传统儒家的压力应对观及其当下意义
摘要
在健康心理学领域中,压力与应对一直是重要的研究课题。随着社会竞争的加剧和社会利益的多元化,人们的心理压力感不断增强,由此引起的心理问题如得不到及时解决将会严重影响人们的身心健康。目前严峻的形势需要有效的应对压力方法来解决实际问题,为此学者们开辟两条道路：一条是以客位研究视角分析中国人的应对；另一条是使用主位研究方式,从中国传统文化出发,构造适合本土文化的研究基础。客位研究体现的是西方文化的价值观,其成果不能充分描述对中国人应对产生影响的文化特质。所以,研究适合中国人的应对方式就必须要从本国文化入手。而中国文化的主流是儒家文化,因此探索儒家应对方法是缓解中国人压力的有效途径之一。
分析儒家的应对观,就必须先了解作为应对的文化环境和个人特质--儒家文化的基本理念。作为应对文化环境的儒家基本理念主要有以下几项：天人合一的整体观、中庸的和谐观、身心合一的身体观和以养心为主的养生观。在这些基本理念的基础上,儒家文化塑造了鲜明的个人特质,表现在个人发展的内在超越性、自我建构的关系主义取向、应对主体的道德性以及应对主体建构的生活化。儒家文化的基本理念与所塑造的特质必然会影响应对观,形成儒家特色的应对方式。
传统儒家文化中包含着丰富的应对思想,主要有压力的来源、应对压力的资源和具体的应对方法这三个方面。儒家认为压力主要来源于个人道德的欠缺,如个人的心性修养不足、人伦动摇、个人的责任意识而产生的压力。面对这些压力,儒家把理想人格作为应对压力的基础,只要拥有最高的道德修养达到理想人格的境界,就能达到“仁者不忧、智者不惑、勇者不惧”的状态。在面对具体的挫折困难时,传统儒家也给出了详细的应对方法。儒家面对挫折和困苦的态度是坦然的,艰难困苦是成长必须经历的。所以,在挫折来临之时,个人要泰然处之,认识到挫折的积极面。当压力与困境超出个人能力时,仅凭个人的信念不能解决问题。基于此,儒家引入命的概念来缓解个人面临重大压力时的挫折感。此外,儒家还从个人的内在日常修养和外在行为这两方面来应对压力。内在的道德修养是由一系列具体方式---修身组成的,从现代心理学意义上看,修身就是自我控制,通过调整个人的言行举止以防止其再次进入同样的压力情境。而外在的应对行为则是个人内在修养的体现,通过学习和实践圣人之学,提升自己的认识和能力以便更好的应对压力。
传统儒家应对结果并没有局限在消除压力事件或情境,而是扩展到个人状态及个人与他人、自然的关系上。在个人层面,儒家应对结果强调个人身心性是和谐统一的整体。在人际关系与天人关系方面,强调入和、天人合一。传统儒家应对结果并不如西方应对观一般追求消除压力、关注个人的身体健康,而是强调在应对压力后个人的成长。个人的成长是健康身体基础上的身心性的统一,不仅如此,还要与他人、自然和谐相处。儒家的应对结果不止停留在个人层面的健康,还注重万事万物的和谐。
通过梳理儒家应对观的内容,其特点和实质就显而易见了。儒家应对观有四个突出的特点：应对方式的精神性与非精神性统一、应对主体的自我超越性、应对因素的道德性、应对目标的预防性。儒家应对在本质上就是充实、完善个人的日常生活,拥有积极的、能够获取人生真谛的生活方式就能够达致崇高的人生境界、就可以坦然地接受人生的压力与困境。建立一套抵御压力的生活方式并不意味着在现实中就没有烦恼、没有压力,而是通过这样一套生活方式能够不断的体悟人生的完美与意义,遇到任何痛苦、困境都能够泰然处之,正确的看待和应对压力。
最后,儒家应对观随着儒家思想内化进国人的深层思想观念,也影响着国人应对压力的认知和行为。通过梳理当今中国人应对的具体行为和特点,从而发现传统儒家应对观对当今国人应对方式的影响。儒家文化不仅塑造心理健康主体的人格特征,还影响心理健康主体的心理和行为,所以中国人的应对观体现着儒家智慧。儒家应对观中的自我控制,强调生命意义、压力认知与转化已然为国人提高心理健康水平发挥着巨大作用。
Chinese people have been richer and richer since the reform and opening. However, with the intensification of social competition and the diversification of social interests the rich material life has also brought some people psychological crisis, which will make a serious impact on their physical and mental health unless it can be solved timely. Stress and coping has always been the major research topic in the field of health psychology. There are two ways provided by scholars to cope with stresses effectively:one is to analyze the Chinese coping ways from the perspective of objective research, the other is to structure the research basis suitable to native culture in accordance with Chinese traditional culture from the perspective of subjective research. Objective research, reflecting the values of western culture, has not been the best way to be used to fully describe the cultural traits that have influence on Chinese coping ways to stresses. It is necessary to discuss the Chinese coping views on the basis of Chinese native culture. Confucian culture has been the Chinese dominant culture, so it should be an effective way to explore Confucian coping ways to stresses.
