电池储能系统及其在风—储孤网中的运行与控制
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摘要
电池储能系统作为一种能实现能量存储及功率双向流动的装置，它不仅为可再生能源大规模接入电网提供了一种有效方法，且有助于提高电网设备的综合利用率、系统调峰调频及无功支撑能力等，进而提高电网运行的稳定性、经济性和灵活性。同时，通过多个子电池储能系统的并联运行可有效提高电池储能系统的容量及其可靠性。目前国内关于电池储能系统的研究还处于基础理论与示范阶段。本论文着重针对电池储能系统中电池系统的建模及其荷电状态估计、电池储能系统在风-储孤网中的运行与控制等方面进行研究。论文的主要工作和取得的创新性成果如下：
1、分析了大容量电池系统构成、工作原理及其简化模型，考虑到电池单体的不一致性，结合串、并联电路特性及锂离子电池单体的工作特性，提出了一种适宜于电气设计与仿真的大容量电池系统等效电路建模方法，并在Matlab/Simulink环境下分别建立了相应的等效电路模型。
2、考虑到大容量电池系统的结构形式、电池荷电状态估计算法的精度及电池管理系统的成本等因素，设计了一种大容量电池系统的分层级荷电状态估计方案；针对安时法存在荷电状态初始值难以确定、长时间的误差累积等问题，提出了基于电压补偿的电池单体荷电状态估计法；考虑到大容量电池系统是一个复杂的非线性系统，采用扩展卡尔曼滤波法对电池系统进行荷电状态估计。
3、建立了电池储能系统的动态模型。介绍了电池储能系统动态模型结构及其基本工作原理，分别分析了功率转换系统与电池系统的数学模型及其控制特性，在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下建立了电池储能系统的动态仿真模型，进行了电池储能系统的充、放电工作特性仿真与分析。
4、提出了风力机不工作时孤网系统稳定运行控制策略。针对电池储能系统在实际运行时各电池系统的荷电状态并不完全一致而导致系统不稳定、电池使用寿命降低等问题，提出了基于电池系统荷电状态的改进型有功功率下垂控制策略，不仅能有效分配负荷有功功率，也提高了电池系统的管理能力。针对因中低压电网线路阻抗不完全呈纯感性、下垂控制自身存在固有静态误差而导致下垂控制精度不高的问题，采用了含线性补偿环的电压-频率双闭环控制策略，提高了系统电压稳定能力。
5、设计了风-储孤网系统的系统配置及其运行状态协调控制方案。根据负荷水平、风能年平均利用小时数、风能的间歇性等对系统投资成本的影响，设计了一种风-储孤网系统配置方案，并分析了其投资经济性；考虑到双馈感应发电机组与电池储能系统各自不同的工作特性、各单元的运行约束条件等因素，设计了一种适宜于含双馈感应发电机组及电池储能系统的风-储孤网系统的运行状态协调控制方案。
6、提出了风-储联合运行时孤网系统稳定运行控制策略。针对双馈感应发电机组的接入带来新的无功功率平衡、运行状态控制等问题，分析了含双馈感应发电机组及电池储能系统的风-储孤网系统的能量与功率平衡关系，采用了分层协调控制策略；针对电池储能系统因保证其有功功率输出能力而导致采用传统下垂控制策略时系统的无功功率输出能力有限的问题，提出了基于电池系统荷电状态的改进型无功功率下垂控制策略，提高了电池储能系统的无功功率输出能力。
7、进行了风-储孤网系统实验平台的研制及相关实验研究。分析了实验平台的构成及功率转换系统的研制，开展了风力机不工作时系统孤网运行实验和风-储联合运行时风-储孤网系统运行实验，验证了电池储能系统在风-储孤网中的运行及其相关控制策略的正确性。
As a device which can store the chemical energy and transmit thestored energy into the electrical power in bi-direction, battery energy storagesystem (BESS) not only can be widely regarded as an effective solution todeal with the large scale integration of renewable energy sources intoelectric network, but can improve the use ratio of the grid facilities and theability of load following and frequency regulation and reactive powersupporting to the grid. Furthmore, it also can enhance the stability, economyand flexibility of the gird. The capacity and reliability of BESS will beraised when the sub-BESSs operate in parallel. The domestic research onBESS is still in the stage of base theory and demonstration. This dissertationhas focused on the modeling and sate of charge (SOC) estimation of thebattery system and control of the islanded power system based on windpower and BESS. The works and innovative achievements in thedissertation are as follows.
