基于Skyline的三维GIS开发关键技术研究
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摘要
与二维GIS相比,三维GIS具有对空间信息的直观可视化表达、可进行多维度上的空间分析等优势,这使得三维GIS成为信息化建设的重要组成部分,是目前GIS研究和发展的主要方向。
Skyline公司以新的视角提出三维GIS的解决方案,使用户能创建自定义的三维可视化场景,进行浏览、查询和分析,通过三维交互的方式展示大量的空间地理数据,并在此基础上实现与业务的轻松整合,使其行业应用日益广泛。然而随着应用的深入,基于Skyline的三维GIS在三维海量数据传输中的负担、三维模型数据不够优化、三维GIS在决策支持层面上功能较薄弱等问题也日渐凸显。
本文在总结了国内外三维GIS技术研究进展,分析国内外基于Skyline的三维GIS开发现状的基础上,研究基于Skyline的三维GIS开发中的关键技术,包括三维场景的构建与优化、数据加载与图层渲染以及协同技术。
三维场景中三维地形数据集和三维模型等结构复杂,纹理丰富,形成海量级数据,给三维场景的传输、加载与显示增加了难度。本文在实验研究的基础上,对三维地形数据的发布方式进行优化,同时简化三维模型结构,合理组织应用三维模型数据,提高三维场景显示效率。
Skyline平台兼容多种数据类型,对数据的支持性较好,并且具有能对空间对象采用多维度方式表达、渲染效果好的优势,但与二维GIS平台相比,它的图层渲染功能分散,这对功能的使用产生了一定的影响,不利于Skyline平台优势的发挥。本文在精通Skyline软件使用的基础上,总结利用Skyline平台进行图层渲染的方法,通过二次开发进行图层渲染功能的设计与实现。
目前,三维GIS中的协同操作应用研究还未深入,本文针对Skyline平台支持协同会商的一大特色,在分析协同技术发展与研究现状的基础上,深入研究协同技术在提供决策支持方面的应用模式,借助Skyline提供的协同工具(Collaboration)实现协同控制。
最后结合实际构建崇明岛生态建设三维GIS平台,应用上述关键技术开发热点导航与信息查询模块、图层管理与渲染模块和协同控制模块,实现崇明岛生态数据的查询、浏览和可视化管理以及三维GIS平台中图层渲染功能的设计,为管理人员提供基于三维场景共享的异地协同决策支持。
The 3D GIS is an important part of information technology on behalf of the research and development in GIS direction, which has better expression of visualization of spatial information and multi-dimensional spatial analysis compared with 2D GIS.
Skyline puts forward a new solution of 3D GIS which provides software tools for enabling 3D geo-spatial applications, streaming of massive data sets, and opens standards and a full API to easily add interactive 3D capability to enterprise application. However, many problems such as the burden of massive 3D data transmission, less optimization of 3D model data, the weakness of decision support of 3D GIS have become more and more obvious.
This paper summarizes the current research progress both national and international wide in 3D GIS research field as well as the development of 3D GIS by Skyline. Based on the above background, the key technologies of the development of 3D GIS are studied which includes the optimization of 3D terrain database and models, method of loading and displaying data and collaboration technology.
The complex and massive 3D terrain database and models are difficult to transfer, load and display. In this paper, the method which optimizes publication of 3D terrain data and simplifies the structure of 3D model is discussed on the basis of experimental studies.
The function of layer rendering is designed and developed based on the summary of the use of the method of rendering layers in Skyline in order to resolve the weakness of functional design of layer rendering.
At present, in-depth research of applying collaboration technology in 3D GIS has not carried out, which is a major feature of Skyline. In the paper the application mode of integrating collaboration and 3D GIS to provide decision support is put forward based on the analysis of development and research of collaboration technology.
As a result, the application of 3D GIS for Chongming Island ecological construction is established based on the key technologies mentioned in the paper, which includes three function modules for searching and location, layers rendering and collaboration to provide visualization of geographic information management and layers rendering, and aid to carry out collaboration in different place based on sharing the 3D scene.
