东北亚环境合作研究
摘要
东北亚地区从2000年代以后保持了每年平均5%以上的经济增长。这种经济增长伴随着能源等资源的大量投入，尤其是以每年平均近10%的经济增长引领东北亚经济增长的中国及韩国、日本等国家，其所处的东北亚地区在地理上相邻形成了同一个环境影响圈。而且，东北亚地区是一个基于持续的经济增长和改善生活质量的目的正在发生巨大变化的地区，需要区域内的国家之间为保护环境而共同努力。东北亚地区因其极高的人口密度、快速的经济增长、国家之间的地理相邻等原因，其黄沙、酸雨、海洋污染等环境问题，比其他任何地区都严重。东北亚地区的环境问题非常严重，东北亚主要城市的空气质量逐年恶化，黄海、东海及东中国海面临海洋水质污染和资源枯竭，东北亚的部分地区森林被破坏并且沙漠化严重。特别是最近，中国迅速的产业化导致污染物质排出增多，这不仅成为中国，还成为区域内各国的重大课题。东北亚各国在地理上相邻，酸雨、黄沙等超越国境的空气污染及公共海域的海洋污染等互受影响的环境特点，就需要区域内国家之间的紧密合作。
解决这种跨界的东北亚环境问题，需要跨界的应对即相关合作。如果东北亚地区的地区整合只能以经济为中心，那么也会通过市场理论的跨界实现的现象来体现，同时其市场失败现象也是跨界水平的。对于跨界性的市场失败，以单个国家的水平来说很难解决，因此应该谋求跨界水平的方案。即跨界境环境污染问题必须要多方或双方合作。尤其东北亚地区的生态还有相互依赖型。东北亚国家无论在地理上还是生态上都存在密切的相互依赖关系，这个地区从生态环境的角度来看可分为几个小地区，即温带东亚、热带季风区、中亚干燥地区、大洋洲4大地区。这些地区大体上各自与东北亚、东南亚、中亚、大洋洲一致。在这四个区域中，由中国南部、东部、东北部、东西伯利亚、朝鲜半岛及日本组成的温带东亚，从生态环境的角度可以看做东北亚。这一地区正处在快速的产业化过程中，在世界上是人口密度较高的地区之一。因此这一地区正处于急速的环境污染和生态破坏的危险当中，不仅需要各国自己努力改善环境，还迫切地需要区域全体的共同努力。
最近东北亚地区的经济增长更加深了环境的污染。东北亚地区随着史无前例的经济增长，正经历着严重的环境污染、经济的不确定性、贫富差距、灾害等问题。以经济增长为中心的发展概念，急需转换为形成可持续发展的三大要素的均衡，而作为社会、经济体系的基础，为了管理自然资源、应对气候变化，必须减排和克服资源危机。为了克服产业化、城市化带来的环境和社会问题，在战略上应该从以使用自然资源为重点的Brown Growth转换为Green Growth战略。
东北亚地区的环境及经济具有多样性和异质性。在经济增长和环境污染的三个阶段之中，蒙古和俄罗斯远东地区处于第一阶段，日本处于第三阶段，韩国处于第二阶段的后半段，中国正在进入第二阶段。东北亚地区正是由在环境及经济上十分多样和处于不同阶段的国家构成。这意味着东北亚地区的环境合作，与其说是从相互主义的角度来展开，不如说是以对特定国家和特定地区的环境问题的关注为主而展开。
东北亚地区的环境问题日益恶化，但相关研究十分不足。东北亚地区因为冷战的终结和区域内环境问题的恶化及经济的相互关联性的增加，促进其环境合作的条件和理由日渐成熟。与政治或经济等其他领域不同，环境领域的合作障碍因素较少，比起多方机构或双方的合作，更加需要整个东北亚地区层面的合作。实际上，在东北亚地区有关环境合作领域的讨论也是进行得最具体的。但目前因为北韩被孤立和不与参与导致的政治问题还未解决，在经济上区域内人均所得和在发展阶段上的明显差距，使得区域内国家之间所关注的领域各异。尤其中国的低所得、高增长，集中在沿海地区的人口和产业设施等，成为区域内环境问题的产生隐患，各国在此问题上的利害关系各异，成为讨论进展过慢的原因，而且相关研究不足，因此本文的议题是十分必要的。
通过近20年的合作，三国建立了双方或多方的环境合作平台，不仅为地区环境问题，还为应对地球环境问题开展了多种合作。其成果有建立了三国环境部长级会议等常设性的合作体系，中韩还开展了共同观察黄沙及黄沙信息共享、防止沙漠化造林工作、中韩环境技术共同开发等工作，韩国和日本设立海洋环境实务协议会（2005）、资源循环政策协议会（2006），讨论两国之间的相关问题和合作方案。但是，东北亚地区的环境合作大部分仅限于交换意见和信息，还没有形成对协议具有约束力的意志或基金。在这种情况下，作为东北亚的中坚国家，中日韩三国有必要为了环境合作的制度化展开更加积极的活动。
目前为止，东北亚环境合作体的重点在于空气、海洋等的跨界性环境污染问题。本文对这些传统的环境合作领域作了系统分析，极具创新的一点是，本文反应出气候变化和碳市场的国际性连接这一国际趋势，进行了相关研究。
Northeast Asia to maintain the annual average more than5%of economic growthfrom2000years later. This economic growth accompanied by a large number ofinputs of energy and other resources, especially at an annual average of nearly10%ofthe economic growth of Northeast Asian economic growth lead China and SouthKorea, Japan and other countries in Northeast Asia, the geographically adjacentformation of the same environment influence circle. Moreover, Northeast Asia is asustained economic growth and improve the quality of life for the purpose of greatchanges are taking place in the area, in the area between the countries need to worktogether Protect environment. Northeast Asia by its high population density, rapideconomic growth, National Geographic adjacent and other reasons, environmentalissues, the yellow sand, marine pollution, acid rain, is worse than any other region.Environmental problems in Northeast Asia area is very serious, the main city inNortheast Asia air quality worse year