双光子细胞膜和核糖核酸探针的合成及其在活细胞荧光成像中的应用
摘要
最近研究表明,在活体成像中,双光子荧光显微成像技术比共聚焦成像具有更多的优点。该技术具有低的光毒性和光漂白性、高的检测灵敏度和无成像扭曲等优势。另外,由于双光子显微镜其本身就有高的轴向分辨率,它不需要像共聚焦显微镜那样通过针孔来提高成像效果。更重要的是,由于它的长波段激发有效避免了细胞的光损伤,避开了紫外和蓝光的照射并且使散焦照射减少。从而使得双光子显微镜可以在不损害细胞活性的条件下对细胞进行长时间连续成像。为了适应当前形势,各种能够成像活细胞内不同靶标的荧光探针已经被广泛的运用到双光子荧光显微成像研究中。但是,目前在细胞和组织的三维成像检测中,依然缺乏优良的双光子荧光探针,这一现状亟待解决。本论文主要对不同双光子荧光探针的成像特点进行了研究。
首先,本论文介绍了细胞膜探针。生物膜是通过脂质、蛋白和糖类等自组装而成的双层膜结构。在这个复杂的结构中,脂质是膜骨架中的主要组成成分,对膜的功能和性质产生巨大影响。通过最近生物膜理论分析,生物膜的构成中由富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂的膜有序相和含非饱和链脂质体和胆固醇的膜无序相组成。在细胞膜的相态研究中,有序相的假设主要是来自富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂的不溶性细胞膜碎片的发现,这种假设一直激发着相关学者深入的研究和讨论,这是由于它们的证据主要通过间接的技术来提供,所以一直未能实现有序相的可视性。一些研究者认为,有序相参与了相关的信号转导、细胞粘附、信号传递和脂质体或蛋白的转运。一直以来,研究者是通过人工膜模仿有序相来代替对细胞膜相关区域进行研究。近年来,生物膜有序相是当前的研究热点,但是在细胞膜相关区域的研究仍然具有挑战。综上所述,为了更好的理解有序相在生物膜内的作用,必须实现生物膜该区域的可视性。但是,由于生物膜结构的复杂性,对细胞及组织意义上的有序相研究一直存在困难,为了成像活细胞膜的有序相,在第二章中,本论文设计合成了一种新型的荧光探针HVC-12,该探针基于聚集诱导发光的机理选择性成像了细胞膜和组织中的有序相。由于探针HVC-12聚集诱导发光的特性,它的纳米聚集颗粒点亮了细胞膜的刚性区域。本论文首次发现,在活细胞膜上有序相呈现的是非连续的分布(1-1.5μm的间隔)。更重要的是,这种探针与商业化的膜探针(如DiD)相比,探针HVC-12对细胞膜表现出了高的灵敏性；大的斯托克斯位移和双光子活性吸收截面；好的光稳定性；并能成像和追踪细胞膜的动态变化。这些优异的光物理性质,使这种新型的探针HVC-12成为研究生物膜强有力的工具。
其次,核酸是细胞中重要的生物大分子,其定量分析、特异性识别、对基因组学、病毒学、分子生物学等相关学科的发展具有十分重要的意义。本论文针对核酸开展包括DNA及RNA在内的双光子核酸探针的制备及细胞成像方面的研究工作。基于前期工作,本论文通过双光子核酸探针的设计、合成及表征,探索阳离子有机小分子专一性识别内源性RNA的内在规律、分子构型对专一性识别能力的影响,掌握核酸探针的调控机制,最终达到了制备核酸探针的目的。我们知道,多种多样的分子探针一直为检测活细胞内的RNA而研发,包括寡核苷酸探针、非线性荧光共振能量转移探针、双标记的寡核苷酸发夹探针(分子信标)、双荧光共振能量转移分子信标、自动结扎探针和利用蛋白作报道基团的探针。但是,这些RNA探针不具有好的膜通透性,它常常通过微注射技术进入活细胞进行标记。但是这种技术往往造成细胞损伤从而造成细胞的生物功能的紊乱,因此,开发一种低分子量的膜通透性双光子RNA荧光探针是非常重要的。
在本论文的第三章中,基于吲哚的单离子盐(INR1/INR2)被成功合成和表征,通过体外的波谱分析和在不同细胞系内的单双光子成像研究发现,INR1和INR2作为两种选择性荧光开关探针,与RNA绑定后,探针都具有大的双光子活性吸收截面。在活细胞染色实验中,两种探针具有好的膜通透性,并能用双光子和共聚焦显微镜能在活细胞的细胞质和核仁中成像RNA。此外,它们在与一种重要的DNA-RNA共区域化的DNA染料Hoechst33342复染活细胞时,表现出好的复染兼容性。
在本论文的第四章中,一种新的咔唑双离子盐HVC-6被设计和合成。更重要的是,在活细胞和固定细胞中,它能够双光子成像细胞内分布在细胞质和核仁区域的RNA.。而且,它们在与另一种重要的DNA-RNA共区域化的DNA染料DAPI复染活细胞时,表现出好的复染兼容性。
在本论文的第五章中还是集中于能够成像细胞内的靶标的小分子量探针的研究。在本章中,基于吲哚单离子盐,本章设计了低分子量的线粒体探针INSC12。由于这种盐的荧光团具有长的烷基链,分子与脂质膜可以产生强的相互作用,探针INSC12表现出好的膜通透性,并在短时间内能够点亮细胞膜并进一步点亮细胞内的线粒体。更重要的是,这种探针拥有快速检测线粒体的能力,并能在长时间内观测到线粒体的动态变化,一定程度上承受了微环境变化的耐性。
综上所述,本论文中一些高灵敏性的细胞膜、RNA和线粒体探针(HVC-12/HVC-18, INR1/INR2/HVC-6和INSC12)被成功设计和合成。尤其是本章基于全新的AIE机理在活细胞和深层组织中首次实现了对细胞膜有序相的检测。另外,利用共聚焦和双光荧光显微镜,探针INR1/INR2和HVC-6在活细胞内也实现了对内源性RNA的识别；同时,本论文重点对探针INR1/INR2与RNA的识别机理和双光子性能作了仔细的分析。为实现RNA和细胞膜荧光探针的商品化奠定了基础。