To analyze Confucian coping views it should be put the first place to realize Confucian culture traits and such basic ideas as the overall concept of nature and humanity, the harmonious viewpoint of the doctrine of the mean, the body view of the unity of body and mind, the concept of preserving one's health given priority to yangxin. Confucian culture traits, including its internal transcendence, self-construction relationship orientation, the subjectivity of the moral, life-centered view, etc, have been shown on the basis of these basic ideas relating to coping views. Confucian culture traits and its basic ideas will be helpful to the shape of Confucian coping ways.
Traditional confucian culture contains abundant thoughtsabout the source of the pressure, the resources of coping and the concrete method for coping. Pressure mainly comes from the lack of personal morality, such as lack of personal character accomplishment, ethics shake and pressure from personal responsibility. The ideal personality is the basis of dealing with pressure. Facing of specific setbacks, Confucian also gives a detailed response to the traditional approach. Confucianism s attitude to setbacks is calm, growth must go through hardships. When the stress and difficulties beyond personal capacity, it doesn't solve the problem with personal belief. Based on this, Confucianism introduces the concept of "ming" to alleviate the pressure when the individual faces a major frustration. In addition, Confucianism copes with stress from the individual's inner daily training and external behavior of these two aspects.
There are three standards for traditional Confucian to evaluate the coping ways: Firstly, the harmony and unity of individual physical and mental state; secondly, the balance between individual and others; finally, the balance between individual and nature. Unlike western coping view, which is aiming at taking off pressure, and achieving personal physical health, traditional Confucian emphasizes on the personal growth after coping with pressure. Personal growth means the unity of body and mind basing on physical health and the harmony between nature and other people. The Confucian coping ways not only pays attention to personal health, but also the harmony of everything.
The features of traditional Confucian coping ways can be concluded by descriptions and classifications above. There are four outstanding features of traditional Confucian coping ways:the unity of spiritual and non-spiritual coping mode; coping result emphasizing on the subject of self-transcendence; the morality of coping factors; the preventability of actual coping results. The essence of Confucian coping ways lies in enriching and improving daily lives of individuals. If you have a positive lifestyle and are capable of finding the true meaning of life, you can achieve the lofty realm of life and frankly face the pressure and dilemma. Establish a pressure-resistance lifestyle does not mean that there is no trouble or pressure, but by such a lifestyle, you can find the beauty and meaning of life; you can take any pain and frustration calmly, and have a correct view of pressure.