by year, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea andEast Chinese sea facing the ocean water pollution and resource depletion, NortheastAsia, parts of the forest was destroyed and serious desertification. Especially recently,rapid industrialization Chinese cause pollution material discharge increasing, it notonly becomes the China, also become an important topic in the countries of the region.Northeast Asian countries adjacent to the geographical, environmental characteristicsof acid rain, sand and other transboundary air pollution and public marine pollutionare affected, requires close cooperation between the countries in the region.
To solve the environmental problems in Northeast Asia the cross-border,cross-border cooperation with related needs. If the Northeast Asia regional integrationcan only be to the economy as the center, to reflect that will achieve throughcross-border market theory phenomenon, at the same time the market failurephenomenon is an-level. The crossover of market failure, the single national level isvery difficult to solve, so should seek cross-border level scheme. The transboundaryenvironmental pollution problems must be multilateral or bilateral cooperation. Inparticular, ecology in Northeast Asia and mutually dependent. Northeast Asian countries both in geography and ecology are depend on each other closely, the areafrom the environment point of view can be divided into several small regions, namelyTemperate East Asia, tropical monsoon region, Central Asia dry area, Oceania4area.These areas generally are consistent with Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia,Oceania. In these four areas, from South East Asia, China East, northeast, east ofSiberia, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Temperate, from the angle of ecology andenvironment can be seen as the Northeast asia. This area is in the industrializationprocess of fast, in the world is one of the high population density areas. This area is ina rapid environmental pollution and ecological destruction danger, not only need theirown efforts to improve the environment, but also urgently needs the joint efforts of allof the region.
Recently the Northeast Asia economic growth more deep environmental pollution.Northeast Asia as the There was no parallel in history. economic growth, isexperiencing a serious environmental pollution, economic uncertainty, the gapbetween rich and poor, natural disasters and other issues. The concept of developmentwith economic growth as the center, to convert the three forming factors ofsustainable development of equilibrium, and as the basis for social, economic system,in order to manage natural resources, climate change, mitigation and overcome thecrisis of resources must be. In order to overcome the industrialization, city ofenvironmental and social problems, the strategy should be from the use of naturalresources as the focus of Brown Growth into Green Growth strategy.
