalizing World:Theories and Practices,New York,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013.p.52.
(2)Joaquin Jay Gonzales III,Diaspora Diplomacy:Philippine Migration and Its Soft Power Influences,Mill City Press,Incorporated,2011.p.4.
(3)Joaquin Jay Gonzales III,Diaspora Diplomacy:Philippine Migration and Its Soft Power Influences,Mill City Press,Incorporated,2011,pp.14-20.
(4)Kishan S.Rana,“India’s Diaspora Diplomacy,”The Hague Journal of Diplomacy,Vol.4,2009,pp.361-372.
(5)Makumi Mwagiru,“The African Union’s Diplomacy of the Diaspora:Context,Changllenges and Prospects,”African Journal on Conflict Resolution,Vol.12,No.2,2012,pp.73-85.
(1)Michael Bulwaka,“Diaspora Diplomacy:A Case Study of Uganda,”A dissertation presented to the Faculty of Arts in the University of Malta for the degree of Master in Contemporary Diplomacy,July 2009;pp.65-70.
(2)代表性作品如下:金正昆、臧红岩:《当代中国侨务公共外交探析》,《广西社会科学》2012年第5期;潮龙起:《侨务公共外交:内涵界定与特点辨析》,《东南亚研究》2013年第3期;赵可金,刘思如:《中国侨务公共外交的兴起》,《东北亚论坛》2013年第5期;隆德新,林逢春:《侨务公共外交:理论内核、本体特征与效用函数》,《东南亚研究》2013第5期;孙霞:《中国海外利益的政治风险与侨务公共外交》《华侨华人历史研究》,2012年第2期;陈奕平:《华侨华人与中国软实力:作用、机制与政策思路》,《华侨华人历史研究》2010年第2期;陈遥:《东南亚的软实力与华侨华人的作用--国际关系学和华侨华人学整合的视角》,《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010年第2期;许梅:《东南亚华人在中国软实力提升中的推动作用与制约因素》,《东南亚研究》2010年第6期;丁盛教授撰文强调全球信息化时代的先进媒介为“数字华人”(善用网络工具的华人精英)在支持崛起中国外交与形象的功能作用和存在问题。Ding Sheng,“Digital Diaspora and National Image Building:A New Perspective on Chinese Diaspora Study in the Age of China’s rise,”Pacific Affairs,Volume 80,No.4-Winter 2007-2008.pp.627-648.
(1)Fiona B.Adamson,“Remapping the Boundaries of‘State’and‘National Identity’:Incorporating Diasporas into IR Theorizing,”European Journal of International Relations,2007;Vol.13(4);pp.489-526.
(2)美国国务卿全球伙伴关系办公室的官网:http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/2011/2012/12/10
(3)Peter Carroll,Peter Steane,Public-Private Partnerships:Sectoral Perspectives,In Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and Newyork:Routledeg,2000.p.38.
(1)Ian Broadwater,Inge Kaul.Global public-private partnerships:The Current Landscape(Study Outline).AUNDP/ODS Background Paper.New York:UNDP.2005.
(2)具体参见Inge Kaul,Exploring the Policy Space Between Markets and States:Global Public-Private Partnerships,in The New Public Finance:Responding to Global Challenges,Edited by Inge Kaul,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,p.21.Tanja A,B?rzel,What's So Special About Policy Networks?-An Exploration of the Concept and Its Usefulness in Studying European Governance,European Intergration Online Papers,1997,016,p.5.;Wolfgang H.Reinick,The other World Wide Web:Global Public Policy Networks,Foreign Policy,No.117(Winter,1999-2000),pp.44-57;Wolfgang H.Reinicke,and Francis Deng,Critical Choices:The United Nations Networks,and the Future of Global Governance.Ottawa:International Development Research Centre.2000;Liliana B.,“Globalization,Agency,and Institutional Innovation:The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance,”Goldfarb Center Working Paper No.2006-004,March 2006.p.1-59;Ronald W.Mc Quaid,The Theory of Partnership:Why have Partnership?In Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and Newyork:Routledeg,2000.p.15.Wolfgang H.Reinicke,The other World Wide Web:Global Public Policy Networks,Foreign Policy,No.117(Winter,1999-2000),pp.44-57.David Lewis,Building’active’Partnerships in aid-recipient countries:Lessons from a rural development project in Bangladesh,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and Newyork:Routledeg,2000.p.254.
