WebGIS技术在林火蔓延及辅助决策中的应用
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摘要
森林火灾是林业灾害中对社会、经济及环境发展影响范围最广和破坏性最大的一种自然灾害。森林火灾是一个极其复杂的自然现象,受众多自然因素和社会因素的影响,包括可燃物类型、地形、天气等因素,而林火发生又具有突发性,要在很短的时间内判断林火的发展趋势,并及时采取相应的决策措施,同时还要随时掌握现场的状况,作为决策者要做到这一步就必须采用先进的科学技术来提高自身的判断能力和现场指挥能力。
本文以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区塔河林业局为主要研究对象,以WebGIS技术为基础,深入研究了ArcGIS Server平台相关的关键技术;综合分析了国内外林火蔓延研究的发展状况和影响林火蔓延的相关因子;介绍了几种常用的林火蔓延模型及其在计算机中的实现方法;论述了不同林火蔓延模型的应用范围、条件及其优缺点。其中王正非林火蔓延模型是经过对我国大兴安岭地区林火蔓延研究得出的林火蔓延模型,其针对性强且使用简单方便,适用于坡度在60°以下的地形,可作为本系统的林火蔓延模型。本系统在王正非林火蔓延模型的基础上,将毛贤敏等人得出的5个方向上的火蔓延速度方程组扩展为各个方向上的火灾蔓延速度公式,并依据林火扑救的数学模型及ArcGIS的网路分析功能,实现了林火扑救辅助决策子系统,为扑火指挥员提供了科学的参考依据。
研究过程中,以ArcGIS Server 9.2、.Net、ArcSDE、Oracle为研究平台,以基于接口的组件式开发为依托,以ArcObjects为开发工具,编码实现了基本地图操作、综合查询、火点定位、火场蔓延、辅助决策、业务分析6个部分的功能。
Forest fire is a natural calamity of forestry calamity, with the most effects on the social, economic, environmental development and the biggest destruct. Meanwhile, forest fire is a kind of extremely complex natural phenomena, which is influenced by various natural and social factors such as combustibles, landform, climate and so on. Moreover, the occurrence of the fires is paroxysmal. To judge the trend of the fires and adopt the corresponding actions in time, it is vital to control the local situation. Therefore, the decision-maker must master advanced technology to improve his ability of judgment and local superintendence.
Taking Tahe Forestry Bureau of the Greater Xing'an Mountains in Heilongjiang Province as the main object, this paper researched the key technologies about ArcGIS server platform with WebGIS; comprehensively analyzed the development of the forest fires spread and its impact factors; introduced several models of the forest fires spread and their realization in the computer; discussed the application scope, conditions, advantages and disadvantages of the different models. Wang Zhengfei Model which was obtained by researching the forest fires spread of the Greater Xing'an Mountains, because of its good pertinence and simple operation, is suitable in the area where the slope is lower than 60°. Therefore, Wang Zhengfei Model could be used as this paper's forest fires spread model. Meanwhile, expanded equations of fires spread speed of 5 directions which were researched by Mao Xianmin et al., and obtained the formulas of the fires spread speed of each direction. Based on the models of the forest fires spread, by the mathematical model of forest fires fighting and network analysis functions of ArcGIS, this paper realized the aided decision systems of forest fires fighting, meanwhile could provide references for the fires commanders.
Taking ArcGIS Server 9.2, .Net, ArcSDE, Oracle as research platform, component development based on the interface as support, ArcObjects as a tool, achieved a basic map operation, integrated query, fires location, fires spread, aided decision, and business analysis, the six functions.
本文以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区塔河林业局为主要研究对象,以WebGIS技术为基础,深入研究了ArcGIS Server平台相关的关键技术;综合分析了国内外林火蔓延研究的发展状况和影响林火蔓延的相关因子;介绍了几种常用的林火蔓延模型及其在计算机中的实现方法;论述了不同林火蔓延模型的应用范围、条件及其优缺点。其中王正非林火蔓延模型是经过对我国大兴安岭地区林火蔓延研究得出的林火蔓延模型,其针对性强且使用简单方便,适用于坡度在60°以下的地形,可作为本系统的林火蔓延模型。本系统在王正非林火蔓延模型的基础上,将毛贤敏等人得出的5个方向上的火蔓延速度方程组扩展为各个方向上的火灾蔓延速度公式,并依据林火扑救的数学模型及ArcGIS的网路分析功能,实现了林火扑救辅助决策子系统,为扑火指挥员提供了科学的参考依据。
研究过程中,以ArcGIS Server 9.2、.Net、ArcSDE、Oracle为研究平台,以基于接口的组件式开发为依托,以ArcObjects为开发工具,编码实现了基本地图操作、综合查询、火点定位、火场蔓延、辅助决策、业务分析6个部分的功能。
Forest fire is a natural calamity of forestry calamity, with the most effects on the social, economic, environmental development and the biggest destruct. Meanwhile, forest fire is a kind of extremely complex natural phenomena, which is influenced by various natural and social factors such as combustibles, landform, climate and so on. Moreover, the occurrence of the fires is paroxysmal. To judge the trend of the fires and adopt the corresponding actions in time, it is vital to control the local situation. Therefore, the decision-maker must master advanced technology to improve his ability of judgment and local superintendence.