1. The operation principle and simpled model of large capacity batterysystem (LCBS) is analyzed in details. Considering the inconsistent qualityof the cells and the characteristics of the circuit in series and parallelconnection, an accurate equivalent circuit model of Li-ion LCBS isproposed, which is applicable for electrical circuit design and simulation.The accurate models of the battery system in series and/or parallelconnection are constructed under Matlab/Simulink conditions
2. Considering the factors such as the structure form, SOC estimationaccuracy of battery system, the cost of battery management system and soon, a hierarchical SOC estimation scheme of LCBS is designed. A cell SOCestimation method based on voltage compensation is proposed for the problems such as the indeterminacy of SOC initial value and the erroraccumulation in current integration operation. Due to the LCBS is anonlinear system, a SOC estimation method which is based on extendedkalman filter is presented to estimate SOC of LCBS.
3. The dynamic model of BESS is built. The structure and operationalprinciple of BESS dynamic model are introduced in details. Themathematical models and its control characteristics of power conversionsystem (PCS) and battery system are analysized thoroughly. The dynamicsimulation plat is constructed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation conditions.Some simulations of charging and discharging characteristics of BESS areconducted and the simulational results are analysized extensively.
4. The control strategy of the islanded system when the wind turbinesare out of operation for long time is proposed. Owing to the problem ofinconsistent SOC of battery system in application, which leading to the lifedecrease of the battery and power system instability, a modified droopcontrol strategy based on SOC of battery sytem is proposed to shareeffectively load active power and enhance the ability of battery managementsystem. Considering an inherent static error in droop control and theimpedance being not pure inductance in middle or low voltage grid, andouble loop control strategy based on linear compensating loop is presented,named volatage amplitude and frequency control.
5. The system configuration and coordinate operation scheme isdesigned separately for the hybrid power system consisting of doubly-fedinduction generator (DFIG) and BESS. Cosidering the influence of loadlevel and wind energy average using hours per year and wind intermittenceon system investing cost, a system configuration scheme is designed and itseconomy is analyzed. Considering the different operation characteristics ofDFIG and BESS and the different operation restraint conditions of each unit,a coordinate operation scheme is illustrated for the islanded system.
6. The control strategy of a islanded system consisting of DFIG andBESS is proposed. For the problems caused by the integration of DFIG, such as new reactive power balance and operation state control, the energybalance and a hierarchical control strategy are presented respectively for theislanded power systems. For the problem that the reactive power output ofBESS is limited using the traditional droop control, a modified droopcontrol based on SOC of battery system is raised to share effectively loadreactive power, which can improve the system ability of reactive poweroutput.
7. The wind-battery hybrid system setup is built and some experimentsare carried. The system setup construction and the design of PCS areintroduced in details. Some experiments are carried to validate theeffectiveness of the presented control strategies, which consisting of theoperation and control of BESS when the wind turbines are out of runningand in operation in the islanded system based on wind-battery.
1、分析了大容量电池系统构成、工作原理及其简化模型，考虑到电池单体的不一致性，结合串、并联电路特性及锂离子电池单体的工作特性，提出了一种适宜于电气设计与仿真的大容量电池系统等效电路建模方法，并在Matlab/Simulink环境下分别建立了相应的等效电路模型。
2、考虑到大容量电池系统的结构形式、电池荷电状态估计算法的精度及电池管理系统的成本等因素，设计了一种大容量电池系统的分层级荷电状态估计方案；针对安时法存在荷电状态初始值难以确定、长时间的误差累积等问题，提出了基于电压补偿的电池单体荷电状态估计法；考虑到大容量电池系统是一个复杂的非线性系统，采用扩展卡尔曼滤波法对电池系统进行荷电状态估计。
3、建立了电池储能系统的动态模型。介绍了电池储能系统动态模型结构及其基本工作原理，分别分析了功率转换系统与电池系统的数学模型及其控制特性，在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下建立了电池储能系统的动态仿真模型，进行了电池储能系统的充、放电工作特性仿真与分析。
4、提出了风力机不工作时孤网系统稳定运行控制策略。针对电池储能系统在实际运行时各电池系统的荷电状态并不完全一致而导致系统不稳定、电池使用寿命降低等问题，提出了基于电池系统荷电状态的改进型有功功率下垂控制策略，不仅能有效分配负荷有功功率，也提高了电池系统的管理能力。针对因中低压电网线路阻抗不完全呈纯感性、下垂控制自身存在固有静态误差而导致下垂控制精度不高的问题，采用了含线性补偿环的电压-频率双闭环控制策略，提高了系统电压稳定能力。
5、设计了风-储孤网系统的系统配置及其运行状态协调控制方案。根据负荷水平、风能年平均利用小时数、风能的间歇性等对系统投资成本的影响，设计了一种风-储孤网系统配置方案，并分析了其投资经济性；考虑到双馈感应发电机组与电池储能系统各自不同的工作特性、各单元的运行约束条件等因素，设计了一种适宜于含双馈感应发电机组及电池储能系统的风-储孤网系统的运行状态协调控制方案。
6、提出了风-储联合运行时孤网系统稳定运行控制策略。针对双馈感应发电机组的接入带来新的无功功率平衡、运行状态控制等问题，分析了含双馈感应发电机组及电池储能系统的风-储孤网系统的能量与功率平衡关系，采用了分层协调控制策略；针对电池储能系统因保证其有功功率输出能力而导致采用传统下垂控制策略时系统的无功功率输出能力有限的问题，提出了基于电池系统荷电状态的改进型无功功率下垂控制策略，提高了电池储能系统的无功功率输出能力。