Skyline公司以新的视角提出三维GIS的解决方案,使用户能创建自定义的三维可视化场景,进行浏览、查询和分析,通过三维交互的方式展示大量的空间地理数据,并在此基础上实现与业务的轻松整合,使其行业应用日益广泛。然而随着应用的深入,基于Skyline的三维GIS在三维海量数据传输中的负担、三维模型数据不够优化、三维GIS在决策支持层面上功能较薄弱等问题也日渐凸显。
本文在总结了国内外三维GIS技术研究进展,分析国内外基于Skyline的三维GIS开发现状的基础上,研究基于Skyline的三维GIS开发中的关键技术,包括三维场景的构建与优化、数据加载与图层渲染以及协同技术。
三维场景中三维地形数据集和三维模型等结构复杂,纹理丰富,形成海量级数据,给三维场景的传输、加载与显示增加了难度。本文在实验研究的基础上,对三维地形数据的发布方式进行优化,同时简化三维模型结构,合理组织应用三维模型数据,提高三维场景显示效率。
Skyline平台兼容多种数据类型,对数据的支持性较好,并且具有能对空间对象采用多维度方式表达、渲染效果好的优势,但与二维GIS平台相比,它的图层渲染功能分散,这对功能的使用产生了一定的影响,不利于Skyline平台优势的发挥。本文在精通Skyline软件使用的基础上,总结利用Skyline平台进行图层渲染的方法,通过二次开发进行图层渲染功能的设计与实现。
目前,三维GIS中的协同操作应用研究还未深入,本文针对Skyline平台支持协同会商的一大特色,在分析协同技术发展与研究现状的基础上,深入研究协同技术在提供决策支持方面的应用模式,借助Skyline提供的协同工具(Collaboration)实现协同控制。
最后结合实际构建崇明岛生态建设三维GIS平台,应用上述关键技术开发热点导航与信息查询模块、图层管理与渲染模块和协同控制模块,实现崇明岛生态数据的查询、浏览和可视化管理以及三维GIS平台中图层渲染功能的设计,为管理人员提供基于三维场景共享的异地协同决策支持。
The 3D GIS is an important part of information technology on behalf of the research and development in GIS direction, which has better expression of visualization of spatial information and multi-dimensional spatial analysis compared with 2D GIS.
Skyline puts forward a new solution of 3D GIS which provides software tools for enabling 3D geo-spatial applications, streaming of massive data sets, and opens standards and a full API to easily add interactive 3D capability to enterprise application. However, many problems such as the burden of massive 3D data transmission, less optimization of 3D model data, the weakness of decision support of 3D GIS have become more and more obvious.
This paper summarizes the current research progress both national and international wide in 3D GIS research field as well as the development of 3D GIS by Skyline. Based on the above background, the key technologies of the development of 3D GIS are studied which includes the optimization of 3D terrain database and models, method of loading and displaying data and collaboration technology.
The complex and massive 3D terrain database and models are difficult to transfer, load and display. In this paper, the method which optimizes publication of 3D terrain data and simplifies the structure of 3D model is discussed on the basis of experimental studies.
The function of layer rendering is designed and developed based on the summary of the use of the method of rendering layers in Skyline in order to resolve the weakness of functional design of layer rendering.
At present, in-depth research of applying collaboration technology in 3D GIS has not carried out, which is a major feature of Skyline. In the paper the application mode of integrating collaboration and 3D GIS to provide decision support is put forward based on the analysis of development and research of collaboration technology.
As a result, the application of 3D GIS for Chongming Island ecological construction is established based on the key technologies mentioned in the paper, which includes three function modules for searching and location, layers rendering and collaboration to provide visualization of geographic information management and layers rendering, and aid to carry out collaboration in different place based on sharing the 3D scene.
引文
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[3]Maguire D J.An overview and definition of GIS.geographic information system.London:Longman Inc,1991.
[4]阿尔.戈尔.数字地球一认识2l世纪我们这颗星球[Z].中国科学报,1998,8.
