精确灌溉与施肥自动化控制系统的研究
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摘要
精确灌溉与施肥自动控制系统利用人工智能技术,在收集气象资料和田间试验的基础上,依据农田水量平衡原理与作物目标产量和所采集的土壤养分状况、土壤类型、土壤墒情等资料信息,采用C语言编程而建立的。系统控制器以单片机为核心,高精度土壤水分探测仪自动监测土壤水分变化,土壤水分计、喷灌、施肥罐与控制器相连接,形成一个完整的土壤水分探头水分传感,控制器采集数据,通过人机对话与菜单选择相结合的方式,自动给出作物各生育期所需灌水量和施肥量,由控制器控制喷灌流量,自动完成灌溉施肥过程。
系统可针对不同的作物、不同地域、不同时期的气候与作物生长状况,判断农田土壤储水量是否下降至作物灌水的下限指标,根据作物需肥量,精确确定灌溉、施肥量;系统在运行时,可以根据地块的宽度自动调节喷头射程,还可根据地块面积划分为若干个小区,根据肥料的兼容性,配制肥料,自动调节肥料的喷施浓度,喷施流量,实现自动精确灌溉施肥。系统可提供小麦、玉米、棉花等七种作物精确灌溉与施肥的决策实施方案,并具有良好的扩展性。
系统采用模块化、结构化设计思路,以一定格式输入、存储、检索、显示、实际操作和综合分析的技术系统,符合自上而下逐步求精的设计原则,结构清晰,便于阅读修改,操作简单,可显著提高作物产量和水肥利用率,具有良好的推广应用价值。
Based on collecting meteorological data and field test result, accurate irrigation and automatic control fertilization using the technology of artificial intelligence are composed of language C, which accords to water equilibrium principle, object yield of crop and information of fertility character and so on. The chip micro-comupter is the center of system controller. The high precision detector of soil moisture monitors changes of soil moisture automatically. By way of man-machine conversation and menu choice, devices of soil moisture, irrigators and fertilizing tanks connect with the controller. So the intact control system is built. It can do many things, such as, gathering data, necessary rate of irrigation and fertilizer application to various crops in the period of growth, flow control of spray irrigation, accomplish irrigation and fertilization automatically.According to different crop, different regions, climate and crop of different periods, the system can judge whether the amount of water stored of farmland and soil drops to the lower limit index that the crop pours water and confirm quantity of irrigation and fertilization. In the end, irrigating and fertilizing can be finished automatically.The system can based on the width of field auto-adjust sprinkler pattern range and divide several microplot by the plot-area; it can based on compatibility of the fertilizer, allocate fertilizer,auto-adjust spraying fertilizer' s concetration and discharge, realize accurate irrigation and fertilization automatically, which the system running. The system can offer the wheat 、 the corn、 the cotton etal seven corp decision-making actualize project of the accurate irrigation and fertilization,and has the favorable expansibility.The system adopts the module, mentality of designing of structurization, inputting with certain form, stores, searches, displays, practical operation and technological system analysed synthetically, according with the design principle of refinement progressively from top to bottom, the structure is easy to read, revise and operate. Using it can improve the output of crops and water manure utilization ratio notably and have good popularization using value.
系统可针对不同的作物、不同地域、不同时期的气候与作物生长状况,判断农田土壤储水量是否下降至作物灌水的下限指标,根据作物需肥量,精确确定灌溉、施肥量;系统在运行时,可以根据地块的宽度自动调节喷头射程,还可根据地块面积划分为若干个小区,根据肥料的兼容性,配制肥料,自动调节肥料的喷施浓度,喷施流量,实现自动精确灌溉施肥。系统可提供小麦、玉米、棉花等七种作物精确灌溉与施肥的决策实施方案,并具有良好的扩展性。
系统采用模块化、结构化设计思路,以一定格式输入、存储、检索、显示、实际操作和综合分析的技术系统,符合自上而下逐步求精的设计原则,结构清晰,便于阅读修改,操作简单,可显著提高作物产量和水肥利用率,具有良好的推广应用价值。
Based on collecting meteorological data and field test result, accurate irrigation and automatic control fertilization using the technology of artificial intelligence are composed of language C, which accords to water equilibrium principle, object yield of crop and information of fertility character and so on. The chip micro-comupter is the center of system controller. The high precision detector of soil moisture monitors changes of soil moisture automatically. By way of man-machine conversation and menu choice, devices of soil moisture, irrigators and fertilizing tanks connect with the controller. So the intact control system is built. It can do many things, such as, gathering data, necessary rate of irrigation and fertilizer application to various crops in the period of growth, flow control of spray irrigation, accomplish irrigation and fertilization automatically.According to different crop, different regions, climate and crop of different periods, the system can judge whether the amount of water stored of farmland and soil drops to the lower limit index that the crop pours water and confirm quantity of irrigation and fertilization. In the end, irrigating and fertilizing can be finished automatically.The system can based on the width of field auto-adjust sprinkler pattern range and divide several microplot by the plot-area; it can based on compatibility of the fertilizer, allocate fertilizer,auto-adjust spraying fertilizer' s concetration and discharge, realize accurate irrigation and fertilization automatically, which the system running. The system can offer the wheat 、 the corn、 the cotton etal seven corp decision-making actualize project of the accurate irrigation and fertilization,and has the favorable expansibility.The system adopts the module, mentality of designing of structurization, inputting with certain form, stores, searches, displays, practical operation and technological system analysed synthetically, according with the design principle of refinement progressively from top to bottom, the structure is easy to read, revise and operate. Using it can improve the output of crops and water manure utilization ratio notably and have good popularization using value.