Recently, a comparison study showed that two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM) is a better technique than confocal microscopy in imaging living specimen. TPM produces low photodamage, reduced photobleaching, high detection sensitivity, and no image distortion. In addition, it not only has an intrinsically high axial resolution without the need of a confocal pinhole in the detection path, will but also reduce cell damage significantly due to both the use of longer wavelength excitation light, which avoids damaging ultraviolet (UV) or blue excitation light, and the reduction of out-of-focus irradiation. Consequently, TPM is appropriate for the repetitive imaging of living cells without seriously damaging cellular vitality. To meet the current situation, development of various two-photon excitied fluorescence (TPEF) probes to different targets in living cells have been noticed extensively and intensively. Currently, the status that TPM lacks of excellent two-photon fluorescence probes in the three-dimensional imaging detection of cells and tissues is an urgent prolem to solve. This thesis mainly discusses the three different kinds of fluorescent probes.
First, this thesis introduces the membrane probe. Biological membranes are self-assembled bilayers of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Among such complicated structures, lipids are the major constituents of the membrane structural backbone, and the lipid composition greatly affects membrane functions and properties. According to recent biological membrance theory, there are ordered (Lo) domains enriched in saturated lipids (mainly sphingolipids) and sterols (mainly cholesterol) and disordered (Ld) domains in unsaturated lipids and cholesterol. Moreover, the presence of Lo domains (or rafts) in cell plasma membranes was hypothesized from the discovery of detergent-insoluble membrane fractions enriched with sphingolipids, saturated phospholipids, and cholesterol. This hypothesis stimulated intensive research and debates, since their evidence was mainly provided from indirect techniques. It cannot realize direct visualization Lo domains. At the same time, some researchers think that these domains take part in membrane-associated events such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, signaling, cell trafficking and lipid/protein sorting. Up to now, many researchers use artificial membrane technology to simulate the Lo domains of the cell membrane and carry out various research work. But their direct visualization Lo domains remains a challenge, this state stimulates intensively research on Lo domains of biological membrane and results in ardent debates. Therefore, to understand its role in biology, it is crucial to visualize such domains in living cell membrane. At present, no biochemical techniques are available for such study owing to the difficulty in working with Lo phase in living cell membrane and tissues.
