防治根结线虫的溴甲烷替代技术筛选
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摘要
土壤消毒能够快速有效地防治土壤病原真菌、细菌、线虫、杂草和地下害虫等有害生物,并能较好的解决高附加值作物的重茬问题。溴甲烷是一种目前世界上最为优良的土壤熏蒸剂,可以有效地防治各类土传病害,但溴甲烷是一种臭氧层消耗物质,在2015年将全面停止使用。寻找其替代品及替代技术是目前国内外关注的热点问题。
本研究系统地评价了化学替代品1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-D)和非化学替代技术万寿菊防治根结线虫的效果、安全性及对微生物群落的影响。
室内研究表明：1,3-D、顺-1,3-二氯丙烯(cis-1,3-D)、反-1,3-二氯丙烯(trans-1,3-D)对根结线虫的LC50分别为1.98 mg/kg、2.76 mg/kg和2.12 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明,cis-1,3-D、trans-1,3-D在100.00-200.00 kg a.i./hm2用量下,对0-20 cm土壤线虫的防治效果达到了90%以上。
1,3-D安全性试验结果表明,在100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、25 mg/kg、12.5 mg/kg、6.25 mg/kg的使用剂量下,熏蒸5d后,对根结线虫有优异的防治效果。熏蒸后敞气7 d,对生产中常用的番茄和黄瓜品种不存在任何直接药害风险。
采用BIOLOG法测定了1,3-D熏蒸处理对微生物群落的影响,结果表明：1,3-D,cis-1,3-D熏蒸处理对微生物种群多样性影响小,而trans-1,3-D对微生物的生长有一定的抑制作用。
2010年下半年,调查了1,3-D处理后黄瓜根围0-20 cm土层南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的动态变化。结果表明：此虫态在土壤中的数量变化与黄瓜的生长发育、线虫繁殖周期及土壤温度相关,1,3-D处理后土壤中二龄南方根结线虫出现三个明显的高峰期,分别发生在移栽黄瓜后的15 d、31 d和45 d。1,3-D处理能有效地控制该二龄幼虫数量,减少死苗率和根结指数。因此,播种前对土壤处理,可以减少初始虫量,从而可以有效地保护主根,减轻线虫的危害。
在保护地采用非洲万寿菊与黄瓜轮作,能够显著减少南方根结线虫的数量。种植非洲万寿菊一周后,土壤中南方根结线虫相比对照减少了85%,并能持续将其控制在较低水平。种植非洲万寿菊对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的防治效果没有1,3-D和溴甲烷熏蒸效果好,但是仍然有一定效果。
非洲万寿菊各部位提取物及生物测定试验结果表明：非洲万寿菊含有光活性成分。万寿菊各部分提取物对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的抑制作用的光处理效果明显高于暗。处理高效液相色谱法分析万寿菊提取物,结果表明非洲万寿菊各部位均含有光活性物质α-三联噻吩,通过分析万寿菊中各部分提取物中α-三联噻吩的含量及对线虫的抑制效果表明,提取物中的光活毒性可能依赖于所含的α-三联噻吩的含量。
以上试验结果表明：在以根结线虫为主的地区,采用1,3-D可以有效地控制根结线虫的危害,可以作为溴甲烷的替代品使用,而万寿菊可减少根结线虫的数量,有一定的防治效果和增产作用,但效果低于1,3-D和溴甲烷处理。
Soil fumigation is used to control soil fungi, bacteria, nematodes, weeds and pests for solving the replanted problem of highly added value crops. Methyl bromide is a good soil fumigation agent in the world that can control all kinds of soil spread diseases, but it is also an ozone-depleting substance (ODS) and going to be phased out in 2015. So, to select substitute and alternative technology has become the hot issues all over the world. This study evaluated the chemical substitutes 1,3-Dichloropropene and non-chemical substitute marigold on the effect of root-knot nematodes and microbial community. Research under laboratory conditions shows that the LC50 of cis-1,3-D, trans-1,3-D and 1,3-D on the root-knot nematodes was 1.98 mg/kg,2.76 mg/kg and 2.12 mg/kg, respectively. Field trials revealed that the effect of cis-1,3-D, trans-1,3-D and 1,3-D on nematodes in the plough layer was more than 90% by applied to the field at 100.00 to 200.00 kg a.i./hm2.