[5]www.skylineglobe.com
[6]3Snews.国内外三维地球软件漫谈[EB/OL].http://www.gissky.net/Article/1438.htm
[7]Google Earth KML中文说明.http://geoglobe.whu.edu.cn/
[8]Bo Song,Yuanqing He,Xianzhong He,Ningning Zhang,Zongxing Li.Study on interactive editing method in 3D GIS environment.2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications,Networking and Mobile Computing(WiCOM).Dalian,China,12-14 October 2008.
[9]S.Brooks,J.L.Whalley.Multilayer hybrid visualizations to support 3D GIS.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems 32(2008) 278-292.
[10]张立强.构建三维数字地球的关键技术研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所),2004.
[11]于文洋.面向数字地球的三维景观构造关键技术研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所),2006.
[12]周艳,朱庆,黄铎.三维城市模型中建筑物LOD模型研究[J].测绘科学,2006,(05):74-77.
[13]艾波,艾廷华.矢量曲线数据的“流媒体”传输[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(3):17-20.
[14]B.Buttenfield.Transmitting Vector Geospatial Data across the Internet.M.J.Egenhofer and D.M.Mark(editors),2002 Proceedings GIScience,Berlin,2002:51-64.
[15]B.Buttenfield.Progressive Transmission of Vector Data on the Internet:A Cartographic solution.In:Proceedings of the 19th ICA/ACI Conference, Ottawa.1999:581-590.
[16]Q.Han and M.Bertolotto,A Prototype for Progressive Vector Transmission with an Oracle Spatial Environment.In:Proeeedings of GIS Research UK11th Annual Conference,City of University,London,9-11 April,2003:189-194.
[17]M.Bertolotto and M.Egenhofer,Progressive Transmission of Vector Data over the World Wide Web,GEOINFORMATICA.2001,5(4):345-373.
[18]Bisheng Yang.A Multi-resolution Model of Vector Map Data for Rapid Transmission over the Internet.Computer & Geosciences.2005,31:569-578.
[19]刘建忠,齐华.矢量地图数据渐进式传输的研究[J].铁路计算机应用,2007,(03).
[20]刘建忠.基于Strip-Tree的矢量地图渐进式传输的研究[D].西南交通大学,2007.
[21]杨得志,王杰臣,闾国年.矢量数据压缩的Douglas-Peucker算法的实现与改进[J].测绘通报,2002,(07):18-22.
[22]艾波.网络地图矢量数据流媒体传输的研究[D].武汉大学,2005.
[23]朱国敏,马照亭,孙隆祥,李成名.城市三维地理信息系统中海量数据的数据库组织与管理[J].测绘科学,2008,(01):238-240.
[24]Romain Cavagna,Jerome Royan a,PatrickGioia a,ChristianBouville b,Maha Abdallah c,EliyaBuyukkaya,Peer-to-peer visualization of very large 3D landscape and city models using MPEG-4,Image Communication 24(2009)115-121.
[25]邱洪,基于WebService的网络三维数据管理系统的设计与实现[D],浙江大学,2005.
[26]Toru Ishida Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes In Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005.Pages 166-167.
[27]董春华.虚拟现实技术在三维地学模拟研究中的应用[D].天津城市建设学院,2008.
[28]王冬.三维地理信息系统开发初探.http://www.tjch.comcn/kjlwShow.asp?ArticleID=418.
[29]唐桂文.基于数字地球平台的地理信息服务[D].北京:首都师范大学,2008.
[30]武夷山数字三维旅游服务平台.http://gis.wuyishan.gov.cn/
[31]王爱国,刘春雷,胥存华.3D GIS技术在国土资源信息管理中的应用[J].现代测绘,2007,30(2):44-46.
[32]黄丽虹,朱大明,张琢,李义宏.TerraSuite在数字城市中的应用研究[J].地矿测绘,2007,23(4):27-29.
