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非绝热加热影响北半球夏季副热带高压形态变异的物理机制
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摘要
本文在回顾有关北半球副热带高压研究的基础上,基于全型垂直涡度倾向方程,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均资料和IAP/LASG GOALS气候模式,从资料诊断、理论研究及数值试验三方面研究了纬向非对称非绝热加热对北半球夏季副热带高压形态变异影响的物理机制。得到如下若干结果:
     1.经典理论的局限性。
     无论是在纬向平均的意义上,还是在三维空间上,用下沉运动去解释副高形成的经典理论均存在很大的局限性。通过理论分析本文证明非对称副高出现必须有非对称的起始场或非对称的外强迫,指出前者与非线性过程有关。后者是一种线性效应。在此基础上,模拟了纬向对称7月环流。
     2.负地形效应和副高的模拟。
     原有IAP/LASG GOALS气候模式对西太平洋副高模拟中存在误差。这与低分辨率谱模式中存在负地形有关。本文通过理论分析指出,在负地形的格点上,出现了虚假的感热热源,导致其上空温度偏暖,高度偏高。据此设计了新的地形方案,改善了IAP/LASG GOALS气候模式对东亚副热带气候的模拟。
     3.热力适应原理和“过流”(overshooting)问题。
     本文根据全型涡度方程提出了热力适应原理。利用位涡的特性,研究并模拟了大气流场在短时间尺度上对非绝热加热的响应,并提出了“过流”的概念:在加热层顶,即使非绝热加热消失,仍存在上升运动,反气旋涡度环流和冷中心。证明“过流”现象是加热层顶保持涡度平衡所需要的一种过程,能很好地解释为何近地层的感热加热在24小时内即可影响到对流层上层的环流,为本论文的副高动力学研究提供了一个基础。
     4.涡度平流,β-效应和对流加热廓线。
     通过对NCEP/NCAR资料的分析,证明了北半球夏季副热带地区500hPa上的涡度平流和β项是平衡外强迫的主要项。在β-效应作用下,感热加热使低层副热带反气旋式高压出现在热源西侧;对流层中层,平流和β-效应的共同作用,感热使反气旋式环流出现在热源中心东侧。
     对于副热带地区的潜热加热,本文指出强烈的对流加热改变了纬向风场,其北侧西风加强,南侧东风加强。而加热区上空的纬向平流很弱。因而指出,不是由于平流作用,而是由于加热垂直梯度方向的改变,在加热中心下方产生正涡度强迫,中心上方产生负涡度强迫。从而反气旋式高压位于热源中心层以上(下)的高(低)层的西(东)侧;使气旋式低压位于高(低)层的东(西)侧。
     同时指出,在f-效应和β-效应的共同作用下,加热在热源区北侧激发出附加的负涡度源,使得热源区及其北侧均存在上升运动。因而显著的高、低压中心均出现在热源区的北侧。
     5.时间尺度和空间尺度。
     通过理想定常热源试验发现大气响应在短时间尺度上以热力适应为主要特征;在长时间尺度上受到平流过程和β-效应的重要影响。
     赤道感热源只影响邻域的流型。赤道的深对流加热的影响能够通过Kelvin波和Rossby波沿赤道传播。但它们对热带外地区的影响不大。
     副热带地区的热源可以通过平流及β-效应影响副热带及中高纬地区。然而单区域的感热源所激发的副热带高压强度太小,只有双区域陆面感热源才能激发出与观测强度相似的洋面副热带高压。
Based upon a systematic review on the study of subtropical anticyclone, in this study, the mechanism linking the formation of subtropical anticyclone in boreal summer to zonally asymmetric diabatic heating is investigated via data diagnosis, theoretical study, and numerical experiment. The complete form of the tendency equation for vertical vorticity development, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, and the IAP/LASG GOALS climate model are employed for the study. The main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows.
    1. Limitation of classical theory.
    Either in zonal mean sense or in three dimensional sense, the classical theory that subtropical anticyclone is forced by air sinking is proved to be inappropriate in explaining the formation of the system. By virtue of spectral expansion, this study shows that, the appearance of asymmetric subtropical anticyclone requires either asymmetric initial field or asymmetric external forcing. The formal is a nonlinear process that involves wave-mean flow interaction or wave-wave interaction; whereas the later is a linear process. Based on this conclusion, a symmetric July circulation is simulated.
    2. Impacts of negative orography on the simulation of subtropical anticyclone.
    The original version of the IAP/LASG GOALS climate model does not provide satisfied simulation of the western Pacific subtropical anticyclone. This is found to result from the existence of negative orography in this low-resolution model. It is shown that, over the grid-points where orography height is negative, there exists false sensible heat source that leads to warmer temperature and higher geopotential height. A new orography scheme is then developed and introduced into the model, and helps the improvement of simulation of the subtropical systems over the Asian and western Pacific region.
    3. Thermal adaptation and overshooting.
    Based upon the complete form of the tendency equation for vertical vorticity development and the concept of potential vorticity, a theory of thermal adaptation is developed to study the response of the atmosphere to diabatic heating in short- time scales. A new concept of "overshooting" is proposed: beyond the top of heating layer, even there is no diabatic heating there still exist rising, anticyclone circulation, and cold center. This overshooting is proved to be necessary for maintaining vorticity balance. It can be used to explain why a surface heating can affect the upper tropospheric circulation even within a period shorter than one day, and provides a theory for understanding the dynamics of subtropical anticyclone.
    4. Vorticity advection, β- effect, and heating profile.
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