Environment and the economy of Northeast Asia has diversity and heterogeneity.In the three stage of economic growth and environmental pollution, Mongolia and theRussian Far East in the first stage, Japan in the third stage, the second half of SouthKorea in the second stage, Chinese is entering the second stage. Northeast Asia is inthe environment and economy in a very diverse and different stages of the state. Thismeans that the environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia, it is from the perspectiveof each other to expand, as it is with the environmental problems of specific countriesand specific areas of concern and expansion.
Environmental problems in Northeast Asia is becoming worse and worse, but therelevant research is very lack. Northeast area because of the increasedinterdependence of economic deterioration and the end of the cold war and theregional environmental problems, promote the conditions and reasons for itsenvironmental cooperation is becoming more and more mature. And political oreconomic and other fields of different factors, less cooperation obstacle environment field, compared with the multi agency or the cooperation between the two sides, to theNortheast Asia cooperation. In fact, discussed in the field of environmentalcooperation in Northeast Asia is the most specific to. But because North Korea isisolated and not with political issues involved in the cause has not been resolved, inthe economic area per capita income and the development of the obvious gap, theattention of countries in the region are different between the field. Especially Chinalow income, high growth, concentrated in the coastal area of population and industryfacilities, has become an environmental problem of regional production risks, basedon international relations become different, to discuss progress is too slow, and relatedresearch problems, so this issue is very necessary.
Through nearly20years of cooperation, the Three Kingdoms established betweentwo or more parties environmental cooperation platform, not only for environmentalissues, also carried out various cooperation to deal with global environmentalproblems. The results have established the environment ministers meeting of thepermanent system of cooperation, China and South Korea also carried out jointobservation of yellow sand and sand information sharing, prevent desertification,afforestation and environmental technology development, South Korea and Japan theestablishment of marine environmental practice protocol (2005), resource recyclingpolicy agreement (2006), discuss relevant issues between the two countries andcooperation programme. However, the environmental cooperation in Northeast Asialargely limited to exchange views and information, is not binding on the protocol willor fund. In this case, as the core countries of Northeast Asia, Japan and South Korea isnecessary in order to institutional environment cooperation more active.
So far, focusing on environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia body istransboundary pollution problems, such as air sea. In this paper, the traditional areasof cooperation environment is analyzed systematically, the innovative point is, thispaper reflects the international trend of international climate change and carbonmarket connection, for the related research.