[33]张光伟;羌鑫林;赵建崇;SketchUp配合下的Skyline快速三维运用[C].江苏省测绘学会2007年学术年会论文集,2007.
[34]百度百科.http://baike.baidu.com/view/1682767-html?fromTaglist
[35]尚颖娟.基于ArcIMS的WebGIS研究与应用[D].武汉大学,2005.
[36]姜云鹏.Arc IMS初级教程[M].ESRI中国(北京)培训中心,2004.
[37]ArcIMS参考手册Using_WFS_Connector WFS Connector for ArcIMS 9.2.
[38]Google Earth KML中文说明.http://www.stepl.cn/googleapi/map/kml.htm
[39]J.Foley,A.van Dam,S.Feiner,and J.Hughes.Computer Graphics:Principles and Practice.2nd edition,Addison Wesley Longman,1995.
[40]SuperMap.专题地图http://i.supermap.com.cn:7080/demo/help/ThematicMapSettingHelp.htm
[41]许光銮.协同遥感图像解译系统的研究与实现[D].中国科学院研究生院(电子学研究所),2005.
[42]王河,顾君忠.Internet上协同环境的虚拟现实交互技术[J].计算机应用,1999(10):17-20.
[43]胡雪莲,程承旗,孙永军,马蔼乃.协同GIS——CoGIS概念初探[J].中国图象图形学报,2003(06):715-720.
[44]倪凯,冯翔,鲁铭,叶雷,候洪亮.基于J2EE架构的WebGIS协同平台系统集成[J].小型微型计算机系统,2007(01):132-135.
[45]鲁铭,倪凯,叶雷,叶华,张超.基于J2EE架构的组件式GIS协同平台的消防水源管理信息系统[J].计算机应用与软件,2007(04):179-181.
[46]孙盛.协同标注系统中标注信息集成相关技术的研究[D].华中科技大学,2006.
[47]许光銮.协同遥感图像解译系统的研究与实现[D].中国科学院研究生院(电子学研究所),2005.
[48]张永,张振洲,卢杜田.黄河防汛虚拟现实会商探讨[J].人民黄河.2002(5):9-10.
[49]赵林度,林冲.基于GIS的城市重大危险源应急管理协同机制[J1,城市技术,2007(6):51-57.
[2]吴信才,地理信息系统的基本技术与发展动态[J].地球科学1998,(7):329-333.
[3]Maguire D J.An overview and definition of GIS.geographic information system.London:Longman Inc,1991.
[4]阿尔.戈尔.数字地球一认识2l世纪我们这颗星球[Z].中国科学报,1998,8.
[5]www.skylineglobe.com
[6]3Snews.国内外三维地球软件漫谈[EB/OL].http://www.gissky.net/Article/1438.htm
[7]Google Earth KML中文说明.http://geoglobe.whu.edu.cn/
[8]Bo Song,Yuanqing He,Xianzhong He,Ningning Zhang,Zongxing Li.Study on interactive editing method in 3D GIS environment.2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications,Networking and Mobile Computing(WiCOM).Dalian,China,12-14 October 2008.
[9]S.Brooks,J.L.Whalley.Multilayer hybrid visualizations to support 3D GIS.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems 32(2008) 278-292.
[10]张立强.构建三维数字地球的关键技术研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所),2004.
[11]于文洋.面向数字地球的三维景观构造关键技术研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(遥感应用研究所),2006.
[12]周艳,朱庆,黄铎.三维城市模型中建筑物LOD模型研究[J].测绘科学,2006,(05):74-77.
[13]艾波,艾廷华.矢量曲线数据的“流媒体”传输[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(3):17-20.
[14]B.Buttenfield.Transmitting Vector Geospatial Data across the Internet.M.J.Egenhofer and D.M.Mark(editors),2002 Proceedings GIScience,Berlin,2002:51-64.
[15]B.Buttenfield.Progressive Transmission of Vector Data on the Internet:A Cartographic solution.In:Proceedings of the 19th ICA/ACI Conference, Ottawa.1999:581-590.