Finally, the concept of Confucian coping ways internalizes into the deep conception of Chinese people and affects their cognition and behavior to cope with stress. By description and classification of Chinese people's concrete behaviors and characteristics about stress, we can find the impact of Confucian coping ways on Chinese people's coping style. Confucianism not only shapes the personality traits of mental health subject, but also affects the subject's psychology status and behavior. Chinese people's coping style is a reflection of Confucian wisdom. The concepts like self-control, meaning of life, cognition and transformation of stress have a significant impact on improving mental health of Chinese people.
分析儒家的应对观,就必须先了解作为应对的文化环境和个人特质--儒家文化的基本理念。作为应对文化环境的儒家基本理念主要有以下几项：天人合一的整体观、中庸的和谐观、身心合一的身体观和以养心为主的养生观。在这些基本理念的基础上,儒家文化塑造了鲜明的个人特质,表现在个人发展的内在超越性、自我建构的关系主义取向、应对主体的道德性以及应对主体建构的生活化。儒家文化的基本理念与所塑造的特质必然会影响应对观,形成儒家特色的应对方式。
传统儒家文化中包含着丰富的应对思想,主要有压力的来源、应对压力的资源和具体的应对方法这三个方面。儒家认为压力主要来源于个人道德的欠缺,如个人的心性修养不足、人伦动摇、个人的责任意识而产生的压力。面对这些压力,儒家把理想人格作为应对压力的基础,只要拥有最高的道德修养达到理想人格的境界,就能达到“仁者不忧、智者不惑、勇者不惧”的状态。在面对具体的挫折困难时,传统儒家也给出了详细的应对方法。儒家面对挫折和困苦的态度是坦然的,艰难困苦是成长必须经历的。所以,在挫折来临之时,个人要泰然处之,认识到挫折的积极面。当压力与困境超出个人能力时,仅凭个人的信念不能解决问题。基于此,儒家引入命的概念来缓解个人面临重大压力时的挫折感。此外,儒家还从个人的内在日常修养和外在行为这两方面来应对压力。内在的道德修养是由一系列具体方式---修身组成的,从现代心理学意义上看,修身就是自我控制,通过调整个人的言行举止以防止其再次进入同样的压力情境。而外在的应对行为则是个人内在修养的体现,通过学习和实践圣人之学,提升自己的认识和能力以便更好的应对压力。
传统儒家应对结果并没有局限在消除压力事件或情境,而是扩展到个人状态及个人与他人、自然的关系上。在个人层面,儒家应对结果强调个人身心性是和谐统一的整体。在人际关系与天人关系方面,强调入和、天人合一。传统儒家应对结果并不如西方应对观一般追求消除压力、关注个人的身体健康,而是强调在应对压力后个人的成长。个人的成长是健康身体基础上的身心性的统一,不仅如此,还要与他人、自然和谐相处。儒家的应对结果不止停留在个人层面的健康,还注重万事万物的和谐。
通过梳理儒家应对观的内容,其特点和实质就显而易见了。儒家应对观有四个突出的特点：应对方式的精神性与非精神性统一、应对主体的自我超越性、应对因素的道德性、应对目标的预防性。儒家应对在本质上就是充实、完善个人的日常生活,拥有积极的、能够获取人生真谛的生活方式就能够达致崇高的人生境界、就可以坦然地接受人生的压力与困境。建立一套抵御压力的生活方式并不意味着在现实中就没有烦恼、没有压力,而是通过这样一套生活方式能够不断的体悟人生的完美与意义,遇到任何痛苦、困境都能够泰然处之,正确的看待和应对压力。
最后,儒家应对观随着儒家思想内化进国人的深层思想观念,也影响着国人应对压力的认知和行为。通过梳理当今中国人应对的具体行为和特点,从而发现传统儒家应对观对当今国人应对方式的影响。儒家文化不仅塑造心理健康主体的人格特征,还影响心理健康主体的心理和行为,所以中国人的应对观体现着儒家智慧。儒家应对观中的自我控制,强调生命意义、压力认知与转化已然为国人提高心理健康水平发挥着巨大作用。
Chinese people have been richer and richer since the reform and opening. However, with the intensification of social competition and the diversification of social interests the rich material life has also brought some people psychological crisis, which will make a serious impact on their physical and mental health unless it can be solved timely. Stress and coping has always been the major research topic in the field of health psychology. There are two ways provided by scholars to cope with stresses effectively:one is to analyze the Chinese coping ways from the perspective of objective research, the other is to structure the research basis suitable to native culture in accordance with Chinese traditional culture from the perspective of subjective research. Objective research, reflecting the values of western culture, has not been the best way to be used to fully describe the cultural traits that have influence on Chinese coping ways to stresses. It is necessary to discuss the Chinese coping views on the basis of Chinese native culture. Confucian culture has been the Chinese dominant culture, so it should be an effective way to explore Confucian coping ways to stresses.