(3)相互性主要指各个参与者之间的相互依赖,行为体彼此赋予相应的权利与责任,这些权利与责任是为了实现各方最大化利益,但同时又需要兼顾各方目标基础上形成共同目标,因此,在伙伴关系背景下,相互性还需要增加一个“价值平衡”原则,即各个行为体的受益需大体相等,伙伴关系才能持久。在现实操作过程中,相互性意味着决策过程中的平等地位,而不是一方支配着决策过程,各参与者都有机会影响共同目标、决策过程、政策结果与评价标准。组织身份这里不是指组织体系、过程和战略,而是指组织的核心价值和核心支持者。因此,保持组织身份一方面是组织的自身目标、核心价值及支持者的支持程度。从制度视角来看,组织身份主要是指组织特性与或组织类型带来的相对优势与特殊能力。比如政府可以为伙伴关系提供法律和制度性框架,非营利组织在社会动员方面发挥重要作用,私人部门的技术和知识等方面的优势。组织身份及其带来的独特优势是伙伴关系发起的最大推动力,组织身份及独特优势的丧失不仅会影响组织的合法性,而且会导致组织间关系的裂变。同时,相互性与组织身份也是相互影响的,每个行为体相对于另一个行为体的附加价值都根源于其组织任务,另一方面相互性也能影响组织身份,相互依赖性意味着平等的参与机会与公平的决策方式,而这正是参与者保护自身身份和利益的最重要手段。参见Jennifer.M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22.pp 19-30
(1)Ibid.,pp 19-30
(2)Alejandro Ports,“Conclusion:Towards a New World-the Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities,”Ethnic and Racial Studies,Vol.22,No.2,1999,pp.463-477.
(1)这一数据源于国务卿克里2015全球散居周主题演讲与美国人口普查局。http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30;http://www.census.gov/popclock/?intcmp=home_pop/2015/10/30
(2)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(3)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(4)Erik-Hans Klijin and Geert R.Teisman,Governing Public-Private Partnerships,Analysing and Managing the Processes and Institutional Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.90.
(5)Brian Jacobs,Partnerships in Pittsburgh:The Evaluation of Complex Local Initiatives,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.223.
(6)Anne-Marie Slaughte,“America's Edge:Power in the Networked Century,”Foreign Affairs,Dec2008,Vol.30Issue 12,p.8.http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63722/anne-marie-slaughter/americas-edge/2013/12/21
(7)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(1)http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/10/248072.htm/2015/10/30
(2)Kathleen Mc Laughlin and Stephen P.Osborne,Conclusions:A one-way Street or two-way traffic?Can public-private partnerships impact on the policy-making process?in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.332.
(3)Gavin Drewry,Public-private partnerships:Rethinking the boundary between public and private law,In Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.57.
(4)Klijn,Erik hans,“Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks,A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems,”Administration&Society,1996,pp.90-119.
(5)Idbd.,pp.90-119.
(6)Kickert,W.J.M,and Koppenjan,J.F.M,Public Management and Network Management;An Overview,in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.44.
(7)Idbd.,p.45.
(8)Hanf.K.I and Scharpf,F.W.Interorganizational policy studies:Limits to Coordination and Central Control,London:Sage,1978,p.12.
(1)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006,pp.142-160.
(2)Idbd.,pp.142-160.