引文
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[2] 刘爱民,封志明,徐丽明.精准农业技术体系[J].农业机械学报,2000,(3):124～125.
[3] 李金凤,姜娟,赵斌等.关于平衡施肥中土壤供肥性能的研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(5):351～355.
[4] 山仑,陈国良.黄土高原旱地农业的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[5] 《中国水利区划》编写组.中国水利区划[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1989.
[6] 毛知耕主编.《肥料学》[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1977.66～71.
[7] 刘秀珍,孟明,张静.山西水资源现状与发展节水农业的对策[J].山西农业大学学报,2001,21(2):191～193.
[8] 杨芬,蔚富生,郝志华.山西农业灌溉节水对策探讨[J].山西农业科学,2004,(1):79～81.
[9] 武志杰.我国化肥生产应用中的问题对策[J].科技导报,1997,(7):37～39.
[10] 张立红.单片微型机算计原理与应用[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2000.
[11] 李广第.单片机技术[M].北京:中央广播电视大学出版社,2001.8.
[12] 贾大林.21世纪初期农业节水的目标和任务[J].节水灌溉,2002,(1):9～10.
[13] Powell R. Controlled release fertilizer. (Chemical process review, NO 15)Noyes Development Corparation, N. Y. USA, 1958.
[14] 金耀青,张中原.关于农作物对土壤肥力的依存率及其应用的研究[J].沈阳农学院学报,1985,(4):64～68.
[15] 张世贤.中国的农业发展及平衡施肥在农业生产上的应用[J].国际平衡施肥学术讨论文集,北京:农业出版社,1989,10～15.
[16] 李冬光,许秀成,张艳丽.灌溉施肥技术[J].郑州大学学报,2002,23,(1):78～81.
[17] 王新忠,王熙.精准农业与变量施肥技术[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2002,14(4):25～27.
[18] 余剑东,倪吾钟,杨肖娥.肥水管理新技术—肥灌[J].土壤通报,2003,34(2):148～153.
[19] 李红丽,姚云峰.我国灌溉农业的现状与发展趋势[J].内蒙古林学院学报,1999,21(2):82～87.
[20] 喻歌农,周永.试论精确农业及我国行动对策[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):69～74.
[21] 陈亚新,魏占民,史海滨等.21世纪灌溉原理与实践学科前沿关注的问题[J].灌溉排水学报,2004,23(4):1～5.
[22] 黄元仿,李韵珠,李保国等.华北平原农田、氮优化管理[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(2):37～41.
[23] 孙裕晶,马成林,张书慧等.智能变量施肥技术初步研究[J].农机化研究,2003,4:185～188.
[24] 朱兆良.合理使用化肥 充分利用有机肥 发展环境友好的施肥体系[J].中国科学院院刊,2003,(2):89～93.
[25] 汪懋华.“精细农业”发展与工程技术创新[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(1):1～8.
[26] 胡清、桂玉屏.采用计算机控制的农田灌溉网络系统[J].排灌技术,1993(3).
[27] 林志宁.灌溉及节水型农业自动化控制系统的研究[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2002,38(1):59～60.
[28] Tom Mcgraw, etal. Fertility variability in the Minnesota river valley water rshed in 1993, as determined form grid testing result on 52000 acres in commercial field. Site-Specific Management for Agriculture Systems. ASA-CSSA. 1995: 167～174.
[29] Dumanski T, etal. Concepts, Objectives and Structure of the Canads Soil Inform action System[J]. Canada Journal of Soil Science, 1983, 55(2):181～187.
[30] 鲁燕,何晓娥等.我国精确农业发展现状及前景展望[J].农业装备技术,2004,30(3):22～24.
[31] 张定祥,史学正,周明江.论精确农业与中国土壤信息化建设[J].安徽农业大学学报,2002,29(3):306～310.
[32] Wang D, Shannon M C, Grieve C M and Yates S R. Soil water and temperature regimes in drip sprinker irrigation and implications to soybean emergence[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2000, 43(1):15～28.
[33] Renato Silvio da Frota Ribeiro. Fuzzy logic based automated irrigation control/ystemoptimize dvianeural networks[J]. Adissertation presented for the PDH. The university Of Tennessee, 1998.
[34] Quanxing Zhang, John and Ken Tilt. Application Of. Fuzzy logic in an irrigation control system. Proceedings Of The IEEE[J]. International ConferenceOn lndustrial Technology, 1996.
[35] Robert P C. Precision agriculture: An information revolution in agriculture[M]. Agriculture Outlook Forum, 1999.1～5.
[36] 陈蓉蓉,周治国,曹卫星等.农田精确施肥决策支持系统的设计和实现[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(4):516～521.
[37] 吕新,魏亦农,李少昆.基于GIS的土壤肥力信息管理及棉花施肥推荐支持决策系统研究[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(7):883～887.
[38] 王克林,李文祥.精确农业发展与农业生态工程创新[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(1):5～8.
[39] 陈文清.节水灌溉自动化控制系统研究与应用[J].节水灌溉,2004,6:27～32.
[40] 南海鹏,贾嵘等.节水灌区调度管理自动化应用系统[J].计算机工程,2002,28(7):192～194.
[41] 马承新.美国的灌溉排水事业及其行动计划[J].中国农村水利水电,2003,11:79～82.
[42] 房世波,杨武年,潘剑君等.GIS,RS和GPS支持下的精确施肥理论技术及展望[J].成都理工大学学报,2003,30(6):603～607.
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