Herein, to achieve selectively two-photon imaging Lo domain in living cell membrane, In the second chapter, we design and synthesize a fluorescent probe2,7-bis(1-iodododecane-4-vinylpyridium iodine)-N-ethylcarbazole (HVC-12), and selectively image the Lo phase in plasma membranes of living cell and tissue based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. Due to AIE feature of HVC-12, its nanoaggregates accumulate and light up Lo phase of the cell membranes. This thesis firstly found that the Lo phase exhibit uncontinuous distribution (1-1.5μm interval) in the cell membranes. Moreover, compare to commercially available membrane tracers (e.g. DiD), this probe possesses high specificity to live-cell membrane, large stokes shift and two-photon excitation fluorescence action absorption cross-section (δΦ=189GM in EtOH), superior photostability, and well-suited imaging and tracing dynamic change of cell membrane in a long period of time. Many attractive photophysical qualities of HVC-12make it a new powerful tool to study biological membrane.
Second, the nucleic acids are important biological macromolecules in cells, and the quantitative analysis and specific recognition of nucleic acids have very important significance to the development of genomics, virology, molecular biology, and other related disciplines. This thasis involves the research work of the preparation and cell imaging of two-photon nucleic acids fluorescent probes, including DNA and RNA probes. On the basis of the preliminary work, this chapter design synthesize and characterize the two-photon RNA fluorescence probes, explore the inherent rules that cationic organic molecules specially recognize RNA and the influence of molecular configuration on specific recoganize ability, master the regulation rules of RNA probes, and eventually reach the targets of producing high-performance nucleic acids probes. Several classes of molecular probes have been developed for RNA detection in living cells, including (a) ODN probes;(b) linear fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes;(c) dual-labeled oligonucleotide hairpin probes (e.g., molecular beacons);(d) dual FRET molecular beacons;(e) autoligation probes; and (f) probes using fluorescent proteins as reporters. But, because many RNA fluorescent probes do not possess membrane-permeability, in order to obtaining fluorescent imaging on RNA in a living cell, they have to be injected into a living cell of target by microinjection. a technology that is destructive to intact cells and interferes with biological functions of cells. Therefore, it is very essential to develop a membrane-permeable, low-molecular-weight two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging RNA in living cells.
In the third chapter, indole-based mono-cationic salts (INR1and INR2) have been synthesized and characterized successfully. According to their spectral response to RNA in vitro and fluorescent imaging in four different living cell lines (SiHa, HeLa, PC3and MDA-MB-231), we identify INR1and INR2as RNA-selective fluorescent turn-on probes with large two-photon excitation fluorescence action absorption cross-sections (Φxδ) when binding to RNA. And two dyes also have very good membrane permeability and can image RNA in nucleoli and cytoplasm in living cells by confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM). Furthermore, they possess good counterstain compatibility with Hoechst33342, a classic DNA-staining dye for live cells, which is very important to RNA-DNA colocalization.
In the forth chapter, A new carbazole-derived dicationic compound, namely2,7-bis(1-hydroxyethyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodine)-N-ethylcarbazole (HVC-6) has been obtained. Moreover, it possesses the potential of imaging RNA in nucleoli and cytoplasm in two-photon fluorescence microscopy and exhibits good counterstain compatibility with the commercial fluorescent nucleic dye DAPI.
In the fifth chapter, we have focused on small-molecule-based probes capable of imaging intracellular target. This chapter have designed a LMW mitochondrial probe,3,5-bis((E)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)-1H-indole monoiodide (INSC12) based on the conjugation of the indole fluorophore with an anchor group. This anchor group is composed of long alkyl chains and one zwitterionic group, allowing strong interaction with the lipid membrane. Consequently, the probe INSC12exhibits a process for imaging cell membranes, rapidly entering the cell and lighting up the mitochondria; Moreover, the probe possesses some ability for the rapid detection and tracking of morphological change and for observing the dynamical behavior of mitochondria over a long period of time with appreciable tolerance of microenvironmental change.