(3)Colin Hay and David Richards,“The Tangled Webs of Westminster and Whitehall:The Discourse,Strategy and Practice of Networking Within the British Core Executive,”Public Administration,Volume 78,Issue 1,Spring2000.转引自刘海燕:《政策网络与政策产出:以中国控烟政策网络为例》,北京:中国财政经济出版社2014年版,第44页。
(4)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(5)Colin Hay and David Richards,“The Tangled Webs of Westminster and Whitehall:The Discourse,Strategy and Practice of Networking Within the British Core Executive,”Public Administration,Spring 2000,Vol78,Issue1,pp.1-28.
(6)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(7)Idbd.,pp.142-160.
(8)Erik-Hans Klijin and Geert R.Teisman,Governing Public-Private Partnerships,Analysing and Managing the Processes and Institutional Characteristics of Public-Private Partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000,p.96.
(9)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(1)Marianne Beisheim,Andrea Liese,eds.,Transnational Partnerships:Effectively Providing for Sustainable Development?New York:Palgrave Macmilla,2014,pp.3-45.
(2)参见郦莉:《全球气候治理中的公私合作关系》,北京:时事出版社2013年版,第168。
(3)[英]迈克尔·博兰尼:《自由的逻辑》(冯银江、李雪茹译),长春:吉林人民出版社2002年版,第168-170页。
(4)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(5)Tanja A.B?rzel,“Organizing Babylon:on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks,”Public Administration,1998,Summer,Vol 76,pp.253-273.
(6)宋波,徐飞著:《公私合作制(PPP)研究:基于基础设施项目建设运营过程》,上海:上海交通大学出版社2011年版,第61页。
(7)同上,第62页。
(1)David Lewis,Building‘active’Partnerships in aid-recipient countries:Lessons from a rural development project in Bangladesh,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.254.John Hailey,NGO partners:the Characteristics of effective development partnerships,in Public-Private Partnerships:Theory and Practice in international Perspective,Edited by Stephen P.Osborne,London and New York:Routledge,2000.p.315.Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(2)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Government-Nonprofit Partnership:A Defining Framework,”Public Administration and Develoment,2002,Vol 22,pp.19-30.
(3)Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,“Institutional Design:Changing institutional features of networks,”Public Management Review,Vol.8 Issue 1 2006 pp.142-160.
(4)Tanja A.B?rzel,“Organizing Babylon:on the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks,”Public Administration,1998,Summer,Vol 76,pp.253-273.
(5)王鸣鸣:《外交决策研究中的理性选择模式》,《世界经济与政治》,2003年第11期。
(1)Kickert,W.J.M,Klijn,E.H and Koppenjan,J.F.M,Introduction:A Management Perspective on Policy Networks,in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.8.
(2)克利金和特斯曼认为评价公私伙伙伴关系或政府网络这种复杂决策的标准不再能简单归结为公共利益,而应归结为公共利益与私人利益结合一起的联合利益。具体参见Klijn.E.H and Teisman,G.R.Strategies and Games in Networks,in in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,p.113.
(3)http:diasporaalliance.org/about-us/#diaspora/2014/02/08
(4)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(5)Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,Digital Diasporas:Identity and Transnational engagement.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.2009.
(6)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias,ed.Closing the Distance:How Governments Strengthen Ties with Theirs Diasporas.Washinton,DC:Migration Policy Institute,2009.p.23.
(7)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(8)具体参见Inge Kaul,Exploring the Policy Space Between Markets and States:Global Public-Private Partnerships,in The New Public Finance:Responding to Global Challenges,Edited by Inge Kaul,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,p.21.Wolfgang H.Reinicke and Francis Deng,Critical Choices:The United Nations Networks,and the Future of Global Governance.Ottawa:International Development Research Centre.2000;Liliana B.,Globalization,Agency,and Institutional Innovation:The Rise of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance,Goldfarb Center Working Paper No.2006-004,March 2006,pp.1-59;Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,Partnerships as a Social Network Mediator for Resolving Global Conflict:The Case of the World Commission on Dams.International Journal of Public Administration,2002,pp.1281-1310.