解决这种跨界的东北亚环境问题，需要跨界的应对即相关合作。如果东北亚地区的地区整合只能以经济为中心，那么也会通过市场理论的跨界实现的现象来体现，同时其市场失败现象也是跨界水平的。对于跨界性的市场失败，以单个国家的水平来说很难解决，因此应该谋求跨界水平的方案。即跨界境环境污染问题必须要多方或双方合作。尤其东北亚地区的生态还有相互依赖型。东北亚国家无论在地理上还是生态上都存在密切的相互依赖关系，这个地区从生态环境的角度来看可分为几个小地区，即温带东亚、热带季风区、中亚干燥地区、大洋洲4大地区。这些地区大体上各自与东北亚、东南亚、中亚、大洋洲一致。在这四个区域中，由中国南部、东部、东北部、东西伯利亚、朝鲜半岛及日本组成的温带东亚，从生态环境的角度可以看做东北亚。这一地区正处在快速的产业化过程中，在世界上是人口密度较高的地区之一。因此这一地区正处于急速的环境污染和生态破坏的危险当中，不仅需要各国自己努力改善环境，还迫切地需要区域全体的共同努力。
最近东北亚地区的经济增长更加深了环境的污染。东北亚地区随着史无前例的经济增长，正经历着严重的环境污染、经济的不确定性、贫富差距、灾害等问题。以经济增长为中心的发展概念，急需转换为形成可持续发展的三大要素的均衡，而作为社会、经济体系的基础，为了管理自然资源、应对气候变化，必须减排和克服资源危机。为了克服产业化、城市化带来的环境和社会问题，在战略上应该从以使用自然资源为重点的Brown Growth转换为Green Growth战略。
东北亚地区的环境及经济具有多样性和异质性。在经济增长和环境污染的三个阶段之中，蒙古和俄罗斯远东地区处于第一阶段，日本处于第三阶段，韩国处于第二阶段的后半段，中国正在进入第二阶段。东北亚地区正是由在环境及经济上十分多样和处于不同阶段的国家构成。这意味着东北亚地区的环境合作，与其说是从相互主义的角度来展开，不如说是以对特定国家和特定地区的环境问题的关注为主而展开。
东北亚地区的环境问题日益恶化，但相关研究十分不足。东北亚地区因为冷战的终结和区域内环境问题的恶化及经济的相互关联性的增加，促进其环境合作的条件和理由日渐成熟。与政治或经济等其他领域不同，环境领域的合作障碍因素较少，比起多方机构或双方的合作，更加需要整个东北亚地区层面的合作。实际上，在东北亚地区有关环境合作领域的讨论也是进行得最具体的。但目前因为北韩被孤立和不与参与导致的政治问题还未解决，在经济上区域内人均所得和在发展阶段上的明显差距，使得区域内国家之间所关注的领域各异。尤其中国的低所得、高增长，集中在沿海地区的人口和产业设施等，成为区域内环境问题的产生隐患，各国在此问题上的利害关系各异，成为讨论进展过慢的原因，而且相关研究不足，因此本文的议题是十分必要的。
通过近20年的合作，三国建立了双方或多方的环境合作平台，不仅为地区环境问题，还为应对地球环境问题开展了多种合作。其成果有建立了三国环境部长级会议等常设性的合作体系，中韩还开展了共同观察黄沙及黄沙信息共享、防止沙漠化造林工作、中韩环境技术共同开发等工作，韩国和日本设立海洋环境实务协议会（2005）、资源循环政策协议会（2006），讨论两国之间的相关问题和合作方案。但是，东北亚地区的环境合作大部分仅限于交换意见和信息，还没有形成对协议具有约束力的意志或基金。在这种情况下，作为东北亚的中坚国家，中日韩三国有必要为了环境合作的制度化展开更加积极的活动。
目前为止，东北亚环境合作体的重点在于空气、海洋等的跨界性环境污染问题。本文对这些传统的环境合作领域作了系统分析，极具创新的一点是，本文反应出气候变化和碳市场的国际性连接这一国际趋势，进行了相关研究。
Northeast Asia to maintain the annual average more than5%of economic growthfrom2000years later. This economic growth accompanied by a large number ofinputs of energy and other resources, especially at an annual average of nearly10%ofthe economic growth of Northeast Asian economic growth lead China and SouthKorea, Japan and other countries in Northeast Asia, the geographically adjacentformation of the same environment influence circle. Moreover, Northeast Asia is asustained economic growth and improve the quality of life for the purpose of greatchanges are taking place in the area, in the area between the countries need to worktogether Protect environment. Northeast Asia by its high population density, rapideconomic growth, National Geographic adjacent and other reasons, environmentalissues, the yellow sand, marine pollution, acid rain, is worse than any other region.Environmental problems in Northeast Asia area is very serious, the main city inNortheast Asia air quality worse year by year, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea andEast Chinese sea facing the ocean water pollution and resource depletion, NortheastAsia, parts of the forest was destroyed and serious desertification. Especially recently,rapid industrialization Chinese cause pollution material discharge increasing, it notonly becomes the China, also become an important topic in the countries of the region.Northeast Asian countries adjacent to the geographical, environmental characteristicsof acid rain, sand and other transboundary air pollution and public marine pollutionare affected, requires close cooperation between the countries in the region.