In summary, a series of highly selective fluorescent probes for cell membrane (HVC-12/HVC-18), RNA (INR1/INR2/HVC-6) and mitochondrial (INSC12) detection have been designed and synthesized successfully. In particular, this thesis first achieve live-cell membrane and deep-tissue imaging of enrich Lo phase based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. In addition, INR1/INR2and HVC-6also achieve RNA detection used confocal fluorescence microscopy fluorescent microTPM; Meanwhile, the recognition mechanism between INR1/INR2and RNA and their two-photon property have been studied in detail. This thesis will lay the foundation to get the commercialization of RNA/cell membrane fluorescent probes.
首先,本论文介绍了细胞膜探针。生物膜是通过脂质、蛋白和糖类等自组装而成的双层膜结构。在这个复杂的结构中,脂质是膜骨架中的主要组成成分,对膜的功能和性质产生巨大影响。通过最近生物膜理论分析,生物膜的构成中由富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂的膜有序相和含非饱和链脂质体和胆固醇的膜无序相组成。在细胞膜的相态研究中,有序相的假设主要是来自富含胆固醇和鞘磷脂的不溶性细胞膜碎片的发现,这种假设一直激发着相关学者深入的研究和讨论,这是由于它们的证据主要通过间接的技术来提供,所以一直未能实现有序相的可视性。一些研究者认为,有序相参与了相关的信号转导、细胞粘附、信号传递和脂质体或蛋白的转运。一直以来,研究者是通过人工膜模仿有序相来代替对细胞膜相关区域进行研究。近年来,生物膜有序相是当前的研究热点,但是在细胞膜相关区域的研究仍然具有挑战。综上所述,为了更好的理解有序相在生物膜内的作用,必须实现生物膜该区域的可视性。但是,由于生物膜结构的复杂性,对细胞及组织意义上的有序相研究一直存在困难,为了成像活细胞膜的有序相,在第二章中,本论文设计合成了一种新型的荧光探针HVC-12,该探针基于聚集诱导发光的机理选择性成像了细胞膜和组织中的有序相。由于探针HVC-12聚集诱导发光的特性,它的纳米聚集颗粒点亮了细胞膜的刚性区域。本论文首次发现,在活细胞膜上有序相呈现的是非连续的分布(1-1.5μm的间隔)。更重要的是,这种探针与商业化的膜探针(如DiD)相比,探针HVC-12对细胞膜表现出了高的灵敏性；大的斯托克斯位移和双光子活性吸收截面；好的光稳定性；并能成像和追踪细胞膜的动态变化。这些优异的光物理性质,使这种新型的探针HVC-12成为研究生物膜强有力的工具。
其次,核酸是细胞中重要的生物大分子,其定量分析、特异性识别、对基因组学、病毒学、分子生物学等相关学科的发展具有十分重要的意义。本论文针对核酸开展包括DNA及RNA在内的双光子核酸探针的制备及细胞成像方面的研究工作。基于前期工作,本论文通过双光子核酸探针的设计、合成及表征,探索阳离子有机小分子专一性识别内源性RNA的内在规律、分子构型对专一性识别能力的影响,掌握核酸探针的调控机制,最终达到了制备核酸探针的目的。我们知道,多种多样的分子探针一直为检测活细胞内的RNA而研发,包括寡核苷酸探针、非线性荧光共振能量转移探针、双标记的寡核苷酸发夹探针(分子信标)、双荧光共振能量转移分子信标、自动结扎探针和利用蛋白作报道基团的探针。但是,这些RNA探针不具有好的膜通透性,它常常通过微注射技术进入活细胞进行标记。但是这种技术往往造成细胞损伤从而造成细胞的生物功能的紊乱,因此,开发一种低分子量的膜通透性双光子RNA荧光探针是非常重要的。
在本论文的第三章中,基于吲哚的单离子盐(INR1/INR2)被成功合成和表征,通过体外的波谱分析和在不同细胞系内的单双光子成像研究发现,INR1和INR2作为两种选择性荧光开关探针,与RNA绑定后,探针都具有大的双光子活性吸收截面。在活细胞染色实验中,两种探针具有好的膜通透性,并能用双光子和共聚焦显微镜能在活细胞的细胞质和核仁中成像RNA。此外,它们在与一种重要的DNA-RNA共区域化的DNA染料Hoechst33342复染活细胞时,表现出好的复染兼容性。
在本论文的第四章中,一种新的咔唑双离子盐HVC-6被设计和合成。更重要的是,在活细胞和固定细胞中,它能够双光子成像细胞内分布在细胞质和核仁区域的RNA.。而且,它们在与另一种重要的DNA-RNA共区域化的DNA染料DAPI复染活细胞时,表现出好的复染兼容性。
在本论文的第五章中还是集中于能够成像细胞内的靶标的小分子量探针的研究。在本章中,基于吲哚单离子盐,本章设计了低分子量的线粒体探针INSC12。由于这种盐的荧光团具有长的烷基链,分子与脂质膜可以产生强的相互作用,探针INSC12表现出好的膜通透性,并在短时间内能够点亮细胞膜并进一步点亮细胞内的线粒体。更重要的是,这种探针拥有快速检测线粒体的能力,并能在长时间内观测到线粒体的动态变化,一定程度上承受了微环境变化的耐性。
综上所述,本论文中一些高灵敏性的细胞膜、RNA和线粒体探针(HVC-12/HVC-18, INR1/INR2/HVC-6和INSC12)被成功设计和合成。尤其是本章基于全新的AIE机理在活细胞和深层组织中首次实现了对细胞膜有序相的检测。另外,利用共聚焦和双光荧光显微镜,探针INR1/INR2和HVC-6在活细胞内也实现了对内源性RNA的识别；同时,本论文重点对探针INR1/INR2与RNA的识别机理和双光子性能作了仔细的分析。为实现RNA和细胞膜荧光探针的商品化奠定了基础。