(1)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias,ed.Closing the Distance:How Governments Strengthen Ties with Theirs Diasporas.Washinton,DC:Migration Policy Institute,2009,p.20.
(2)http://diasporaalliance.org/about-us/#diaspora/2014/11/02
(3)http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224308.pdf/2013/11/10
(4)参见2015年全球散居周克国务卿约翰·福布斯·克里(John Forbes Kerry)致词http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/reports/2015/238828.htm/2015/08/31
(5)Hillary Clinton’s Remarks at the Inaugural Diaspora Forum http://diasporaalliance.org/hillary-clintons-remarks-at-the-inaugural-diaspora-forum/由美国国务院直接管辖的全球伙伴关系计划(S/GPI)成立于2009年,旨在通过建立伙伴关系,运用创造性的措施,开发伙伴资源,加强和深化美国与世界各地的外交关系。S/GPI秘书处是美国国务院与公共机构、私营部门、和民间团体之间合作的切入点。而Id EA正是GPI的最重要伙伴之一,GPI更是直接主办第一次GDF。http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/2011
(1)Liliana B.Andonova,“Public-Private Partnerships for the Earth:Politics and Patterns of Hybrid Authority in the Multilateral System,”Global Environmental Politics,2010.Vol 10,No.2.pp.25-53.
(2)关于约合过程分析受到克利金与特斯曼关于社会知识与社会学习在复杂决策过程中作用分析的启发。具体参见Klijn.E.H and Teisman,G.R.Strategies and Games in Networks,in in Walter J.M.Kickert,Erik-Hans Klijn and Joop F.M.Koppenjan,Managing Complex Networks:Strategies for the Public Sector,Edited by London:SAGE Publications Ltd,1997,pp.106-116.
(1)国际散居约合联盟由多元性的行为体、制度安排、相互依赖性和行为体之间关系构成。其制度安排与行为体关系前面已有论述,这里不再赘述。
(2)Erik hans Klijn,“Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks,A Theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and Its Problems,”Administration&Society,1996,pp.90-119.
(1)经济社会学家马克·格兰诺维特(Mark Granovetter)弱联结为那些活跃于彼此不同的社会圈、互动频率低的弱联结反而能提供新的不同的有价值信息。通过弱联结,网络将迥然不同且无联系的群体的紧张状态与差异取得效用最大化。弱联结较之于强联结有更好的信息传播效果,因此,两个不同且联系较少的团体之间的“桥”必然是弱联结。罗家德著:《社会网分析讲义》,北京:社会科学文献出版社2010年,第62页。由于跨越不同团体的桥的存在,当信息传递是透过弱联结而非强联结时,这意味着不管什么样的传播都能触及更多的人,以及穿更大的社会距离。而强联结连接的都是共同的朋友,信息往往被限制在少数人的小团体之中。马克·格兰诺维特,《弱联结的优势》,载《镶嵌:社会网与经济行动》(罗家德译),北京:社会科学文献出版社,第75页。强联结连接的都是共同的朋友,信息往往被限制在少数人的小团体之中。
(1)负责公共外交的国务次卿索南夏恩(Tara Sonenshine)认为由于散居通晓祖籍国与居住国文化、具有参与祖籍国事务的动机、特殊的技巧及影响力,因此,他们就像美国公共外交得力助手“和平队”(Peace Corps)一样极其有力量。www.diasporaidea.org/2013/6/5 Peace Corps。索南夏恩在2012年全球散居论坛发言中指出:“当一个社团的人们帮助另一个国家社团的人们,这意味着两个国家建立了联系,这就是我们所说的公共外交。”“当你考虑到在美国有超过六千二百万的第一或第二代成员散居,你就会发现散居处在公共外交的中心位置,所以我们的任务是使用创新的方法,并同时加强现有的方式,来支持建立不同国家之间的人与人的关系。”Tara Sonenshine,Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs at the U.S.Department of State,highlights the enormous potential for diaspora communities to engage in public diplomacy.http://diasporaalliance.org/tara-sonenshines-remarks-at-the-2012-global-diaspora-forum/2012/08/11Tara Sonenshine,Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs at the U.S.Department of State,highlights the enormous potential for diaspora communities to engage in public diplomacy.http://diasporaalliance.org/tara-sonenshines-remarks-at-the-2012-global-diaspora-forum/2012/08/11
(2)Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland,Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development-A handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries,Publisher:International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute,2012,pp.34-35.