After 1,3-D, cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D fumigation, Microbial community structures were evaluated with BIOLOG Eco-plates. Compared with untreated control, bacterial community structure was not changed after cis-1,3-D and 1,3-D fumigation, but altered after trans-1,3-D fumigation.
Safety results show that 1,3-D at the doses of 100mg/kg,50 mg/kg,25 mg/kg,12.5 mg/kg and 6.25 mg/kg had effectively controlled nematodes after 5 days'fumigation. After 7days of opening greenhouse, there was no phytotoxicity risk to tomatoes and cucumbers.
The population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita was systematically studied. The increase of M. incognita in soil was related to the development of cucumber, nematodes reproductive cycle and the temperature of the soil. After transplanting cucumber, M. incognita infecting incognita had three obviously high peak time, i.e. on the 15,31 and 45 days, respectively. The results showed that 1,3-D could effectively reduce the J2 population in the soil, also reduce seedling disease rate and galling index. So the key time of controlling the root-knot nematode disease was before seeding. It was effectively reduced the number of J2 population and protected the main roots of crops that the soil be treated with nematocide before sowing.
It was significantly reduced the number of M. incognita comparing with untreated control that African marigold and cucumber rotated in the field, the M. incognita population reduced 85% after planting African marigold one week later, and could retained to a low level. After being transplanted cucumber, J2 population of M. incognita was higher than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide plots in the early period of the growth process, with no apparent growth trend. Although the root was infected, the growth of cucumber was still promoted and it's yield was increased, but it's effect was lower than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide treated.
The active component extracted from African marigold on M. incognita J2 was studied. The experimental results showed that African marigold contained light active component. The effect on nematodes was significantly higher in the light condition than that in the absence of light. The content of a-terthenyl in the extracts was investigated by HPLC, and results showed that the phototoxicity of the extracts was generally the alpha-terthienyl contained in them. The above results showed that 1,3-D could be used as alternatives to methyl bromide for controlling the disease of nematodes. Marigold could reduce the population of nematodes, which could control nematodes and increase the yield, but the effect was lower than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide treated.
本研究系统地评价了化学替代品1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-D)和非化学替代技术万寿菊防治根结线虫的效果、安全性及对微生物群落的影响。
室内研究表明：1,3-D、顺-1,3-二氯丙烯(cis-1,3-D)、反-1,3-二氯丙烯(trans-1,3-D)对根结线虫的LC50分别为1.98 mg/kg、2.76 mg/kg和2.12 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明,cis-1,3-D、trans-1,3-D在100.00-200.00 kg a.i./hm2用量下,对0-20 cm土壤线虫的防治效果达到了90%以上。
1,3-D安全性试验结果表明,在100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、25 mg/kg、12.5 mg/kg、6.25 mg/kg的使用剂量下,熏蒸5d后,对根结线虫有优异的防治效果。熏蒸后敞气7 d,对生产中常用的番茄和黄瓜品种不存在任何直接药害风险。
采用BIOLOG法测定了1,3-D熏蒸处理对微生物群落的影响,结果表明：1,3-D,cis-1,3-D熏蒸处理对微生物种群多样性影响小,而trans-1,3-D对微生物的生长有一定的抑制作用。
2010年下半年,调查了1,3-D处理后黄瓜根围0-20 cm土层南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的动态变化。结果表明：此虫态在土壤中的数量变化与黄瓜的生长发育、线虫繁殖周期及土壤温度相关,1,3-D处理后土壤中二龄南方根结线虫出现三个明显的高峰期,分别发生在移栽黄瓜后的15 d、31 d和45 d。1,3-D处理能有效地控制该二龄幼虫数量,减少死苗率和根结指数。因此,播种前对土壤处理,可以减少初始虫量,从而可以有效地保护主根,减轻线虫的危害。
在保护地采用非洲万寿菊与黄瓜轮作,能够显著减少南方根结线虫的数量。种植非洲万寿菊一周后,土壤中南方根结线虫相比对照减少了85%,并能持续将其控制在较低水平。种植非洲万寿菊对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的防治效果没有1,3-D和溴甲烷熏蒸效果好,但是仍然有一定效果。
非洲万寿菊各部位提取物及生物测定试验结果表明：非洲万寿菊含有光活性成分。万寿菊各部分提取物对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的抑制作用的光处理效果明显高于暗。处理高效液相色谱法分析万寿菊提取物,结果表明非洲万寿菊各部位均含有光活性物质α-三联噻吩,通过分析万寿菊中各部分提取物中α-三联噻吩的含量及对线虫的抑制效果表明,提取物中的光活毒性可能依赖于所含的α-三联噻吩的含量。