Recently, a comparison study showed that two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM) is a better technique than confocal microscopy in imaging living specimen. TPM produces low photodamage, reduced photobleaching, high detection sensitivity, and no image distortion. In addition, it not only has an intrinsically high axial resolution without the need of a confocal pinhole in the detection path, will but also reduce cell damage significantly due to both the use of longer wavelength excitation light, which avoids damaging ultraviolet (UV) or blue excitation light, and the reduction of out-of-focus irradiation. Consequently, TPM is appropriate for the repetitive imaging of living cells without seriously damaging cellular vitality. To meet the current situation, development of various two-photon excitied fluorescence (TPEF) probes to different targets in living cells have been noticed extensively and intensively. Currently, the status that TPM lacks of excellent two-photon fluorescence probes in the three-dimensional imaging detection of cells and tissues is an urgent prolem to solve. This thesis mainly discusses the three different kinds of fluorescent probes.
First, this thesis introduces the membrane probe. Biological membranes are self-assembled bilayers of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Among such complicated structures, lipids are the major constituents of the membrane structural backbone, and the lipid composition greatly affects membrane functions and properties. According to recent biological membrance theory, there are ordered (Lo) domains enriched in saturated lipids (mainly sphingolipids) and sterols (mainly cholesterol) and disordered (Ld) domains in unsaturated lipids and cholesterol. Moreover, the presence of Lo domains (or rafts) in cell plasma membranes was hypothesized from the discovery of detergent-insoluble membrane fractions enriched with sphingolipids, saturated phospholipids, and cholesterol. This hypothesis stimulated intensive research and debates, since their evidence was mainly provided from indirect techniques. It cannot realize direct visualization Lo domains. At the same time, some researchers think that these domains take part in membrane-associated events such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, signaling, cell trafficking and lipid/protein sorting. Up to now, many researchers use artificial membrane technology to simulate the Lo domains of the cell membrane and carry out various research work. But their direct visualization Lo domains remains a challenge, this state stimulates intensively research on Lo domains of biological membrane and results in ardent debates. Therefore, to understand its role in biology, it is crucial to visualize such domains in living cell membrane. At present, no biochemical techniques are available for such study owing to the difficulty in working with Lo phase in living cell membrane and tissues.