(1)周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社2002年,第177页
(2)Fowler,A.“Authentic NGO Partnerships in the New Policy Agenda for International Aid,”Development and Change,Vol 1,No 29.pp.137-159.
(3)参见戴晶斌编著:《现代城市公私伙伴关系概论》,上海:上海交通大学出版社2008年版,第17页
(4)Robert D.Putnam,“Bowling Alone:America’s Declining Social Capital,”Journal of Democracy,199pp.63-68.
(5)周红云:《社会资本布迪厄、科尔曼和帕特南的比较》,《经济社会体制比较》2003年第4期。
(6)Kingsley Aikins,Nicola White,Global Diaspra Strategies Toolkit:Harnessing the Power of Global diasporas,2011,Dublin:Gateway House,p59.
(7)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/reports/2015/238828.htm/2015/08/31
(1)http://diasporaalliance.org/about-us/2015/08/01
(2)http://diasporaalliance.org/global-diaspora-forum-2012/2012/12/14在首次“全球散居论坛”(Global Diaspora Forum)上,美国国务卿克林顿·希拉里与美国国际开发署执行长官拉杰夫·沙罕博士出席了会议开幕式并分别发表主题为“海外散居与外交”、“美国国务院与散居社群建立新伙伴”关系的演讲,强调国际散居约合联盟的目的在在于促进美国散居团体与私人企业、非政府组织以及政府机构之间建立新型的合作伙伴关系,加强他们与祖籍国在经济、政治和文化多领域及国家、地方和个人多层次的联系,以此促进美国外交政策目标的实现。
(3)Jan M.Witte,and Wolfgang H.Reinncke.2005转引自Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(4)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(1)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/eligibility-criteria-adm-iii#show more content/2015/08/31
(2)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/general-restrictions-and-prohibitions/2015/08/31非洲散居市场限制与禁止条例规定(ADM General Restrictions and Prohibitions):1、以下商品或服务不能获得非洲散居市场资助:军用设备、监控设备、支持警察或其他执法活动的商品和服务、堕胎设备和服务、奢侈品和赌博设备、人工影响天气设备和杀虫剂。2、下列货物和服务的采购需要详细的理由、法律依据和成本信息且只有通过ADM批准才能采购:农产品、汽车、医药、二手设备、美国政府拥有的闲置设备、肥料等。3、不能与美国政府列举恐怖主义名单内的恐怖主义组织进行交易、提供商品、资源和服务。4、ADM所有活动必须依照美国法律、规定和政策,包括美国财政部外国资产控制办公室的规定。5、不能对对国会人员进行游说等影响活动。6、不能涉及资金转移等活动。7、ADM资助经费不允许被用来转移美国企业或减少美国就业率的外包或相关工作。8、开展以下活动将需要额外的审查,以确保他们不促使美国企业迁移:通过技术援助与美国企业建立合作关系;建立投资机构;在撒哈拉以南非洲东道国举行投资研讨会、贸易展览会、进行融资活动、展览、涉及到出口加工区的活动、股权基金投资、目标涉及撒哈拉以南非洲东道国促进投资活动、在美国的媒体宣传活动、派投资促进团到美国等。9、此外,不得违反劳工权利、环境条例等规定。
(3)http://www.diasporaalliance.org/african-diaspora-marketplace/2015/08/30
(4)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/adm-iii-evaluation-process-and-criteria-and-post-award-activities#show more content/2015/08/30
(5)相关分析可参见Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(1)Young,O.R.The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes:Casual Connections and Behavioural Mechanisms.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1997.p.3.