Taking Tahe Forestry Bureau of the Greater Xing'an Mountains in Heilongjiang Province as the main object, this paper researched the key technologies about ArcGIS server platform with WebGIS; comprehensively analyzed the development of the forest fires spread and its impact factors; introduced several models of the forest fires spread and their realization in the computer; discussed the application scope, conditions, advantages and disadvantages of the different models. Wang Zhengfei Model which was obtained by researching the forest fires spread of the Greater Xing'an Mountains, because of its good pertinence and simple operation, is suitable in the area where the slope is lower than 60°. Therefore, Wang Zhengfei Model could be used as this paper's forest fires spread model. Meanwhile, expanded equations of fires spread speed of 5 directions which were researched by Mao Xianmin et al., and obtained the formulas of the fires spread speed of each direction. Based on the models of the forest fires spread, by the mathematical model of forest fires fighting and network analysis functions of ArcGIS, this paper realized the aided decision systems of forest fires fighting, meanwhile could provide references for the fires commanders.
Taking ArcGIS Server 9.2, .Net, ArcSDE, Oracle as research platform, component development based on the interface as support, ArcObjects as a tool, achieved a basic map operation, integrated query, fires location, fires spread, aided decision, and business analysis, the six functions.
引文
[1]李红,舒立福,田晓瑞等.林火研究综述(Ⅳ)-GIS在林火管理中应用现状及发展趋势.世界林业研究.2004,17(1):20-25
[2]舒立福,田晓瑞,姚树人.2000年全球森林火灾评述.世界林业研究.2001,14(5):21-25
[3]魏华.林业WebGIS构建方法探讨.林业调查规划.2004,29(4):97-98
[4]王丽娜,孙丹.GIS和遥感技术在黑龙江省森林火灾监测、辅助决策中的应用.林火监测.2006(2):25-27
[5]杨肖琪,全斌,蔡立凡.基于WebGIS平台的森林资源管理信息系统的开发与研制.水土保持研究.2005,12(3):134-137
[6]晓魏.俄罗斯林业近况.世界林业研究.1995,8(4):70-71
[7]陈崇成,李建微,唐丽玉等.林火蔓延的计算机模拟与可视化研究进展.林业科学.2005,41(5):155-162
[8]Gordon N.Keating,Paul M.Rich,Marc S.Witkowski.Challenges for Enterprise GIS.2003,15(2):23-36
[9]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Desktop Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[10]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Engine Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[11]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Server Administrator and Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[12]韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰,姜文亮.地理信息系统开发——ArcObjects方法.武汉大学出版社.2005.9
[13]ESRI.ArcGIS Server:ESRI's Enterprise GIS Application Server.USA:Esri,2004
[14]Kraak,Menno-Jan.The role of the map in a Web-GIS environment.2004,6(2):83-93
[15]黎华,王重华,张勇.基于J2EE和ArcGIS平台的WebGIS设计与实现.计算机工程与设计.2006,27(6):966-969
[16]席一凡,刘培奇,王为民,惠明.分布式对象技术的研究与应用.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版).2005,37(3):125-128
[17]吴功,丛明日.基于ArcGIS Server的分布式GIS应用.测绘科学技术学报.2006,23(1):52-55
[18]Chapman,A.J.Heat Transfer.Macmillan Press.London:1960,chapter 11
[19]居恩德.林火蔓延森林防火.1986(2):31-33
[20]Paz C,Fuentes F,Garcia S.Numerical simulation of forest fire.International Symposium on MultiPhase Flow and Transport Phenomena.Maron DM:2001,505-512
[21]Pastor E,Planas E,et al.Mathematical models and calculation systems for the study of wildland fire behaviour.Prog Energy Comb Sci.2003,29(2):139-153
[22]骆介禹.森林可燃物燃烧性研究的概述.东北林业大学学报.1994,22(4):95-101
[23]Chandle.Forest Fire Behavior and Effects.Fire in Forest.1983:24-28
[24]William H Frandsen.Fire spread through porous fuels from the conservation of energy.Combution and Flame.1971(16):9-16
[25]Nelson RM.An Effective Wind Speed for Models of Fire Spread.International Journal of Wildland Fire,2002.11:153-161
[26]Haines DA,MC Smith.Three types of horizontal vortices observed in wildland mass and crown fires.Climatel,Appl.Meteor.1987,(26):1624-1637
[27]金晓钟,程邦瑜.森林火灾过程中的火旋风特征.自然灾害学报.1997,6(2):34-41
[28]Rothmel.Measuring and Interpreting Fire Behave for Correlation with Fire Effect,.USDA:Forest service General Technical Report INT-93,1980,4
[29]钟占荣,周建军.山地林火蔓延模型的研究.火灾科学.2001,10(2):83-87
[30]LangeS.Forest fire break son poor sites.ForstundHolz.1993,48(13):366-367
[31]杨景标,马晓茜,林莉,李华.基于传热分析的林火蔓延特性研究.火灾科学.2002,11(1):35-42
[32]Nobel,etc.Mcartherta.fire-danger meter expressed as equation.Australian journal of Ecology.1980,5(4):201
[33]朱雾平,王海晖,范维澄.森林地表火火行为预测预报系统.工程热物理学报.1997,18(2):256-260
[34]Nguyen DQ,Fedkiw RP,Jensen HW.Physically based modeling and animation of fire.ACM Trans Graph,2002,21(3):721-728.