7、进行了风-储孤网系统实验平台的研制及相关实验研究。分析了实验平台的构成及功率转换系统的研制，开展了风力机不工作时系统孤网运行实验和风-储联合运行时风-储孤网系统运行实验，验证了电池储能系统在风-储孤网中的运行及其相关控制策略的正确性。
As a device which can store the chemical energy and transmit thestored energy into the electrical power in bi-direction, battery energy storagesystem (BESS) not only can be widely regarded as an effective solution todeal with the large scale integration of renewable energy sources intoelectric network, but can improve the use ratio of the grid facilities and theability of load following and frequency regulation and reactive powersupporting to the grid. Furthmore, it also can enhance the stability, economyand flexibility of the gird. The capacity and reliability of BESS will beraised when the sub-BESSs operate in parallel. The domestic research onBESS is still in the stage of base theory and demonstration. This dissertationhas focused on the modeling and sate of charge (SOC) estimation of thebattery system and control of the islanded power system based on windpower and BESS. The works and innovative achievements in thedissertation are as follows.
1. The operation principle and simpled model of large capacity batterysystem (LCBS) is analyzed in details. Considering the inconsistent qualityof the cells and the characteristics of the circuit in series and parallelconnection, an accurate equivalent circuit model of Li-ion LCBS isproposed, which is applicable for electrical circuit design and simulation.The accurate models of the battery system in series and/or parallelconnection are constructed under Matlab/Simulink conditions
2. Considering the factors such as the structure form, SOC estimationaccuracy of battery system, the cost of battery management system and soon, a hierarchical SOC estimation scheme of LCBS is designed. A cell SOCestimation method based on voltage compensation is proposed for the problems such as the indeterminacy of SOC initial value and the erroraccumulation in current integration operation. Due to the LCBS is anonlinear system, a SOC estimation method which is based on extendedkalman filter is presented to estimate SOC of LCBS.
3. The dynamic model of BESS is built. The structure and operationalprinciple of BESS dynamic model are introduced in details. Themathematical models and its control characteristics of power conversionsystem (PCS) and battery system are analysized thoroughly. The dynamicsimulation plat is constructed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation conditions.Some simulations of charging and discharging characteristics of BESS areconducted and the simulational results are analysized extensively.
4. The control strategy of the islanded system when the wind turbinesare out of operation for long time is proposed. Owing to the problem ofinconsistent SOC of battery system in application, which leading to the lifedecrease of the battery and power system instability, a modified droopcontrol strategy based on SOC of battery sytem is proposed to shareeffectively load active power and enhance the ability of battery managementsystem. Considering an inherent static error in droop control and theimpedance being not pure inductance in middle or low voltage grid, andouble loop control strategy based on linear compensating loop is presented,named volatage amplitude and frequency control.
5. The system configuration and coordinate operation scheme isdesigned separately for the hybrid power system consisting of doubly-fedinduction generator (DFIG) and BESS. Cosidering the influence of loadlevel and wind energy average using hours per year and wind intermittenceon system investing cost, a system configuration scheme is designed and itseconomy is analyzed. Considering the different operation characteristics ofDFIG and BESS and the different operation restraint conditions of each unit,a coordinate operation scheme is illustrated for the islanded system.
6. The control strategy of a islanded system consisting of DFIG andBESS is proposed. For the problems caused by the integration of DFIG, such as new reactive power balance and operation state control, the energybalance and a hierarchical control strategy are presented respectively for theislanded power systems. For the problem that the reactive power output ofBESS is limited using the traditional droop control, a modified droopcontrol based on SOC of battery system is raised to share effectively loadreactive power, which can improve the system ability of reactive poweroutput.
7. The wind-battery hybrid system setup is built and some experimentsare carried. The system setup construction and the design of PCS areintroduced in details. Some experiments are carried to validate theeffectiveness of the presented control strategies, which consisting of theoperation and control of BESS when the wind turbines are out of runningand in operation in the islanded system based on wind-battery.
引文
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