Herein, to achieve selectively two-photon imaging Lo domain in living cell membrane, In the second chapter, we design and synthesize a fluorescent probe2,7-bis(1-iodododecane-4-vinylpyridium iodine)-N-ethylcarbazole (HVC-12), and selectively image the Lo phase in plasma membranes of living cell and tissue based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. Due to AIE feature of HVC-12, its nanoaggregates accumulate and light up Lo phase of the cell membranes. This thesis firstly found that the Lo phase exhibit uncontinuous distribution (1-1.5μm interval) in the cell membranes. Moreover, compare to commercially available membrane tracers (e.g. DiD), this probe possesses high specificity to live-cell membrane, large stokes shift and two-photon excitation fluorescence action absorption cross-section (δΦ=189GM in EtOH), superior photostability, and well-suited imaging and tracing dynamic change of cell membrane in a long period of time. Many attractive photophysical qualities of HVC-12make it a new powerful tool to study biological membrane.
Second, the nucleic acids are important biological macromolecules in cells, and the quantitative analysis and specific recognition of nucleic acids have very important significance to the development of genomics, virology, molecular biology, and other related disciplines. This thasis involves the research work of the preparation and cell imaging of two-photon nucleic acids fluorescent probes, including DNA and RNA probes. On the basis of the preliminary work, this chapter design synthesize and characterize the two-photon RNA fluorescence probes, explore the inherent rules that cationic organic molecules specially recognize RNA and the influence of molecular configuration on specific recoganize ability, master the regulation rules of RNA probes, and eventually reach the targets of producing high-performance nucleic acids probes. Several classes of molecular probes have been developed for RNA detection in living cells, including (a) ODN probes;(b) linear fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes;(c) dual-labeled oligonucleotide hairpin probes (e.g., molecular beacons);(d) dual FRET molecular beacons;(e) autoligation probes; and (f) probes using fluorescent proteins as reporters. But, because many RNA fluorescent probes do not possess membrane-permeability, in order to obtaining fluorescent imaging on RNA in a living cell, they have to be injected into a living cell of target by microinjection. a technology that is destructive to intact cells and interferes with biological functions of cells. Therefore, it is very essential to develop a membrane-permeable, low-molecular-weight two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging RNA in living cells.
In the third chapter, indole-based mono-cationic salts (INR1and INR2) have been synthesized and characterized successfully. According to their spectral response to RNA in vitro and fluorescent imaging in four different living cell lines (SiHa, HeLa, PC3and MDA-MB-231), we identify INR1and INR2as RNA-selective fluorescent turn-on probes with large two-photon excitation fluorescence action absorption cross-sections (Φxδ) when binding to RNA. And two dyes also have very good membrane permeability and can image RNA in nucleoli and cytoplasm in living cells by confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM). Furthermore, they possess good counterstain compatibility with Hoechst33342, a classic DNA-staining dye for live cells, which is very important to RNA-DNA colocalization.
In the forth chapter, A new carbazole-derived dicationic compound, namely2,7-bis(1-hydroxyethyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodine)-N-ethylcarbazole (HVC-6) has been obtained. Moreover, it possesses the potential of imaging RNA in nucleoli and cytoplasm in two-photon fluorescence microscopy and exhibits good counterstain compatibility with the commercial fluorescent nucleic dye DAPI.
In the fifth chapter, we have focused on small-molecule-based probes capable of imaging intracellular target. This chapter have designed a LMW mitochondrial probe,3,5-bis((E)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)-1H-indole monoiodide (INSC12) based on the conjugation of the indole fluorophore with an anchor group. This anchor group is composed of long alkyl chains and one zwitterionic group, allowing strong interaction with the lipid membrane. Consequently, the probe INSC12exhibits a process for imaging cell membranes, rapidly entering the cell and lighting up the mitochondria; Moreover, the probe possesses some ability for the rapid detection and tracking of morphological change and for observing the dynamical behavior of mitochondria over a long period of time with appreciable tolerance of microenvironmental change.
In summary, a series of highly selective fluorescent probes for cell membrane (HVC-12/HVC-18), RNA (INR1/INR2/HVC-6) and mitochondrial (INSC12) detection have been designed and synthesized successfully. In particular, this thesis first achieve live-cell membrane and deep-tissue imaging of enrich Lo phase based aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. In addition, INR1/INR2and HVC-6also achieve RNA detection used confocal fluorescence microscopy fluorescent microTPM; Meanwhile, the recognition mechanism between INR1/INR2and RNA and their two-photon property have been studied in detail. This thesis will lay the foundation to get the commercialization of RNA/cell membrane fluorescent probes.
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