[35]Manoj Paul,S.K.Ghosh.An Approach for Service Oriented Discovery and Retrieval of Spatial Data.International Workshop on Service Oriented Software Engineering.Shanghai:ACM Press,2006:88-94
[36]Andrews PL and QueenB LP.Fire modeling and information system technology.International Journal of Wildland Fire.2001,10:343-352
[37]Perminov V.Numerical solution of Reynolds equations for forest fire spread.Lecture Notes In Computer Science,2002,2329:823-832
[38]Mark A Finney.Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior,forest Science.2001,47(2):219-228
[39]徐爱俊,李清泉.基于GIS的森林火灾预测预报模型的研究与探讨.浙江林学院学报.2003,20(3):285-288
[40]温广玉,刘勇.林火蔓延的数学模型及其应用.东北林业大学学报.1994,2:30-36
[41]唐晓燕,孟宪宇,葛宏立等.基于栅格结构的林火蔓延模拟研究及其实现.北京林业大学学报.2003,25(1):53-57
[42]王海晖,朱弄平.森林地表火行为估算的数学模型.火灾科学,1994 3(1):35-41
[43]王正非.通用森林火险系统构型.林业科技.1992(3):22-24
[44]吴道圣,万泽辉.植被类型、结构与引发森林火灾相互关系的研究.中国造纸学报.2004(3):495-497
[45]杜飞,侯遵泽,刘家琦.森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现.火灾科学.2002,10(4):204-208
[46]武乐清.林火蔓延模型及其动态模拟初探.林业资源管理.2003(10):69-71
[47]Anderson H E.Aids to determining fuel methods fox estimating fire behavior.USDA:Forest Service General Technical Report INT-122,1982
[48]王金海.基于GIS的森林火灾扑救指挥辅助决策系统.林火监测.2006(3):35-37
[49]王明玉,舒立福,寇晓军等.基于GIS的森林火灾扑救路径的构建.测绘与空间地理信息.2007,30(1):6-9,14
[2]舒立福,田晓瑞,姚树人.2000年全球森林火灾评述.世界林业研究.2001,14(5):21-25
[3]魏华.林业WebGIS构建方法探讨.林业调查规划.2004,29(4):97-98
[4]王丽娜,孙丹.GIS和遥感技术在黑龙江省森林火灾监测、辅助决策中的应用.林火监测.2006(2):25-27
[5]杨肖琪,全斌,蔡立凡.基于WebGIS平台的森林资源管理信息系统的开发与研制.水土保持研究.2005,12(3):134-137
[6]晓魏.俄罗斯林业近况.世界林业研究.1995,8(4):70-71
[7]陈崇成,李建微,唐丽玉等.林火蔓延的计算机模拟与可视化研究进展.林业科学.2005,41(5):155-162
[8]Gordon N.Keating,Paul M.Rich,Marc S.Witkowski.Challenges for Enterprise GIS.2003,15(2):23-36
[9]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Desktop Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[10]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Engine Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[11]ESRI.ArcGIS(?) Server Administrator and Developer Guide(ArcGIS(?) 9.0)
[12]韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰,姜文亮.地理信息系统开发——ArcObjects方法.武汉大学出版社.2005.9
[13]ESRI.ArcGIS Server:ESRI's Enterprise GIS Application Server.USA:Esri,2004
[14]Kraak,Menno-Jan.The role of the map in a Web-GIS environment.2004,6(2):83-93
[15]黎华,王重华,张勇.基于J2EE和ArcGIS平台的WebGIS设计与实现.计算机工程与设计.2006,27(6):966-969
[16]席一凡,刘培奇,王为民,惠明.分布式对象技术的研究与应用.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版).2005,37(3):125-128
[17]吴功,丛明日.基于ArcGIS Server的分布式GIS应用.测绘科学技术学报.2006,23(1):52-55
[18]Chapman,A.J.Heat Transfer.Macmillan Press.London:1960,chapter 11
[19]居恩德.林火蔓延森林防火.1986(2):31-33
[20]Paz C,Fuentes F,Garcia S.Numerical simulation of forest fire.International Symposium on MultiPhase Flow and Transport Phenomena.Maron DM:2001,505-512