(2)Marco Schaferhoff,Sabine Campe,and Christopher Kaan,“Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations:Making Sense of Concepts,Research Frameworks,and Results,”International Studies Review,Vol.11,2009.pp.451-474
(3)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.111.
(4)Homkes Rebecca,Analysing the role of Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance:Institutional Dynamics,Variation and Effect,the doctoral paper of The London School of Economics and Political Science,2011,p.88.
(5)Ibid.,p.104.
(6)http://www.diasporaalliance.org/global-diaspora-week/2015/08/31
(7)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.112.
(8)http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224308.pdf/2015/08/31
(9)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/achievements/202394.htm/2015/08/31
(10)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/achievements/202394.htm/2015/08/31
11Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland,Developing a Road Map for Engaging Diasporas in Development-A handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners in Home and Host Countries,Publisher:International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute,2012p.44.
(1)Young,Oranr,Governance in World Affairs.Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999,p.112.
(2)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(3)http://www.diasporamarketplace.org/updates/african-diaspora-marketplace-has-supported-sme-development-thro ughout-africa/2015/08/31
(4)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/releases/fs/2014/231226.htm/2015/08/30
(5)Derick W.Brinkerhoff,Jennifer M.Brinkerhoff,“Public-Private Partnerships:Perspectives on Purposes,Publicness and Good Governance,”Public Administration and Development,2011,Vol 31,pp.2-14.
(6)http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/03/238689.htm/2015/09/10
(1)参见王逸舟:《创造性介入:中国外交新取向》,北京大学出版社2011年版。
(2)http://www.state.gov/s/partnerships/tunisia/releases/179784.htm/2015/10/10.美国国务院助理国务卿迈克尔·罕美尔(Michael Hammer)、国务院全球伙伴关系倡议特别代表克丽斯·巴尔德森(Kris Balderson)、美国国务次卿汤姆·里德(Tom Nides)、美国海外私人投资公司(overseas private investment corporation)CEO伊利莎白·利特菲尔德(Elizabeth Littlefield)、突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamedselah Tekaya)、突尼斯外国投资部部长努尔丁·齐克里(Nourredine Zekri)及散居社群相关代表如突尼斯美国青年专业协会(美国最有影响力突尼斯散居社群)主席穆罕默德·马卢赫(Mohamed Maluche)及其它相关媒体与企业负责人出席了在美国乔治·马歇尔中心举行的突尼斯伙伴关系论坛,以促进美国国务院、美国企业、美国突尼散居社群与突尼斯国内社会力量建立跨国公私伙伴关系机制以推动突尼斯革命后的经济复苏、社会稳定、民主选举与宪法制定等。突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamed selah Tekaya)、突尼斯外国投资部部长努尔丁·齐克里(Nourredine Zekri)指出由于受社会不稳定等因素的影响,许多外国投资者在突尼斯撤资,但突尼斯散居在革命后(突尼斯茉莉花革命激发美国突尼斯散居的身份意识与爱国热情)主动参与突尼斯的经济投资与社会发展,积极帮助突尼斯企业与美国企业之间建立联系。突尼斯美国大使穆罕默德·西拉·特卡亚(Mohamed selah Tekaya)突尼斯革命后,突尼斯与美国关系得以重建,散居参与突尼斯与美国经济、政治、社会和文化交流的积极性进一步得以释放,将在双边关系建设过程中发挥更加重要作用。
(3)Paul Sharp,Diplomacy in International Relations Theory and Other Disciplinary Perspectives,in n Kerr,Pauline and Wiseman,Geoffrey,Diplomacy in a Globalizing World:Theories and Practices,New York,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013.p.52.