To solve the environmental problems in Northeast Asia the cross-border,cross-border cooperation with related needs. If the Northeast Asia regional integrationcan only be to the economy as the center, to reflect that will achieve throughcross-border market theory phenomenon, at the same time the market failurephenomenon is an-level. The crossover of market failure, the single national level isvery difficult to solve, so should seek cross-border level scheme. The transboundaryenvironmental pollution problems must be multilateral or bilateral cooperation. Inparticular, ecology in Northeast Asia and mutually dependent. Northeast Asian countries both in geography and ecology are depend on each other closely, the areafrom the environment point of view can be divided into several small regions, namelyTemperate East Asia, tropical monsoon region, Central Asia dry area, Oceania4area.These areas generally are consistent with Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia,Oceania. In these four areas, from South East Asia, China East, northeast, east ofSiberia, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Temperate, from the angle of ecology andenvironment can be seen as the Northeast asia. This area is in the industrializationprocess of fast, in the world is one of the high population density areas. This area is ina rapid environmental pollution and ecological destruction danger, not only need theirown efforts to improve the environment, but also urgently needs the joint efforts of allof the region.
Recently the Northeast Asia economic growth more deep environmental pollution.Northeast Asia as the There was no parallel in history. economic growth, isexperiencing a serious environmental pollution, economic uncertainty, the gapbetween rich and poor, natural disasters and other issues. The concept of developmentwith economic growth as the center, to convert the three forming factors ofsustainable development of equilibrium, and as the basis for social, economic system,in order to manage natural resources, climate change, mitigation and overcome thecrisis of resources must be. In order to overcome the industrialization, city ofenvironmental and social problems, the strategy should be from the use of naturalresources as the focus of Brown Growth into Green Growth strategy.
Environment and the economy of Northeast Asia has diversity and heterogeneity.In the three stage of economic growth and environmental pollution, Mongolia and theRussian Far East in the first stage, Japan in the third stage, the second half of SouthKorea in the second stage, Chinese is entering the second stage. Northeast Asia is inthe environment and economy in a very diverse and different stages of the state. Thismeans that the environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia, it is from the perspectiveof each other to expand, as it is with the environmental problems of specific countriesand specific areas of concern and expansion.
Environmental problems in Northeast Asia is becoming worse and worse, but therelevant research is very lack. Northeast area because of the increasedinterdependence of economic deterioration and the end of the cold war and theregional environmental problems, promote the conditions and reasons for itsenvironmental cooperation is becoming more and more mature. And political oreconomic and other fields of different factors, less cooperation obstacle environment field, compared with the multi agency or the cooperation between the two sides, to theNortheast Asia cooperation. In fact, discussed in the field of environmentalcooperation in Northeast Asia is the most specific to. But because North Korea isisolated and not with political issues involved in the cause has not been resolved, inthe economic area per capita income and the development of the obvious gap, theattention of countries in the region are different between the field. Especially Chinalow income, high growth, concentrated in the coastal area of population and industryfacilities, has become an environmental problem of regional production risks, basedon international relations become different, to discuss progress is too slow, and relatedresearch problems, so this issue is very necessary.
Through nearly20years of cooperation, the Three Kingdoms established betweentwo or more parties environmental cooperation platform, not only for environmentalissues, also carried out various cooperation to deal with global environmentalproblems. The results have established the environment ministers meeting of thepermanent system of cooperation, China and South Korea also carried out jointobservation of yellow sand and sand information sharing, prevent desertification,afforestation and environmental technology development, South Korea and Japan theestablishment of marine environmental practice protocol (2005), resource recyclingpolicy agreement (2006), discuss relevant issues between the two countries andcooperation programme. However, the environmental cooperation in Northeast Asialargely limited to exchange views and information, is not binding on the protocol willor fund. In this case, as the core countries of Northeast Asia, Japan and South Korea isnecessary in order to institutional environment cooperation more active.
So far, focusing on environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia body istransboundary pollution problems, such as air sea. In this paper, the traditional areasof cooperation environment is analyzed systematically, the innovative point is, thispaper reflects the international trend of international climate change and carbonmarket connection, for the related research.
引文
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[131]徐嵩龄：中国—东北亚国家之间的环境合作:状况分析与评价，东北亚论坛，2002年1月。
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[135]张海滨：东北亚环境合作的回顾与展望，国际政治研究，2000年第二期。
[136]王朝梁：论中国与东北亚邻国就解决跨国酸雨污染问题的区域合作机制，河北大学学报，2008年第六期。
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