[16]Q.Han and M.Bertolotto,A Prototype for Progressive Vector Transmission with an Oracle Spatial Environment.In:Proeeedings of GIS Research UK11th Annual Conference,City of University,London,9-11 April,2003:189-194.
[17]M.Bertolotto and M.Egenhofer,Progressive Transmission of Vector Data over the World Wide Web,GEOINFORMATICA.2001,5(4):345-373.
[18]Bisheng Yang.A Multi-resolution Model of Vector Map Data for Rapid Transmission over the Internet.Computer & Geosciences.2005,31:569-578.
[19]刘建忠,齐华.矢量地图数据渐进式传输的研究[J].铁路计算机应用,2007,(03).
[20]刘建忠.基于Strip-Tree的矢量地图渐进式传输的研究[D].西南交通大学,2007.
[21]杨得志,王杰臣,闾国年.矢量数据压缩的Douglas-Peucker算法的实现与改进[J].测绘通报,2002,(07):18-22.
[22]艾波.网络地图矢量数据流媒体传输的研究[D].武汉大学,2005.
[23]朱国敏,马照亭,孙隆祥,李成名.城市三维地理信息系统中海量数据的数据库组织与管理[J].测绘科学,2008,(01):238-240.
[24]Romain Cavagna,Jerome Royan a,PatrickGioia a,ChristianBouville b,Maha Abdallah c,EliyaBuyukkaya,Peer-to-peer visualization of very large 3D landscape and city models using MPEG-4,Image Communication 24(2009)115-121.
[25]邱洪,基于WebService的网络三维数据管理系统的设计与实现[D],浙江大学,2005.
[26]Toru Ishida Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes In Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005.Pages 166-167.
[27]董春华.虚拟现实技术在三维地学模拟研究中的应用[D].天津城市建设学院,2008.
[28]王冬.三维地理信息系统开发初探.http://www.tjch.comcn/kjlwShow.asp?ArticleID=418.
[29]唐桂文.基于数字地球平台的地理信息服务[D].北京:首都师范大学,2008.
[30]武夷山数字三维旅游服务平台.http://gis.wuyishan.gov.cn/
[31]王爱国,刘春雷,胥存华.3D GIS技术在国土资源信息管理中的应用[J].现代测绘,2007,30(2):44-46.
[32]黄丽虹,朱大明,张琢,李义宏.TerraSuite在数字城市中的应用研究[J].地矿测绘,2007,23(4):27-29.
[33]张光伟;羌鑫林;赵建崇;SketchUp配合下的Skyline快速三维运用[C].江苏省测绘学会2007年学术年会论文集,2007.
[34]百度百科.http://baike.baidu.com/view/1682767-html?fromTaglist
[35]尚颖娟.基于ArcIMS的WebGIS研究与应用[D].武汉大学,2005.
[36]姜云鹏.Arc IMS初级教程[M].ESRI中国(北京)培训中心,2004.
[37]ArcIMS参考手册Using_WFS_Connector WFS Connector for ArcIMS 9.2.
[38]Google Earth KML中文说明.http://www.stepl.cn/googleapi/map/kml.htm
[39]J.Foley,A.van Dam,S.Feiner,and J.Hughes.Computer Graphics:Principles and Practice.2nd edition,Addison Wesley Longman,1995.
[40]SuperMap.专题地图http://i.supermap.com.cn:7080/demo/help/ThematicMapSettingHelp.htm
[41]许光銮.协同遥感图像解译系统的研究与实现[D].中国科学院研究生院(电子学研究所),2005.
[42]王河,顾君忠.Internet上协同环境的虚拟现实交互技术[J].计算机应用,1999(10):17-20.
[43]胡雪莲,程承旗,孙永军,马蔼乃.协同GIS——CoGIS概念初探[J].中国图象图形学报,2003(06):715-720.
[44]倪凯,冯翔,鲁铭,叶雷,候洪亮.基于J2EE架构的WebGIS协同平台系统集成[J].小型微型计算机系统,2007(01):132-135.
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