[21]Pastor E,Planas E,et al.Mathematical models and calculation systems for the study of wildland fire behaviour.Prog Energy Comb Sci.2003,29(2):139-153
[22]骆介禹.森林可燃物燃烧性研究的概述.东北林业大学学报.1994,22(4):95-101
[23]Chandle.Forest Fire Behavior and Effects.Fire in Forest.1983:24-28
[24]William H Frandsen.Fire spread through porous fuels from the conservation of energy.Combution and Flame.1971(16):9-16
[25]Nelson RM.An Effective Wind Speed for Models of Fire Spread.International Journal of Wildland Fire,2002.11:153-161
[26]Haines DA,MC Smith.Three types of horizontal vortices observed in wildland mass and crown fires.Climatel,Appl.Meteor.1987,(26):1624-1637
[27]金晓钟,程邦瑜.森林火灾过程中的火旋风特征.自然灾害学报.1997,6(2):34-41
[28]Rothmel.Measuring and Interpreting Fire Behave for Correlation with Fire Effect,.USDA:Forest service General Technical Report INT-93,1980,4
[29]钟占荣,周建军.山地林火蔓延模型的研究.火灾科学.2001,10(2):83-87
[30]LangeS.Forest fire break son poor sites.ForstundHolz.1993,48(13):366-367
[31]杨景标,马晓茜,林莉,李华.基于传热分析的林火蔓延特性研究.火灾科学.2002,11(1):35-42
[32]Nobel,etc.Mcartherta.fire-danger meter expressed as equation.Australian journal of Ecology.1980,5(4):201
[33]朱雾平,王海晖,范维澄.森林地表火火行为预测预报系统.工程热物理学报.1997,18(2):256-260
[34]Nguyen DQ,Fedkiw RP,Jensen HW.Physically based modeling and animation of fire.ACM Trans Graph,2002,21(3):721-728.
[35]Manoj Paul,S.K.Ghosh.An Approach for Service Oriented Discovery and Retrieval of Spatial Data.International Workshop on Service Oriented Software Engineering.Shanghai:ACM Press,2006:88-94
[36]Andrews PL and QueenB LP.Fire modeling and information system technology.International Journal of Wildland Fire.2001,10:343-352
[37]Perminov V.Numerical solution of Reynolds equations for forest fire spread.Lecture Notes In Computer Science,2002,2329:823-832
[38]Mark A Finney.Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior,forest Science.2001,47(2):219-228
[39]徐爱俊,李清泉.基于GIS的森林火灾预测预报模型的研究与探讨.浙江林学院学报.2003,20(3):285-288
[40]温广玉,刘勇.林火蔓延的数学模型及其应用.东北林业大学学报.1994,2:30-36
[41]唐晓燕,孟宪宇,葛宏立等.基于栅格结构的林火蔓延模拟研究及其实现.北京林业大学学报.2003,25(1):53-57
[42]王海晖,朱弄平.森林地表火行为估算的数学模型.火灾科学,1994 3(1):35-41
[43]王正非.通用森林火险系统构型.林业科技.1992(3):22-24
[44]吴道圣,万泽辉.植被类型、结构与引发森林火灾相互关系的研究.中国造纸学报.2004(3):495-497
[45]杜飞,侯遵泽,刘家琦.森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现.火灾科学.2002,10(4):204-208
[46]武乐清.林火蔓延模型及其动态模拟初探.林业资源管理.2003(10):69-71
[47]Anderson H E.Aids to determining fuel methods fox estimating fire behavior.USDA:Forest Service General Technical Report INT-122,1982
[48]王金海.基于GIS的森林火灾扑救指挥辅助决策系统.林火监测.2006(3):35-37
[49]王明玉,舒立福,寇晓军等.基于GIS的森林火灾扑救路径的构建.测绘与空间地理信息.2007,30(1):6-9,14
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