以上试验结果表明：在以根结线虫为主的地区,采用1,3-D可以有效地控制根结线虫的危害,可以作为溴甲烷的替代品使用,而万寿菊可减少根结线虫的数量,有一定的防治效果和增产作用,但效果低于1,3-D和溴甲烷处理。
Soil fumigation is used to control soil fungi, bacteria, nematodes, weeds and pests for solving the replanted problem of highly added value crops. Methyl bromide is a good soil fumigation agent in the world that can control all kinds of soil spread diseases, but it is also an ozone-depleting substance (ODS) and going to be phased out in 2015. So, to select substitute and alternative technology has become the hot issues all over the world. This study evaluated the chemical substitutes 1,3-Dichloropropene and non-chemical substitute marigold on the effect of root-knot nematodes and microbial community. Research under laboratory conditions shows that the LC50 of cis-1,3-D, trans-1,3-D and 1,3-D on the root-knot nematodes was 1.98 mg/kg,2.76 mg/kg and 2.12 mg/kg, respectively. Field trials revealed that the effect of cis-1,3-D, trans-1,3-D and 1,3-D on nematodes in the plough layer was more than 90% by applied to the field at 100.00 to 200.00 kg a.i./hm2.
After 1,3-D, cis-1,3-D and trans-1,3-D fumigation, Microbial community structures were evaluated with BIOLOG Eco-plates. Compared with untreated control, bacterial community structure was not changed after cis-1,3-D and 1,3-D fumigation, but altered after trans-1,3-D fumigation.
Safety results show that 1,3-D at the doses of 100mg/kg,50 mg/kg,25 mg/kg,12.5 mg/kg and 6.25 mg/kg had effectively controlled nematodes after 5 days'fumigation. After 7days of opening greenhouse, there was no phytotoxicity risk to tomatoes and cucumbers.
The population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita was systematically studied. The increase of M. incognita in soil was related to the development of cucumber, nematodes reproductive cycle and the temperature of the soil. After transplanting cucumber, M. incognita infecting incognita had three obviously high peak time, i.e. on the 15,31 and 45 days, respectively. The results showed that 1,3-D could effectively reduce the J2 population in the soil, also reduce seedling disease rate and galling index. So the key time of controlling the root-knot nematode disease was before seeding. It was effectively reduced the number of J2 population and protected the main roots of crops that the soil be treated with nematocide before sowing.
It was significantly reduced the number of M. incognita comparing with untreated control that African marigold and cucumber rotated in the field, the M. incognita population reduced 85% after planting African marigold one week later, and could retained to a low level. After being transplanted cucumber, J2 population of M. incognita was higher than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide plots in the early period of the growth process, with no apparent growth trend. Although the root was infected, the growth of cucumber was still promoted and it's yield was increased, but it's effect was lower than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide treated.
The active component extracted from African marigold on M. incognita J2 was studied. The experimental results showed that African marigold contained light active component. The effect on nematodes was significantly higher in the light condition than that in the absence of light. The content of a-terthenyl in the extracts was investigated by HPLC, and results showed that the phototoxicity of the extracts was generally the alpha-terthienyl contained in them. The above results showed that 1,3-D could be used as alternatives to methyl bromide for controlling the disease of nematodes. Marigold could reduce the population of nematodes, which could control nematodes and increase the yield, but the effect was lower than that of 1,3-D and methyl bromide treated.
引文
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