To analyze Confucian coping views it should be put the first place to realize Confucian culture traits and such basic ideas as the overall concept of nature and humanity, the harmonious viewpoint of the doctrine of the mean, the body view of the unity of body and mind, the concept of preserving one's health given priority to yangxin. Confucian culture traits, including its internal transcendence, self-construction relationship orientation, the subjectivity of the moral, life-centered view, etc, have been shown on the basis of these basic ideas relating to coping views. Confucian culture traits and its basic ideas will be helpful to the shape of Confucian coping ways.
Traditional confucian culture contains abundant thoughtsabout the source of the pressure, the resources of coping and the concrete method for coping. Pressure mainly comes from the lack of personal morality, such as lack of personal character accomplishment, ethics shake and pressure from personal responsibility. The ideal personality is the basis of dealing with pressure. Facing of specific setbacks, Confucian also gives a detailed response to the traditional approach. Confucianism s attitude to setbacks is calm, growth must go through hardships. When the stress and difficulties beyond personal capacity, it doesn't solve the problem with personal belief. Based on this, Confucianism introduces the concept of "ming" to alleviate the pressure when the individual faces a major frustration. In addition, Confucianism copes with stress from the individual's inner daily training and external behavior of these two aspects.
There are three standards for traditional Confucian to evaluate the coping ways: Firstly, the harmony and unity of individual physical and mental state; secondly, the balance between individual and others; finally, the balance between individual and nature. Unlike western coping view, which is aiming at taking off pressure, and achieving personal physical health, traditional Confucian emphasizes on the personal growth after coping with pressure. Personal growth means the unity of body and mind basing on physical health and the harmony between nature and other people. The Confucian coping ways not only pays attention to personal health, but also the harmony of everything.
The features of traditional Confucian coping ways can be concluded by descriptions and classifications above. There are four outstanding features of traditional Confucian coping ways:the unity of spiritual and non-spiritual coping mode; coping result emphasizing on the subject of self-transcendence; the morality of coping factors; the preventability of actual coping results. The essence of Confucian coping ways lies in enriching and improving daily lives of individuals. If you have a positive lifestyle and are capable of finding the true meaning of life, you can achieve the lofty realm of life and frankly face the pressure and dilemma. Establish a pressure-resistance lifestyle does not mean that there is no trouble or pressure, but by such a lifestyle, you can find the beauty and meaning of life; you can take any pain and frustration calmly, and have a correct view of pressure.
Finally, the concept of Confucian coping ways internalizes into the deep conception of Chinese people and affects their cognition and behavior to cope with stress. By description and classification of Chinese people's concrete behaviors and characteristics about stress, we can find the impact of Confucian coping ways on Chinese people's coping style. Confucianism not only shapes the personality traits of mental health subject, but also affects the subject's psychology status and behavior. Chinese people's coping style is a reflection of Confucian wisdom. The concepts like self-control, meaning of life, cognition and transformation of stress have a significant impact on improving mental health of Chinese people.
引文
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